Cao Song
Cao Song | |
---|---|
Official of Han dynasty | |
Born | (Unknown) |
Died | 193 |
Names | |
Traditional Chinese | 曹嵩 |
Simplified Chinese | 曹嵩 |
Pinyin | Cáo SÅng |
Wade–Giles | Ts'ao2 Sung1 |
Courtesy name | Jugao (Chinese: 巨高; pinyin: JùgÄo; Wade–Giles: Chü4-kao1) |
Posthumous name | Emperor Tai (Chinese: 太皇å¸; pinyin: Tà i Huángdì; Wade–Giles: Tai Huang-ti; literally: "Grand Emperor") |
Cao Song (died 193),[1] courtesy name Jugao, was an official who lived in the Eastern Han dynasty. He was the foster son of the eunuch Cao Teng and the father of the warlord Cao Cao, who rose to prominence in the final years of Eastern Han and laid the foundation of the state of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period. Cao Song was posthumously honoured as "Emperor Tai" (lit. "Grand Emperor") by his grandson Cao Pi in 220 when the latter ended Eastern Han and founded the Wei regime.
Career
Cao Song was known to be honest, sincere and of good moral conduct. He served as the "Director of Retainers" (å¸éš¸æ ¡å°‰) in the Han imperial court. During the reign of Emperor Ling, he served consecutively as the Minister of Finance (大å¸è¾²) and Minister Herald (大鴻臚) before replacing Cui Lie (崔烈) as the Grand Commandant (太尉).[2] However, it was alleged that Cao Song obtained the post of Grand Commandant by bribing eunuchs, who were deeply trusted by the emperor.[3] Another account stated that Cao Song purchased those official posts because Emperor Ling introduced a practice of selling political offices for money.[4]
Death
Around 193, Cao Song retired and planned to return home to Qiao (è™; present-day Bozhou, Anhui). He passed by Langya (ç…邪; present-day Linyi, Shandong) in Xu Province on the way and was murdered there.[5] At the same time, Cao Song's eldest son, the warlord Cao Cao, had established a base in Yan Province (covering present-day southwestern Shandong and eastern Henan).
There are three different accounts of Cao Song's death:
The Shiyu (世語) mentioned that Cao Song was in Hua County (è¯ç¸£), Taishan Commandery (near Mount Tai) at the time. Cao Cao ordered Ying Shao, the Administrator of Taishan, to escort his father and family to Yan Province. However, before Ying Shao's men arrived, Xu Province's governor Tao Qian secretly sent a few thousand riders to attack Cao Song and his family. Cao Song thought that Ying Shao had come to receive him, so he was unprepared and was taken by surprise. Tao Qian's men killed Cao De (曹德), another of Cao Song's sons. Cao Song became afraid and brought one of his concubines with him as they tried to pass through an aperture in a wall to escape. However, Cao Song's concubine was too fat and could not squeeze through in time, so they hid in the latrine. Tao Qian's men found them eventually and killed Cao Song and all his family members who were with him at the time.[6]
Another account from Wei Zhao's Wu Shu (å³æ›¸) stated that Cao Song had with him more than 100 carts full of his personal belongings. Tao Qian sent one of his officers, Zhang Kai (張闓), and 200 horsemen to escort Cao Song and his family to Yan Province. At Hua County, Zhang Kai murdered Cao Song, seized his riches and fled to Huainan.[7]
The Houhanshu wrote that Cao Song was travelling to Langya to evade chaos. Along the way, he passed by Yinping (é™°å¹³; within present-day Linyi, Shandong), where Tao Qian had garrisoned some troops. Tao Qian's men were tempted by greed and they killed Cao Song for his wealth.[8]
All the accounts agree that Cao Cao held Tao Qian responsible for the murder of his father regardless of the degree of Tao Qian's involvement in the incident. This led to Cao Cao launching an invasion on Xu Province between 193 and 194 to punish Tao Qian for his role in Cao Song's death.
Posthumous honour
In 220, Cao Cao's son and successor, Cao Pi, ended the Eastern Han dynasty and established the state of Cao Wei, marking the start of the Three Kingdoms period. Cao Pi granted his grandfather the posthumous title "Emperor Tai" (lit. "Grand Emperor").[9]
Family background
Cao Song's family background remains in controversy. Chen Shou wrote in the Sanguozhi that Cao Song's origin could not be determined.[10] The Cao Man Zhuan (曹瞞傳) and the Shiyu (世語), both of which were used by Pei Songzhi in his annotations to the Sanguozhi, stated that Cao Song's original family name was Xiahou (å¤ä¾¯) and that he was an uncle of Xiahou Dun. Cao Cao and Xiahou Dun were hence cousins.[11]
The Qing dynasty scholar He Zhuo (何焯; 1661–1722) refuted the claim in the Cao Man Zhuan and Shiyu that Cao Song was from the Xiahou clan and dismissed it as a rumour started by people from Eastern Wu, a state founded by Cao Cao's rival, Sun Quan.[notes 1] This was because Xiahou Dun's son Xiahou Mao married Cao Cao's daughter Princess Qinghe (清河公主) and Xiahou Yuan's son Xiahou Heng (å¤ä¾¯è¡¡) was wed to Cao Cao's niece,[12] so the Xiahous and Caos could not have shared the same lineage.
On the other hand, the Qing dynasty historians Pan Mei (潘眉; 1771–1841) and Lin Guozan (林國贊) believed it was true that Cao Song was a Xiahou, as evident from the fact that Chen Shou placed the biographies of Xiahou Dun, Xiahou Yuan, Xiahou Shang, Cao Ren, Cao Hong, Cao Xiu, Cao Zhen in the same volume (volume 9) in the Sanguozhi.[13][14]
Li Jingxing (æŽæ™¯æ˜Ÿ; 1876–1934), a scholar who lived in the late Qing dynasty, speculated that when Chen Shou wrote that Cao Song's origin could not be determined, his intention was to expose a scandal behind Cao Cao's family background.[15]
Wu Jinhua (å³é‡‘è¯), a history professor from Fudan University, felt that Chen Shou employed a writing technique to distort facts when he wrote that Cao Song's origin could not be determined. Wu consolidated all the earlier differing viewpoints and pointed out three pieces of evidence to prove that Cao Song was from the Xiahou family:
- The Weilue recorded a letter written by Sun Quan to the Wei official Hao Zhou (浩周) sometime between 220 and 222, when Sun was nominally a vassal of the Wei regime. The letter mentioned that Hao Zhou suggested that Sun Quan's son could establish marital ties with the Cao family in the same manner as how the Caos and Xiahous were connected by marriages. This proved that the claim that Cao Song was a Xiahou was not a rumour spread by people from Wu[16] because a person from Wei already spoke of it sometime between 220 and 222.[notes 2]
- The Wei Shu (é書) mentioned that when Xiahou Dun died, Cao Pi dressed in plain clothing and mourned at the eastern gate of Ye (in present-day Handan, Hebei).[17] The Eastern Jin dynasty historian Sun Sheng commented that it was still within traditions for an emperor to mourn his kinsmen outside of an ancestral temple, and that Cao Pi had clearly lost his composure when he cried for Xiahou Dun at the city gate.[18] As Sun Sheng lived during the Eastern Jin dynasty (317–420), not long after the Three Kingdoms period ended in 280, his remark gave an impression that the people in his time were already aware that Cao Song was from the Xiahou clan.
- Between 1974 and 1979, parts of a tombstone from Cao Cao's family ancestral tomb were unearthed in Bozhou, Anhui (the ancestral home of Cao Cao's clan). The Chinese characters "xia hou you" (å¤ä¾¯å³) were inscribed on it.[19]
The late Qing dynasty writer Zhou Shouchang (周壽昌; 1814–1884) explained in Sanguozhi Zhu Zheng Yi (三國志注è‰éº) about the inter-clan marriages between the Caos and Xiahous. He cited Chen Jiao (陳矯) as an example – Chen Jiao's original family name was Liu (劉). He was raised by his uncle (his paternal aunt's husband), whose family name was Chen (陳). He adopted Chen as his family name. Chen Jiao later married the daughter of Liu Song (åŠ‰é Œ), a close relative. Cao Cao appreciated Chen Jiao's talent and wanted to protect Chen's reputation, so he gave an order forbidding any dissent about Chen's personal life. Zhou Shouchang felt that when Cao Cao banned people from speaking against marriages between those who share the same family name, he was actually making it convenient to cover up his own family matters.[20]
Wu Jinhua also pointed out that in the late Han dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period, it was not uncommon to find married couples who shared the same family name. For example, one of Cao Cao's foster sons, He Yan, married Cao's daughter Princess Jinxiang (金鄉公主), who was possibly his half-sister (born to the same mother), even though the identity of the princess's mother is not confirmed.[21] Wu mentioned that a person will have no doubts that Cao Song was from the Xiahou clan as long as he/she understands that inter-clan marriages were not unusual in that era.[19]
Others such as history professors Zhu Ziyan (朱åå½¥) and Han Sheng (韓昇) argue that the accounts from the Cao Man Zhuan and Shiyu are not reliable, and the fact that Xiahou Mao, Xiahou Heng and Xiahou Shang married women from Cao Cao's clan proved that Cao Song was not a Xiahou.[22][23]
See also
Notes
- ↑ The Cao Man Zhuan is believed to have had its origins in Eastern Wu, while the Shiyu was written by Guo Song (éƒé ’) during the Western Jin dynasty.
- ↑ Sun Quan was a vassal of Wei from 220–222.
References
- ↑ de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A biographical dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD). Brill. p. 48. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0.
- ↑ (續漢書曰:嵩å—å·¨é«˜ã€‚è³ªæ€§æ•¦æ…Žï¼Œæ‰€åœ¨å¿ å。為å¸éš¸æ ¡å°‰ï¼Œéˆå¸æ“¢æ‹œå¤§å¸è¾²ã€å¤§é´»è‡šï¼Œä»£å´”烈為太尉。) Xu Han Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 1.
- ↑ (嵩éˆå¸æ™‚貨賂ä¸å®˜åŠè¼¸è¥¿åœ’錢一億è¬ï¼Œæ•…ä½è‡³å¤ªå°‰ã€‚) Houhanshu vol. 78.
- ↑ (續漢志曰:「嵩å—巨高。éˆå¸æ™‚賣官,嵩以貨得拜大å¸è¾²ã€å¤§é´»è‡šï¼Œä»£å´”烈為太尉。ã€) Xu Han Zhi annotation in Houhanshu vol. 74.
- ↑ (興平元年春,太祖自å¾å·žé‚„,åˆï¼Œå¤ªç¥–父嵩去官後還è™ï¼Œè‘£å“之亂,é¿é›£ç…邪,為陶謙所害,故太祖志在復讎æ±ä¼ã€‚) Sanguozhi vol. 1.
- ↑ (世語曰:嵩在泰山è¯ç¸£ã€‚太祖令泰山太守應åŠé€å®¶è©£å…—州,åŠå…µæœªè‡³ï¼Œé™¶è¬™å¯†é£æ•¸åƒé¨ŽæŽ©æ•ã€‚嵩家以為åŠè¿Žï¼Œä¸è¨å‚™ã€‚謙兵至,殺太祖弟德於門ä¸ã€‚嵩懼,穿後垣,先出其妾,妾肥,ä¸æ™‚得出;嵩逃於å»ï¼Œèˆ‡å¦¾ä¿±è¢«å®³ï¼Œé—”門皆æ»ã€‚åŠæ‡¼ï¼Œæ£„官赴è¢ç´¹ã€‚後太祖定冀州,åŠæ™‚å·²æ»ã€‚) Shiyu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 1.
- ↑ (韋曜å³æ›¸æ›°ï¼šå¤ªç¥–迎嵩,輜é‡ç™¾é¤˜å…©ã€‚陶謙é£éƒ½å°‰å¼µé—“將騎二百衛é€ï¼Œé—“於泰山è¯ã€è²»é–“殺嵩,å–è²¡ç‰©ï¼Œå› å¥”æ·®å—。太祖æ¸å’Žæ–¼é™¶è¬™ï¼Œæ•…ä¼ä¹‹ã€‚) Wu Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 1.
- ↑ (åˆï¼Œæ›¹æ“父嵩é¿é›£ç…邪,時謙別將守陰平,縣å,屬æ±æµ·åœ‹ï¼Œæ•…城在今沂州承縣西å—。士å’利嵩財寶,é‚襲殺之。) Houhanshu vol. 73.
- ↑ (黃åˆå…ƒå¹´ï¼Œè¿½å°Šåµ©æ›°å¤ªçš‡å¸ã€‚) Xu Han Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 1.
- ↑ (養å嵩嗣,官至太尉,莫能審其生出本末。) Sanguozhi vol. 1.
- ↑ (å³äººä½œæ›¹çžžå‚³åŠéƒé ’世語並雲:嵩,å¤ä¾¯æ°ä¹‹å,å¤ä¾¯æƒ‡ä¹‹å”父。太祖於惇為從父兄弟。) Cao Man Zhuan and Shiyu annotations in Sanguozhi vol. 1.
- ↑ (采注å³äººä½œã€Šæ›¹çžžå‚³ã€‹éƒé ’《世語》並雲嵩å¤ä¾¯æ°å,按å¤ä¾¯æƒ‡å楙尚清河公主,淵å衡亦娶曹æ°ï¼Œå‰‡è¬‚嵩å¤ä¾¯æ°å者,敵國傳èžï¼Œè“‹ä¸è¶³ä¿¡ã€‚) He Zhuo. Yi Men Dushu Ji (義門讀書記).
- ↑ (陳志於《å¸ç´€ã€‹äº‘:「莫能審其生出本末ã€ï¼Œæ–¼åˆ—傳則以å¤ä¾¯æƒ‡ã€å¤ä¾¯æ·µã€æ›¹ä»ã€æ›¹æ´ªã€æ›¹ä¼‘ã€æ›¹çœŸã€å¤ä¾¯å°šç‚ºä¸€å·ï¼Œé¡¯ä»¥å¤ä¾¯æ°ç‚ºå®—室矣。) Sanguozhi Kaozheng (三國志考è‰).
- ↑ (æ·ä»£å²çŽ‡ä»¥å®—室åˆå‚³ï¼Œé™³æ°æ–¼èœ€ã€å³äº¦ç„¶ã€‚å¿—ç¨ä»¥å¤ä¾¯ã€æ›¹æ°åˆå‚³ï¼Œç”¨æ„尤其明審。) Sanguozhi Pei Zhu Shu (三國志裴註ç–).
- ↑ (「莫能審其生出本末ã€å¥ï¼Œæè€çžžå®¶ä¸–,丑ä¸å¯è¨€ã€‚) Sanguozhi Pingyi (三國志評è°).
- ↑ (åˆæ›°ï¼šã€Œä»Šå當入ä¾ï¼Œè€Œæœªæœ‰å¦ƒè€¦ï¼Œæ˜”å›å¿µä¹‹ï¼Œä»¥ç‚ºå¯ä¸Šé€£ç¶´å®—室若å¤ä¾¯æ°ï¼Œ) Weilue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 47.
- ↑ (éæ›¸æ›°ï¼šçŽ‹ç´ æœå¹¸é„´æ±åŸŽé–€ç™¼å“€ã€‚) Wei Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 2.
- ↑ (å«ç››æ›°ï¼šåœ¨ç¦®ï¼Œå¤©åå“åŒå§“於宗廟門之外。å“於城門,失其所也。) Sun Sheng's annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 2.
- 1 2 Wu, Jinhua (October 1990). Sanguozhi Xiao Gu (ä¸‰åœ‹å¿—æ ¡è©), First Edition. Jiangsu Ancient Classics Publishing (江蘇å¤ç±å‡ºç‰ˆç¤¾). pp. 1, 2. ISBN 7-80519-197-2.
- ↑ (é陳矯本劉æ°å,出養於姑,改姓陳æ°ï¼Œå¾Œå¨¶åŠ‰é Œå¥³ã€‚é Œèˆ‡çŸ¯å›ºè¿‘è¦ªä¹Ÿï¼Œéæ¦æ“全之,特下令ç¦äººèª¹è°ã€‚殆以åŒå§“為婚ç¦äººè°ï¼Œå³ä»¥ä¾¿å·±ç§ä¹Ÿã€‚) Zhou, Shouchang; Tang, Geng; Chen, Liang. Sanguozhi Zhu Zheng Yi (三國志注è‰éº).
- ↑ (é末傳曰:æ™å©¦é‡‘鄉公主,å³æ™åŒæ¯å¦¹ã€‚) Wei Mo Zhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 9.
- ↑ Zhu, Ziyan (2010). Surviving copy of the Cao family genealogy has nothing to do with Cao Cao's descendants -- Group discussion with Fudan "The historical research about Cao Cao's tomb and the study of the human genome" (å˜ä¸–曹æ°æ—èœèˆ‡æ›¹æ“後裔無關——與復旦"曹æ“å¢“äººé¡žåŸºå› èª¿æŸ¥çš„æ·å²å¸ç ”究"課題組商榷). Social Sciences Bulletin (社會科å¸ç‰ˆ), Shanghai University Press (上海大å¸å¸å ±).
- ↑ Han, Sheng (2010). Textual research on the Cao Wei pedigree (曹é世系考述). Social Sciences Bulletin (社會科å¸ç‰ˆ), Fudan University Press (上海大å¸å¸å ±).
- Chen, Shou. Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
- Fan, Ye. Book of the Later Han (Houhanshu).
- Pei, Songzhi. Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).