Cambridge University by-election, 1940

The Cambridge University by-election, 1940 was a parliamentary by-election for the British House of Commons constituency of Cambridge University on 23 February 1940. Cambridge University was a two-member constituency.

Vacancy

The by-election was caused by the death of the sitting Conservative MP, Sir John James Withers on 29 December 1939 at the age of 76. He had been one of the MPs here since holding the seat in the Cambridge University by-election, 1926.

Election History

In the 1935 general election it elected two Conservative MPs. Cambridge University had been won by Conservatives at every election since 1922 when an Independent Liberal won one of the seats. The result at the last General election was as follows;

1935 General Election Electorate 33,617[1]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Sir John James Withers	7,602	42.3	n/a
	Conservative	Kenneth William Murray Pickthorn	6,917	38.5	n/a
	Labour	Prof. Herbert Lionel Elvin	3,453	19.2	n/a
Majority					n/a
Turnout			17,972	53.5	n/a
	Conservative hold		Swing

Candidates

Due to the wartime electoral truce, the party who were defending the seat were assured of not facing an official candidate from the other political parties. However, the Conservative party, who were defending the seat, did not put forward an official candidate.

John Maynard Keynes in 1933

In 1939, before Withers had died, his health was not good and it was expected that a by-election would need to take place. The Master of Magdalene College, Allen Beville Ramsay had obtained agreement that none of the major parties would field a candidate if prominent economist, John Maynard Keynes chose to stand. Keynes was a Liberal party member and so unlikely to win the seat if a Conservative was standing. Keynes declined the invitation as he felt he would wield greater influence on events if he remained a free agent.^[2]

Dr. Archibald Hill in 1922

Eventually, Keynes brother in law, 54-year-old Prof. Archibald Hill became a candidate, standing as an Independent Conservative. He was professor of physiology at University College, London. In 1933, he became a founder member and vice-president of the Academic Assistance Council (which became the Society for the Protection of Science and Learning in 1936). By the start of the Second World War, the organisation had saved 900 academics from the Nazi persecution.

Fifty-one-year-old Prof. John Ryle came forward to stand as an Independent Progressive. He was appointed in 1935 Regius Professor of Physic at the University of Cambridge. Ryle was politically active at Cambridge, helping Jewish scholars emigrate from Germany and Austria before World War II. During the early stages of the war, he was working at Guy's Hospital to help them prepare for the Blitz.

Result

Polling took place over four days from 19–23 February. Hill took the seat from the Conservatives as an Independent Conservative

Cambridge University by-election, 1940 Electorate 39,171
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Independent Conservative	Prof. Archibald Vivian Hill	9,840	64.6	N/A
	Independent Progressive	Prof. John Alfred Ryle	5,387	35.4	N/A
Majority			4,453	29.2	N/A
Turnout			39,171	38.9	N/A
	Independent Conservative gain from Conservative		Swing	N/A

Aftermath

Hill did not contest 1945 general election, in which the two seats were won by one Conservative and one Independent;

General Election 1945: Cambridge University (2 seats)
Party		Candidate	% 1st Pref	Count 1	Count 2	Count 3	Count 4
	Conservative	Kenneth William Murray Pickthorn	46.2	10,202
	Independent	Henry Wilson Harris	16.2	3,574	4,709	5,185	6,556
	Independent Progressive	John Boynton Priestley	22.8	5,041	5,128	5,238	5,745
	Independent Conservative	Dr. Charles Hill	10.1	2,238	3,092	3,595	eliminated
	National Independent	Comdr. E.L. Howard-Williams	4.7	1,036	1,798	eliminated	-
Electorate: 42,012   Valid: 22,091   Quota: 7,364   Turnout: 52.6

References

1. F W S Craig, British Parliamentary Election Results 1918-1949; Political Reference Publications, Glasgow 1949
2. Clarke, Peter (2009). Keynes : The Twentieth Century's Most Influential Economist.

See also

• List of United Kingdom by-elections
• United Kingdom by-election records