5'-nucleotidase

5'-nucleotidase
Human ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73): crystal form I (open) in complex with adenosine[1]
Identifiers
EC number 3.1.3.5
CAS number 9027-73-0
Databases
IntEnz IntEnz view
BRENDA BRENDA entry
ExPASy NiceZyme view
KEGG KEGG entry
MetaCyc metabolic pathway
PRIAM profile
PDB structures RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum

5'-nucleotidase (EC 3.1.3.5) is an enzyme which catalyzes the phosphorylytic cleavage of 5'nucleotides.[2] Although originally found in snake venom,[3] the activity of 5'nucleotidase has been described for bacteria and plant cells, and is widely distributed in vertebrate tissue.[4] In mammalian cells the enzyme is predominantly located in the plasma membrane and its primary role is in the conversion of extracellular nucleotides (e.g. 5'-AMP), which are generally impermeable, to the corresponding nucleoside (e.g. adenosine) which can readily enter most cells.[5] Consequently, the enzyme plays a key role in the metabolism of nucleotides.

The enzyme has a wide substrate specificity for nucleotides and has been shown to hydrolyze 5'nucleotides rapidly, ribose-5-phosphate slowly, and other phosphate esters extremely slowly (if at all).[6]

For example, the 5'nucleotidase enzyme catalyses the following chemical reactions

a 5'-nucleotide + H2O \rightleftharpoons a nucleoside + phosphate
ribose 5-phosphate + H2O \rightleftharpoons ribose + phosphate

The 5'nucleotidase catalyzed reaction of an AMP nucleotide to adenosine nucleoside is shown below:

AMP + H2O \rightleftharpoons adenosine + phosphate

Nomenclature

Structure

Active-site structure of 5'nucleotidase with the inhibitor adenosine[10]

Active Site

Studies of the soluble form of human ecto-5'nucleotidase, without a GPI anchor, have shown that the C-terminal domain holds the substrate-binding pocket, and that the aromatic purine motif of the substrate is stacked between two phenylalanine residues.[10] Furthermore, a catalytic mechanism has been proposed involving an in-line nucleophilic attack by a hydroxyl moiety that is coordinated by zinc on the substrate phosphorus, with the nucleoside acting as a leaving group.[10]

Membrane-Bound and Soluble Forms

Cartoon schematic of membrane-bound and soluble forms of mammalian 5'nucleotidase

Studies of mammalian 5'nucleotidases have shown that there exist at least four different forms of the 5'nucleotidase enzyme: one membrane-bound form and three soluble forms.[4] The membrane-bound form is anchored to the plasma membrane via GPI at its C-terminus.[4] One of the soluble forms appears to be derived from the GPI-anchored ex-5'-nucleotidase and has an extracellular location.[4] The two cytosolic forms of the enzyme have similar characteristics, but can be differentiated on the basis of their preferential affinities for nucleotide substrates.[4] The GPI-anchored form exists as a dimer, with the two subunits linked via a disulfide bridge. The soluble forms can exist as dimers or tetramers. Generally at least 50% of the enzyme is found in the surface-bound form.[4]

Medical Relevance

5'Nucleotidase Blood Test

The concentration of 5’nucleotidase protein in the blood is often used as a liver function test in individuals that show signs of liver problems. The combined assays of serum 5'nucleotisase and alkaline phosphatase (AP) activities are extremely helpful in differential diagnosis since serum 5'nucleotidase activity is increased in obstructive hepatobiliary disorders, but not in osseous disorders, whereas serum AP activity is generally increased in both categories of diseases.[11] In other words, the test is used to determine if elevated protein levels are due to skeletal damage or liver damage.[12] Normal levels of 5’nucleotidase are 2-17 units per liter.[13] Elevated levels may indicate cholestasis, destruction of liver cells, hepatitis (liver inflammation), liver ischemia, a liver tumor, or use of liver-damaging drugs. Pregnancy and certain medications (acetaminophen, halothane, isoniazid, methyldopa, nitrofurantoin) may interfere with the test.[12][13]

The test may also be referred to as 5'NT Levels Blood Test, CDF73 Levels Blood Test, and Ecto-5'-Nucleotidase Levels Blood Test.[12]

Lymphocyte 5'Nucleotidase in Immunological Disorders

Ecto-5'Nucleotidase is considered a maturation marker for T cells and B cells. This is due to the fact that the enzyme activity is approximately 10-times higher for peripheral T cells than thymocytes, 5-6 times higher in adult peripheral B cells than fetal B cells, and largely absent in non-T cell and non-B cell lymphocytes.[5][14] In immunodeficiency diseases with arrested lymphocyte maturation, ex-5'nucleatidase activity is generally low.[5] Such diseases include severe combined immuno-deficiency, Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome, congenital X-linked agammaglobulinemia, selective IgA deficiency and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).[5][15][16][17]

Relation to Lead Poisoning

Numerous studies have shown that erythrocyte pyrimidine 5'nucleotidase activity is significantly lowered in patients with lead poisoning, and that pyrimidine 5'nucleotidase activity can be used as an index of lead poisoning.[18] It is believed that lead induced deficiency of the enzyme in maturing erythroid cells is responsible for basophilic stippling and hemolysis in a manner analogous to the pathogenesis of the hereditary enzyme deficiency syndrome. The mechanism of inhibition of 5'nucleotidase in lead poisoning may contribute to the hemolytic syndromes that occur in patients with acute lead poisoning.[5] Since erythrocyte pyrimidine 5'NT activity is inhibited in vitro by various metals (e.g., copper, zinc, cadmium, lead, mercury, and tin), it is likely that inhibition of pyrimidine 5'nucleotidase may contribute to the hemolyic syndromes that occur in patients with acute poisoning by these metals.[5][19][20]

References

  1. ↑ Knapp, Karen; Zebisch, Matthias; Pippel, Jan; Muller, Christa E.; Strater, Norbert (2016-12-30). "Crystal Structure of the Human Ecto-5′-Nucleotidase (CD73): Insights into the Regulation of Purinergic Signaling". STRUCTURE 20 (12): 2161–2173. doi:10.1016/j.str.2012.10.001. PMID 23142347.
  2. ↑ Flett, Howard; Conklyn, Maryrose; Stebbins, Robert; Silbert, Robert (1975). "Function of 5’-Nucleotidase in the Uptake of Adenosine from AMP by Human Lymphocytes" (PDF). Journal of Biological Chemistry 250 (23): 8889–8892. PMID 1194267. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
  3. ↑ Reis, Julian (1934). "Nucleotidase and its relation to the deamination of nucleotides in the heart and the muscles". Bulletin de la Societe de Chimie Biologique 16: 385–399.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Zimmerman, Herbert (1992). "5'Nucleotidase: molecular structure and function aspects" (PDF). Biochem. J. 285: 345–365. PMID 1132794. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sunderman Jr, William (1990). "The clinical biochemistry of 5'nucleotidase" (PDF). Annals of Clinical and laboratory science 20 (2). PMID 2183704. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
  6. ↑ Koshland Jr, D.E.; Springhorn, Sylvia (1955-11-18). "Mechanism of Action of 5'-Nucleotiidase" (PDF). Journal of Biological Chemistry 221: 469–476. PMID 13345835. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
  7. ↑ Gulland, J.M. and Jackson, E.M. (1938). "5-Nucleotidase". Biochem. J. 32: 597–601. PMID 16746659.
  8. ↑ Heppel, L.A. and Hilmoe, R.J. (1951). "Purification and properties of 5-nucleotidase". J. Biol. Chem. 188: 665–676. PMID 14824154.
  9. ↑ Segal, H.L. and Brenner, B.M. (1960). "5′-Nucleotidase of rat liver microsomes". J. Biol. Chem. 235: 471–474. PMID 14444527.
  10. 1 2 3 Huets, Dominic; Weissenborn, Martin; Olkhov, Rouslan; Shaw, Andrew; Gummadova, Jennet; Levy, Colin; Scrutton, Nigel. "Crystal Structure of a Soluble Form of Human CD73 with Ecto-5′-Nucleotidase Activity". doi:10.1002/cbic.201200426. PMID 22997138. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
  11. ↑ Dixon, Theodore F.; Purdom, Mary (1954-11-01). "Serum 5-Nucleotidase". Journal of Clinical Pathology 7 (4): 341–343. ISSN 0021-9746. PMC 1023849. PMID 13286361.
  12. 1 2 3 "5'Nucleotidase Blood Test". DoveMed. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
  13. 1 2 Greco, Frank. "5'nucleotidase". MedlinePlus. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
  14. ↑ Edwards, N. L.; Gelfand, E. W.; Burk, L.; Dosch, H. M.; Fox, I. H. (1979-07-01). "Distribution of 5'-nucleotidase in human lymphoid tissues". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 76 (7): 3474–3476. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 383848. PMID 315065.
  15. ↑ Salazar-Gonzalez, J. F.; Moody, D. J.; Giorgi, J. V.; Martinez-Maza, O.; Mitsuyasu, R. T.; Fahey, J. L. (1985). "Reduced ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity and enhanced OKTIO and HLA-DR expression on CD8 (T suppressor/cytotoxic) lymphocytes in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome: Evidence of CD8 cell immaturity.". Journal of Immunology 135: 1778–1787. PMID 2991373.
  16. ↑ Webster, A. D. B.; North, M.; Allsop, J.; Asherson, G. L.; Watts, R. W. E. (1978). "Purine metabolism in lymphocytes from patients with primary hypogammaglobulinemia". Clinical Experimental Immunology 31: 456–463. PMID 1541241.
  17. ↑ Boss, G. R.; Thompson, L. F.; O'Conner, R. D.; Ziering, R. W.; Seegmiller, J. E. (1981). "Ecto-5'-nucleotidase deficiency: association with adenosine deaminase deficiency and non association with deoxyadenosine toxicity". Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology 19: 1–7. PMID 6260402.
  18. ↑ Paglia, D.E.; Valentine, W.N.; Dahl-Gren, J.G. (1975). "Effects of low-level lead exposure on pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase and other erythrocyte enzymes". Clinical Invest. 56: 1164–1169. PMID 301979.
  19. ↑ Cook, L; Kubitschek, C; Stohs, S; Angle, C (1988-06-11). "Erythrocyte pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase and deoxynucleotidase isozymes: metallosensitivity and kinetics". Drug Chem Toxicology 11 (2): 198–213. PMID 2841083. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
  20. ↑ Mohammed-Brahim, B; Buchet, JP; Bernard, A; Lauwerys, R (1984-02-20). "In vitro effects of lead, mercury and cadmium on the enzymic activity of red-blood cell pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase". Toxicology Letters 2– (2): 195–159. PMID 6320500. Retrieved 1 March 2016.

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