Alitalia-Linee Aeree Italiane

Alitalia – Linee Aeree Italiane (Alitalia – Italian Air Lines), in its later stages known as Alitalia – Linee Aeree Italiane S.p.A. in amministrazione straordinaria (in Extraordinary Administration), was the former Italian flag carrier. Based in Rome, the company had been in precarious economic conditions for many years and was subsequently liquidated.

The Italian government and some other organizations have invested €4.9 billion since 1998. Several attempts to take over or merge Alitalia were made between 2005 and 2009. In 2006 the government could no longer offer support to the failing airline since it had been forbidden by the European Union to inject new capital. In August 2008 Alitalia went bankrupt. Compagnia Aerea Italiana (CAI) bought the Alitalia brand and some assets for €1.052 billion ($1.33 billion), paying €427 million in cash and taking on €625 million in Alitalia debts on 12 December 2008.

History

Alitalia – Linee Aeree Italiane S.p.A. was established on 16 September 1946 as Aerolinee Italiane Internazionali. It was formed as a result of an Anglo-Italian agreement and was funded by the Italian Government and British European Airways (BEA) in a 60/40 share arrangement with a capital of 900 million lire (£1,000,000).^[1] Its popular name, Alitalia, was an Italian portmanteau of the words ali (wings) and Italia (Italy). It started operations on 5 May 1947, in which year it carried over 10,000 passengers. The inaugural flight was with a Fiat G.12 Alcione, piloted by Virginio Reinero from Turin to Catania and Rome.

Revenue passenger-kilometres, scheduled flights only, in millions

Year	Traffic
1960	1339
1965	3811
1969	6584
1971	8497
1975	9390
1980	12877
1985	16881
1989	20814
1995	31748
2000	40618

Source: World Air Transport Statistics (IATA)

Alitalia Savoia-Marchetti SM.95 at Manchester in 1948

Alitalia Douglas DC-8 at London Heathrow Airport in August 1960

Alitalia Vickers Viscount at Milan Linate Airport in 1965

An Alitalia Sud Aviation Caravelle seen in August 1973.

An Alitalia Boeing 747-200.

The first intercontinental flight left a year later, flying between Milan and cities in South America. The Savoia-Marchetti SM.95 four engined airliner was used on European routes up to 1949. On 31 October 1957, Alitalia merged with Linee Aeree Italiane and took on the name of Alitalia Linee Aeree Italiane. Alitalia was owned by the Italian Ministry of the Treasury (49%), other shareholders, including employees (49%) and Air France-KLM (2%, now: 25%).

By 1960 Alitalia was operating jet airliners on some European routes (the Sud Caravelle) and the Douglas DC-8 on several longer distance routes. The Vickers Viscount turbine-propellor four-engined airliner was flown by Alitalia on its European network throughout the 1960s.

In 1978 Alitalia had its head office in the Palazzo Alitalia in Rome.^[2]

President George W. Bush walks the red carpet with Pope Benedict XVI. Behind is "Shepherd One" a specially dedicated plane for the Pope belonging to Alitalia. (2008)

By the 1990s Alitalia was carrying 25 million passengers annually. In 1997 it set up a regional subsidiary Alitalia Express and in 2001 became a member of SkyTeam. In November 2003 Alitalia announced that it would cut 2,700 jobs over the next three years to prepare the airline for a merger with Air France and KLM. In April 2004 Alitalia acquired Gandalf Airlines, a bankrupt regional airline, to gain additional slots at several European airports, mainly in Milan (Linate) and Paris (Charles De Gaulle).

Alitalia employed 18,182 staff as of March 2007.

Typically, the Pope flies on a chartered Alitalia Jet. The Pope's flight is often nicknamed "Shepherd One" by the press, while the actual callsign is "Volo Papale" (papal flight, in Italian) followed by a serial number.^[3]

Financial and operating problems

Alitalia – Linee Aeree Italiane S.p.A. lost money for years owing to problems with pilots and crew members and labour difficulties, and to government and political interference with attempts to solve them. The Italian government supported Alitalia many times until the European Union set a moratorium on any support before 2011. Alitalia – Linee Aeree Italiane S.p.A. did not survive this moratorium. Alitalia – Linee Aeree Italiane S.p.A. went into liquidation in 2008. The viable parts of Alitalia – Linee Aeree Italiane S.p.A. were bought by the private company Alitalia – Compagnia Aerea Italiana on 12 December 2008, which started operations on 13 January 2009.

Alitalia Boeing 777-200ER at Ezeiza Airport, Argentina, during a severe thunderstorm. (2006)

Alitalia McDonnell Douglas MD-82 landing at London Heathrow Airport, England. (2007)

Alitalia has reported only one year of profit (1998) since its foundation in 1946. Alitalia reported net losses of more than €3.7 billion between 1999 and 2008. Previous state aid to Alitalia included some €1.5 billion in 1998 from the government of premier Romano Prodi. In 2002 Alitalia received a capital increase of €1.432 billion under the government of Silvio Berlusconi. In 2004 the Berlusconi government gave a €400mn 'bridge' loan to Alitalia. In 2005 the capital of Alitalia was increased by €1.6 billion, including an over €500mn bond float issued with the promise of a return to profit in 2006. (Unfortunately the year ended with a loss of €626 million). In 2008 the Italian government gave a bridging loan of €300mn to Alitalia.

The government could in 2006 no longer offer support to the failing airline since it had been forbidden by the European Union to inject new capital. Therefore, as all other attempts to save the company had failed, the Italian government announced its willingness to lead Alitalia towards privatization by lowering its part of ownership in it. Several failed attempts to take over or merge Alitalia were made.

In May 2008 the government issued a decree that would exempt Alitalia from disclosing information on this sale to the market.^[4] As a consequence the trade in Alitalia stock at the Borsa Italiana in Milan was halted indefinitely by the stock exchange authorities as of 4 June 2008. Intesa Sanpaolo, as requested by the government, devised a plan in co-operation with the Italian cabinet. The plan was that Alitalia would file for bankruptcy, and thus be protected from its creditors. The next step of the plan was to split Alitalia in two parts, one part containing the debts and less promising parts of the company. After negotiations under supervision of the Italian government Alitalia filed for bankruptcy in August 2008.

In September 2008, Pope Benedict XVI revealed that he was offering his prayer for Alitalia, the official papal airline, after takeover talks broke down.^[5]

CAI, Compagnia Aerea Italiana, a consortium of Italian investors, presented a binding offer of €1,100 million to Alitalia's bankruptcy administrator on 30 October 2008 to acquire parts of the airline, pressing ahead despite refusal by some pilots and flight attendants' unions to sign on to the rescue plan. The Italian government and the bankruptcy administrator agreed to the CAI takeover offer on 19 November 2008. The profitable assets of Alitalia – Linee Aeree Italiane S.p.A. were transferred to CAI on 12 December 2008, when CAI paid the offered sum. CAI paid €1.052 billion ($1.33 billion), paying €427 million in cash and taking on €625 million in Alitalia debts. CAI is liable for all Alitalia expenses per 1 December 2008.^[6] CAI bought Air One as well.

Financial situation

Main article: Financial situation of Alitalia

Volare controversy

In December 2005, the bankrupt Volare Group (Volareweb, Air Europe) was put up for sale. Alitalia bid to buy the group (other bidders were Air One and Meridiana/Eurofly). Air One went to court claiming that Alitalia could not buy Volare Group as it had received state aid in the past. The TAR (Regional Administrative Tribunal) of Lazio tried to block Alitalia's acquisition of Volare Group but abandoned the attempt, claiming that Alitalia had repaid its €400 million loan and so there would be nothing stopping it from buying Volare Group. Air One also went to court, unsuccessfully. Alitalia created Volare SpA to buy the Volare Group. The airlines were becoming closer and Volare Group had started providing soft maintenance services for some Alitalia aircraft in Milan Malpensa airport. However, the Italian Consiglio di Stato (State Council) on 23 May 2006 has once again blocked the acquisition of the airline. It is not clear what is going to happen as Volare is in serious financial difficulties. On 2 November 2006 TAR court decided that the administrative procedure used by the Italian government to sell Volare to Alitalia was invalid but the selling contract is still valid because the administrative court was declared incompetent about this topic. If Air One wants to obtain Volare it will have to go to the local civil court and ask it to declare that the selling contract is invalid. Alitalia's offer for 38 million euros was the winning bid. On 15 May 2006 the former Volare Group employees were transferred to Volare SpA (the Alitalia subsidiary).

Malpensa hub

In 1995 Alitalia signed a partnership with KLM which aimed at a merger. The aim of the partnership was to develop Malpensa as a hub, along with Amsterdam (which lacked enough landing slots to expand further) and Rome Fiumicino. The problem was that in Milan there are two airports: Milan Linate (close to city centre but small) and Milan Malpensa (far from city but large and expandable). The Italian Government planned to move all flights to Milan Malpensa, apart from Milan-Rome Fiumicino.

The EU airlines went to the European Courts, as they claimed that the development of Milan Malpensa and the closure of Milan Linate would provide an anti-competitive situation in favour of Alitalia. They claimed that Alitalia could go on feeding its Fiumicino hub from Linate but they could not. Furthermore, they claimed that Malpensa was too far (40 km) and lacked the infrastructure to/from the city (the rail link would open a year after the opening of the hub). After many court disputes the EU decided to leave 33% of the flights at Linate until the rail link opened.

KLM broke off the alliance with Alitalia; and Cempella (head of Alitalia) was replaced by Mengozzi, who had the role of getting Alitalia back on track. In 2000 he signed a 2% share exchange with Air France and in 2001 joined the SkyTeam alliance.

In 2001 Alitalia renewed the ground handling contract with SEA.

In September 2007, Alitalia announced that it would nearly halve its hub at Malpensa and instead focus on Rome-Fiumicino and move all intercontinental flights there. Until this announcement, Malpensa had been Alitalia's primary hub for intercontinental flights. The transition away from Malpensa and towards Rome-Fiumicino was completed by the end of March 2008. Minor intercontentinental destinations, which previously received flights only from Malpensa, henceforth received only flights from Rome-Fiumicino, or else were discontinued.

Lawsuits and complaints

In December 2005, Italy's antitrust agency fined Alitalia €30,000 for misleading consumers by advertising a round-trip flight tariff while showing only the price of a one-way ticket. The antitrust agency in a statement said the advertisement appeared on Alitalia's web site during May and June 2005.

The European Court of Justice has in July 2008 rejected an appeal by Alitalia against the European Commission in a long-running inquiry into Italian state aid. The airline challenged conditions set by the commission in 2001 for the use of state aid in restructuring the company. The court ruling does not impose any new conditions on Alitalia and the commission considers the case settled. A statement: "the Court of First Instance dismisses Alitalia's action and confirms that the commission's decision of 2001 is valid". The court: "confirms the validity of each of the conditions imposed on Alitalia by the commission". These conditions were:

a requirement that the Italian authorities act as a normal shareholder;
that cash injections be used only for restructuring Alitalia and not for expanding the business;
that Alitalia sells its holding in the Hungarian airline Malev;
and that the state aid take the form of a one-off payment.

Alitalia Servizi

Carlo Cimoli, after becoming President and CEO of the Alitalia Group, divided the group into two holdings to cut costs. Alitalia (referred to as Alitalia Fly) controlled Alitalia Express, Volare SpA, Volare Airlines and Air Europe. Furthermore, it controlled 51% of Alitalia Servizi SpA which owned the following companies:

Alitalia Airport (100%): ground handling services in Rome Fiumicino, Palermo, Cagliari and London Heathrow (under the Alitalia Servizi brand). It provided passenger handling services in: Catania, Naples.
Alitalia Maintenance Systems (60%): maintenance services, it was 40% controlled by Lufthansa Technik.
Atitech (100%): maintenance services in Naples.

Alitalia Servizi also provided IT services for the Alitalia Group (which were partly outsourced) and ground handling in London Heathrow. It provided passenger handling in Brussels, Athens and Frankfurt. Alitalia Servizi was 49% owned by Fintecna (State agency). By 2008 it could have been sold as a whole or piece by piece as the agreements with the trade unions prevented Alitalia from selling Alitalia Servizi before 2008. Due to the Alitalia reorganisation Alitalia Servizi was never sold.

Alitalia Cargo

An Alitalia Cargo McDonnell Douglas MD-11. (2008)

Established in 1947, Alitalia Cargo became a member of SkyTeam Cargo in 2001. Destinations concentrate on strategic markets in China, Korea, Japan and the USA.

Alitalia Cargo had a fleet of 5 MD-11 freighter aircraft operating from Malpensa International Airport. Due to financial turmoil Alitalia cargo division was sold off to new owners in 2009.

Alitalia Cargo ceased operations on 12 January 2009.

Alitalia Cargo operated three special Boeing 747 aircraft that were customized to hold 56 Cadillac Allantés each. Chassis were shipped from Detroit to Italy. The completed bodies were shipped another 3,300 miles (5,300 km) from Italy in specially equipped Boeing 747s, 56 at a time, back to Cadillac's Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly plant.^[7]

Destinations

Main article: Alitalia destinations

Fleet

An Alitalia Airbus A319. (2007)

An Alitalia Airbus A320. (2007)

An Alitalia Airbus A321. (2007)

An Alitalia Boeing 777-200ER parked alongside a Northwest Airlines Boeing 747-200 at Narita International Airport. (2006)

The Alitalia fleet consisted of the following aircraft (at 31 March 2008):

**Alitalia-Linee Aeree Italiane Fleet**
Aircraft	Total	Passengers (Magnifica*/Economy)	Routes	Livery
Airbus A319	12	126	Domestic/International short-medium haul	Alitalia
Airbus A320-214	11	153	Domestic/International short-medium haul	Alitalia
Airbus A321-112	23	187	Domestic/International short-medium haul	Alitalia
Boeing 767-300ER	6	214 (25/189)	International medium-long haul Accra, Boston, Caracas, Chicago, Lagos, New York JFK, Toronto	Alitalia
Boeing 777-200ER	10	291 (42/249)	International long haul Buenos Aires, Los Angeles, Miami, Osaka São Paulo, Tokyo	Alitalia
McDonnell Douglas MD-82	71	141 164	Domestic/International short-medium haul	Alitalia
ATR 72-212	4	66	Regional routes	Alitalia Express
ATR 72-500	6	66	Regional routes	Alitalia Express
Embraer ERJ-145	14	48	Domestic/International short-medium haul	Alitalia Express
Embraer ERJ-170	6	72	Domestic/International short-medium haul	Alitalia Express
McDonnell Douglas MD-11	5	82 tons.	operated by Alitalia Cargo	Alitalia Cargo

^{*Magnifica is the name of the Business Class offered on International medium-long haul flights.}

Aircraft operated

The airline operated the following aircraft:

**Alitalia-Linee Aeree Italiane retired aircraft**
Aircraft	Introduced	Retired	Notes
Airbus A300	1980	1997
Avro 691 Lancastrian	1947	1951
Boeing 727-200	1977	1985
Boeing 737-200C	1992	1995	operated by Alitalia Cargo
Boeing 747-100	1970	1979
Boeing 747-200B	1971 1980	1980 2002
Convair CV-240	1953	1956
Convair CV-340	1953	1960
Convair 440 Metropolitan	1957	1960
Curtiss C-46 Commando	1962	1968
Douglas DC-3	1946	1964
Douglas DC-4	1950 1964	1954 1965
Douglas DC-6	1950	1963
Douglas DC-6B	1953	1971
Douglas DC-7C	1958	1965
Douglas DC-8-43	1960	1977
Douglas DC-8-62	1967	1981
Douglas DC-9-30	1967	1996
Fiat G.12	1947	1950
Fokker F27	1964	1985
McDonnell Douglas DC-10	1973	1985
McDonnell Douglas MD-11	1991	2003	from 2004 operated by Alitalia Cargo
Savoia-Marchetti S.M.95	1947	1951
Sud Aviation Caravelle	1960	1977
Vickers Viscount	1957	1968

MilleMiglia

The airline's frequent flyer programme was named "MilleMiglia", and was part of the SkyTeam alliance programme, allowing passengers to collect miles and redeem them with free tickets across the whole alliance.

Incidents and accidents

Seven Alitalia flights had been hijacked, and 28 aircraft accidents/incidents involved Alitalia planes.^[8] Two Alitalia pilots were killed while acting as passengers during the 1994 A330 test flight. Alitalia actually never purchased the A330, and dedicated two Boeing 767 aircraft to the lost pilots Alberto Nassetti and Pier Paolo Racchetti. In 1983 a hijacked DC-10 Alitalia landed at Luis Muñoz Marin International Airport under orders by a hijacker. On 30 June 1982, an Alitalia Boeing 747 with 340 passengers was hijacked by Sepala Ekanayake. He demanded for $300,000 and for his wife and son to be brought to Bangkok airport (Which was where the plane was forced to fly to). After the hijacking Sepala Ekanayake was sent to Sri Lanka, Colombo (Place of birth) where he was arrested and sentenced to 5 years.

**Alitalia Incidents and Accidents**
Flight	Date	Aircraft	Location	Description	Injuries
Flight	Date	Aircraft	Location	Description
Fatal	Serious	Minor	Uninjured
	18 December 1954	Douglas DC-6B	New York, Idlewild Airport	The DC-6 was on its 4th attempt to land at New York-Idlewild when it struck the pier which supported the left row of runway 04 slope line approach lights.^[9]	34	0	1	0
	21 December 1959	Vickers Viscount	Rome, Ciampino Airport	Crashed short of the runway while used for a crew check involving a simulated emergency landing.^[10]	2	0	0	0
	26 February 1960	Douglas DC-7C	Shannon, Ireland	Crashed after losing height after takeoff for unknown reasons.	34	18	0	0
771	7 July 1962	Douglas DC-8	Mumbai, Sahar International Airport, India	Controlled flight into terrain while on a night-time approach following a navigation error that caused a premature descent.	94	0	0	0
45	28 March 1964	Vickers Viscount	Naples, Monte Somma, Italy	Crashed during an incorrect visual approach at night in bad weather conditions.^[11]	45	0	0	0
660	2 August 1968	Douglas DC-8	Milan, Malpensa Airport, Italy	Crashed following a non-standard approach procedure in very severe weather conditions.	13	0	82	0
112	5 May 1972	Douglas DC-8	Palermo, Punta Raisi Airport, Italy	Controlled flight into terrain while on a night-time approach non-compliant with the established procedures.	115	0	0	0
4128	23 December 1978	McDonnell Douglas DC-9	Palermo, Punta Raisi Airport, Italy	Crashed in the sea shortly before landing while on a night-time approach following a premature descent.	107	0	0	21
404	14 November 1990	McDonnell Douglas DC-9	Zürich, Kloten Airport, Switzerland	Controlled flight into terrain while on a night-time approach after descending below the glide path because of incorrect indications in the NAV equipment.	46	0	0	0

Head office

Alitalia's head office was located in Rome. The airline's last head office was on Viale Alessandro Marchetti.^[12] In 1992 Agis Salpukas of The New York Times described the then-new headquarters building as "sleek."^[13] Originally the airline had its head office at Via Maresciallo Pilsudski. In 1967 Alitalia moved its head office to a newly constructed building in the Esposizione Universale Roma (EUR) in Rome.^[14] That head office, the Palazzo Alitalia, was in Piazzale Giulio Pastore.^[15]^[16]

References

↑ https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1946/1946%20-%201400.html
↑ "World Airline Directory." Flight International. 22 April 1978. 1134.
↑ Willey, David (15 April 2008). "Pope's US tour: Reporter's diary". BBC News.
↑ Reuters
↑ Pope Benedict Prays for Alitalia as Takeover Talks Break Down
↑ Sisto, Alberto (1 September 2008). "Funds delay holds up Alitalia deal closure-source". Reuters.
↑ John Monzo. "Allanté History". Cadillac Allanté / XLR Club. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
↑ ASN – Aviation Safety Database
↑ http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19541218-0
↑ "Accident description". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 11 September 2009.
↑ "Accident description". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 6 October 2009.
↑ "Copyright." Alitalia-Linee Aeree Italiane. 20 February 2008. Retrieved on 15 June 2010. "ALITALIA – Linee Aeree Italiane S.p.A. VAT 00903301000 Viale Alessandro Marchetti, 111 00148 ROME – Italy"
↑ Salpukas, Agis. "Will Alitalia Survive Competition American-Style?." The New York Times. 7 June 1992. Page 35, New York Edition.
↑ "A Brief History of Alitalia 1964." Alitalia. Retrieved on 14 June 2010.
↑ "World Airline Directory." Flight International. 11 April 1968. – 0538.html?search=Alitalia 520. "Palazzo Ilitaha, Piazzake dell'Arte, EUR. Rome, Italy"
↑ "World Airline Directory." Flight International. 29 March 1986. – 0714.html?search="Air Puerto Rico" 54. "Palazzo Alitalia, Piazzale Giulio Pastore, 00144 Rome, Italy"