2016 in science

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A number of significant scientific events have either occurred or are scheduled to occur in 2016. The United Nations declared 2016 the International Year of Pulses.^[1]

Events

January

• 1 January
  • Researchers at HRL Laboratories in Malibu, California, develop an entirely new way to 3D print near-flawless ceramics, including fantastically heat-resistant varieties that were previously impossible.^[2]
  • An article published in Science describes how human-machine superintelligence could solve the world's most dire problems.^[3]

7 January: IDCS 1426, the most distant massive cluster of galaxies ever identified.

• 7 January
  • Scientists report that, about 800 million years ago, a minor genetic change in a single molecule, called GK-PID, may have allowed organisms to go from a single cell organism to one of many cells.^[4][5]
  • The discovery of the earliest known physical evidence of tea from the mausoleum of Emperor Jing of Han in Xi'an is reported, indicating that tea from the genus Camellia was drunk by Han Dynasty emperors as early as 2nd century BC.^[6]
  • Astronomers identify IDCS 1426 as the most distant massive galaxy cluster yet discovered, at 10 billion light years from Earth.^[7]
  • Mathematicians, as part of the Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search, report the discovery of a new prime number: "2^74,207,281 − 1".^[8][9]
• 11 January – Glycerol 3-phosphate phosphatase (G3PP), an enzyme that prevents sugar being stored as fat, is identified by scientists at the University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre.^[10]
• 13 January
  • Man-made carbon emissions have delayed the next ice age by 50,000 years, according to researchers at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research.^[11]
  • Water ice is confirmed on the surface of comet 67P.^[12]
  • The world's first 13 TB solid state drive (SSD) is announced, doubling the previous record for a commercially available SSD.^[13]
• 14 January – Astronomers report that ASASSN-15lh, first observed in June 2015, is likely the brightest supernova ever detected. Twice as luminous as the previous record holder, at peak detonation it was as bright as 570 billion Suns.^[14][15]
• 17 January – The Jason-3 Earth observation satellite is launched.^[16]

20 January: 2015 – Warmest Global Year on Record (since 1880) – Colors indicate temperature anomalies (NASA/NOAA; 20 January 2016).^[17]

• 18 January
  • Man-made heat entering the oceans has doubled since 1997, according to a study in the journal Nature Climate Change.^[18][19]
  • Light-activated nanoparticles able to kill over 90% of antibiotic-resistant bacteria are demonstrated at the University of Colorado Boulder.^[20]
  • Researchers demonstrate a new class of small, thin electronic sensors that monitor temperature and pressure within the skull – crucial health parameters after a brain injury or surgery – then melt away when no longer needed. This eliminates the need for additional surgery to remove the monitors and reduces the risk of infection and hemorrhage.^[21]
• 19 January
  • A successful head transplant on a monkey by scientists in China is reported.^[22]
  • DARPA announces a new program, Neural Engineering System Design (NESD), which aims to greatly improve the bandwidth and quality of neural interfaces, connecting up to a million neurons at a time.^[23]
• 20 January
  • Astronomers at the California Institute of Technology present the strongest evidence yet that a ninth planet is present in the Solar System, orbiting the Sun every 15,000 years.^[24][25]
  • NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) confirm that 2015 was the hottest year (since 1880) on record globally, shattering the previous record by the largest margin ever seen.^[17][26][27]
• 23 January – Lockheed Martin announces the "Segmented Planar Imaging Detector for Electro-optical Reconnaissance" (SPIDER), a new way of dramatically shrinking the size of telescopes, by using hundreds to thousands of tiny lenses. The diameter does not change, but the SPIDER system is thinner and does not need multiple mirrors.^[28]

28 January: Studies suggest that a time reversal asymmetry may make the universe move forward in time.^[29]

• 25 January
  • Researchers at the University of Washington announce a new handheld, pen-sized microscope that could identify cancer cells in doctor’s offices and operating rooms.^[30]
  • Researchers at the University of Iowa use real-time 3D videos of cellular movement to show how cancer cells extend "cables" and grab other cells, leading to tumour growth. As little as five percent of cancerous cells are needed for tumour formation, they suggest.^[31]
  • The first ever global nitrogen footprint, encompassing 188 countries, is released by the University of Sydney.^[32]
  • The University of New South Wales announces that it will begin human trials of the Phoenix99, a fully implantable bionic eye.^[33]
• 27 January – Google announces a breakthrough in artificial intelligence with a program able to beat the European champion of the board game Go.^[34][35][36]
• 28 January
  • Research into the nature of time by Griffith University's Centre for Quantum Dynamics shows how an asymmetry for time reversal might be responsible for making the universe move forward in time.^[29]
  • Observations by the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, Maryland, suggest that Smith's Cloud did not originate from intergalactic space, but was actually launched out of our own galaxy around 70 million years ago.^[37]
• 29 January
  • Researchers demonstrate that graphene can be successfully interfaced with neurons, while maintaining the integrity of these vital nerve cells. It is believed this could lead to much improved brain implants for restoring sensory functions.^[38]
  • Proton beam therapy for cancer is as effective as other treatments and causes fewer side effects in children than conventional radiotherapy, according to research published by The Lancet.^[39][40]
  • Research by UCLA provides further evidence that the Moon was formed by a violent, head-on collision between the early Earth and a “planetary embryo” called Theia, roughly 100 million years after the Earth formed.^[41]

February

• 1 February – Scientists in the United Kingdom are given the go-ahead by regulators to genetically modify human embryos by using CRISPR-Cas9 and related techniques.^[42][43]
• 2 February – The smallest ever lattice structure is created by the Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), with glassy carbon struts and braces less than 200 nm in diameter.^[44]
• 3 February – Following a helium plasma test in December 2015, the first hydrogen test is successfully conducted at the Wendelstein 7-X fusion device in Germany.^[45][46]

11 February: Collision and merger of two black holes, resulting in the first direct observation of gravitational waves.

• 4 February – The National Snow and Ice Data Center reports that the Arctic sea ice extent for January 2016 was the lowest in the satellite record.^[47]
• 9 February – A breakthrough in cryopreservation is announced, with a rabbit's whole brain shown to have a well-preserved ultrastructure, including cell membranes, synapses, and intracellular structures such as synaptic vesicles.^[48][49]
• 11 February – Scientists at the LIGO, Virgo and GEO600 announce the first direct detection of a gravitational wave predicted by the general relativity theory of Albert Einstein.^{[50][51][52][53][54]}
• 12 February – Scientists publish a list of the world's 2,500 rarest minerals in the journal American Mineralogist.^[55][56]
• 15 February
  • The University of Southampton announces a major step forward in creating "5D" data storage that can survive for billions of years.^[57]
  • Scientists report "unprecedented" success using T-cells to treat cancer. In one trial, 94 percent of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia saw their symptoms disappear entirely.^[58]
• 16 February
  • NASA's Hubble Space Telescope detects hydrogen and helium (and suggestions of hydrogen cyanide), but no water vapor, in the atmosphere of 55 Cancri e, the first time the atmosphere of a super-earth exoplanet has been analyzed successfully.^[59]
  • A study in Cryobiology describes how microscopic tardigrades were successfully revived, and reproduced, after being frozen for over 30 years.^[60][61]
• 17 February – Launch of Hitomi, also known as Astro-H, a spacecraft to study high-energetic processes and dark matter in the universe.
• 19 February – Researchers report that naked mole rats, thought immune to cancer, can contract the disease after all.^[62]

24 February: Pancreatic cancer is found to have four sub-types.

• 23 February – Boston Dynamics reveals the latest version of its "Atlas" humanoid robot, featuring highly dynamic movements and reactions in both indoor and outdoor environments.^[63]
• 24 February – Pancreatic cancer is found to have four separate sub-types, each with a different cause and requiring a different treatment.^[64][65]
• 26 February – A solar cell so thin, flexible, and lightweight that it can be draped on a soap bubble is demonstrated by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.^[66]

March

• 2 March – Climate change could kill more than 500,000 people a year globally by 2050 by making their diets less healthy, according to research published in the Lancet.^[67][68]
• 3 March
  • The most remote galaxy ever detected – GN-z11 – is confirmed by the Hubble Space Telescope at a distance of 13.4 billion light years.^[69]
  • The global average temperature briefly spikes 2 degrees C above the pre-industrial average, considered by most countries to be the "dangerous" limit for climate change.^[70][71]
• 4 March – University of Cambridge scientists demonstrate that 'naïve' pluripotent stem cells can be derived from a human embryo. One of the most flexible types of stem cell, these can develop into all human tissue other than the placenta.^[72]
• 7 March – German researchers identify a specific gene mutation in humans that provides a 50 percent lower risk of suffering a heart attack.^[73]
• 9 March
  • NASA announces that the robotic Mars InSight lander, equipped with a seismometer and a heat transfer probe, has been approved for a 5 May 2018 launch date. The original launch date in March 2016 was cancelled in December 2015 due to a technical failure.^[74][75]
  • Google's DeepMind AlphaGo artificial intelligence defeats South Korea's Lee Se-dol in the first of a series of Go games in Seoul.^[76]
  • A total solar eclipse occurred.

14 March: ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter is launched.

• 10 March – Data from Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii shows that carbon emissions in 2015 grew at their fastest rate on record.^[77]
• 11 March – Ideonella sakaiensis, the first species of bacteria able to degrade polyethylene terephthalate, (PET) is described by Japanese researchers.^[78][79]
• 14 March – ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter is launched from Baikonur in Kazakhstan at 09:31 GMT.^[80]
• 15 March – Fairy circle (arid grass formation) patterns in spinifex are discovered in remote Western Australia; their first discovery outside of Namibia.
• 17 March
  • Paleontologists report the discovery of a pregnant Tyrannosaurus rex, shedding light on the evolution of egg-laying as well as gender differences in the dinosaur.^[81]
  • Researchers at Rutgers and Stanford universities develop a novel way to inject healthy human nerve cells into mouse brains, with potential for treating Parkinson's disease and other brain-related conditions, though human trials are likely 10–20 years away.^[82]
  • Studies suggest that modern humans bred with hominins, including Denisovans and Neanderthals, on multiple occasions.^[83]
  • Researchers at the University of Toronto use stem cell therapy to reverse age-related osteoporosis in mice.^[84]
• 21 March – Man-made carbon emissions lead to total carbon emissions 10 times higher than at any point since the extinction of the dinosaurs, according to new calculations by researchers.^[85]

21 March: Total carbon emissions due to humans 10 times greater than at any time since the extinction of the dinosaurs.^[85]

• 24 March
  • Scientists at Florida Atlantic University identify translin as a gene responsible for sleep deprivation and metabolic disorders.^[86]
  • The cavefish Cryptotora thamicola, able to walk and climb waterfalls, is reported to show anatomical features previously known only in four-limbed vertebrates. Researchers call the finding "huge" in evolutionary terms.^[87]
  • Craig Venter's team announce they have synthesised a minimal bacterial genome, containing only the genes necessary for life, and consisting of just 473 genes. This builds upon their earlier research that synthesised Mycoplasma laboratorium in 2010.^[88][89]
• 29 March – Case Western Reserve University announces an optical sensor a million times more sensitive than the current best available, with potential for improving early cancer detection.^[90]
• 30 March
  • A study by climate scientists concludes that sea level increases by 2100 could be twice as high as the IPCC's most recent estimates.^[91]
  • Scientists report that Homo floresiensis, an extinct hominin nicknamed the "hobbit", disappeared about 50,000 years ago, much earlier than the 12,000 years ago estimated initially.^[92][93]
  • A study by MIT predicts that much of Asia will be at high risk of severe water stress by 2050, with an extra billion more people becoming water stressed compared to today.^[94]
• 31 March – Astronomers report the discovery of a unique white dwarf star – designated SDSSJ124043.01+671034.68 – which has a 99.9 percent oxygen atmosphere.^[95]

April

• 1 April – A study by the University of Southern California concludes that drinking even moderate amounts of coffee can significantly reduce the risk of developing colorectal cancer.^[96]
• 4 April – Researchers found the fossil of Aquilonifer spinosus covered in carbonate from a formation called the Herefordshire Lagerstätte in UK.^[97]

8 April: First stage of Falcon 9 rocket landed on floating autonomous droneship.

• 7 April
  • A new analysis of clouds and their role in global warming reveals they contain more liquid water (as opposed to ice) than previously thought. This makes them less reflective and therefore results in more heat reaching the Earth's surface, meaning that future temperature increases may have been underestimated.^[98]
  • A new method to produce transistors is presented, based on nanocrystal 'inks'. This allows them to be produced on flexible surfaces, possibly with 3D printers.^[99]
• 8 April – SpaceX successfully lands the first stage of a Falcon 9 rocket (SpaceX CRS-8) on a floating drone ship for the first time.^[100][101]
• 9 April – By adding a one-atom thick layer of graphene to solar panels, Chinese scientists report that electricity can be generated from raindrops.^[102]
• 11 April – Scientists announce an updated biological "tree of life" summarizing the evolution of all known life forms, and find that the branches of the new overview, based on the latest genetic findings, are mainly composed of bacteria.^{[103][104][105]}
• 12 April – Scientists announce Breakthrough Starshot, a Breakthrough Initiatives program, to develop a proof-of-concept fleet of small centimeter-sized light sail spacecraft, named StarChip,^[106] capable of making the journey to Alpha Centauri, the nearest extrasolar star system, at speeds of 20%^[107][108] and 15%^[109] of the speed of light, taking between 20 and 30 years to reach the star system, respectively, and about 4 years to notify Earth of a successful arrival.

21 April: Gene therapy extends telomeres in a human patient.

• 13 April
  • A quadriplegic man, Ian Burkhart from Ohio, is able to perform complex functional movements with his fingers after a chip was implanted in his brain.^[110][111]
  • Astronomers report the discovery of Crater 2, the fourth largest satellite galaxy of the Milky Way, at a distance of 380,000 light years.^[112][113]
  • An international team reports synthesising ultra-long carbyne inside double-walled nanotubes. This exotic form of carbon is even stronger than graphene.^[114][115]
• 14 April – The discovery of hormone asprosin is reported in Cell.^[116]
• 21 April – BioViva USA reports the first successful use of gene therapy to extend the length of telomeres in a human patient.^[117]
• 22 April
  • The discovery of quantum tunneling of water molecules is reported.^[118]
  • Scientists announce the discovery of an extensive reef system near the Amazon River, covering an estimated 3,600 square miles (9,300 km²).^[119]
• 26 April – Astronomers using the Hubble Space Telescope report the discovery of a moon orbiting the remote dwarf planet Makemake.^[120][121]

22 April: Map showing an extensive reef system near the Amazon River.

• 28 April
  • Scientists identify a pair of molecular signals controlling skin and hair colour, which could be targeted by new drugs to treat skin pigment disorders like vitiligo.^[122]
  • A new paper in Astrobiology suggests there could be a way to simplify the Drake equation, based on observations of exoplanets discovered in the last two decades.^[123][124]
• 29 April – A team at Stanford University reveals "OceanOne", a humanoid robot capable of moving around the seabed using thrusters.^[125]

May

• 2 May
  • Researchers of the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry and the Cyprus Institute in Nicosia calculate that in future decades, the Middle East and North Africa could become so hot that human habitability is compromised.^[126]
  • Researchers at the University of Illinois and University of Puerto Rico announce they have sequenced the mitochondrial genome for the Hispaniolan solenodon, a venomous mammal found only on Hispaniola. Their findings confirm that the species diverged from all other living mammals about 78 million years ago, before dinosaurs got extinct.^[127]
  • Astronomers discover three potentially Earth-like planets in the habitable zone of an ultracool brown dwarf star (TRAPPIST-1) just 40 light years away from Earth.^[128]
  • A study in PNAS concludes that Earth may be home to 1 trillion species, with 99.999 percent remaining undiscovered.^[129]
• 4 May – The most detailed ever study of leopard populations reveals that the animals have lost 75% of their historical habitat range since 1750.^[130]

Predicted and scheduled events

July

• 4 July – Juno (spacecraft) will arrive at Jupiter.

September

• 1 September – An annular solar eclipse will occur.

Date unknown

• The advanced Virgo detector starts looking for gravitational waves in autumn 2016.
• The Large Hadron Collider is expected to collect a dataset much larger than the one of 2015 which lead to a hint of a potential new particle.^{[131][132][133]} The 2016 dataset will allow to either rule it out or conclusively show its existence.
• SESAME, a synchrotron light source built by a collaboration including Israel, the Palestinian National Authority and Iran, is planned to get switched on end of 2016.

See also

• 2016 in spaceflight
• List of emerging technologies
• List of years in science

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External links

Media related to 2016 in science at Wikimedia Commons