Zhao Yun
Zhao Yun | |
---|---|
A Qing dynasty illustration of Zhao Yun | |
General of Shu Han | |
Born | (Unknown) |
Died | 229[1] |
Names | |
Traditional Chinese | 趙雲 |
Simplified Chinese | 赵云 |
Pinyin | Zhà o Yún |
Wade–Giles | Chao Yun |
Courtesy name | Zilong (simplified Chinese: åé¾™; traditional Chinese: åé¾; pinyin: ZÇlóng; Wade–Giles: Tzu-lung) |
Posthumous name | Marquis Shunping (simplified Chinese: 顺平侯; traditional Chinese: é †å¹³ä¾¯; pinyin: ShùnpÃng Hóu) |
Zhao Yun (died 229[1]), courtesy name Zilong, was a military general who lived in the late Eastern Han dynasty and early Three Kingdoms period. Originally a subordinate of the northern warlord Gongsun Zan, Zhao Yun later came to serve Liu Bei and had since accompanied Liu on most of his exploits—from the Battle of Changban (208) to the Hanzhong Campaign (217–219). He continued serving in the state of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period, participating in the first of Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions, until his death in 229. While many facts about Zhao Yun's life remain unclear due to limited information in historical sources, some aspects and activities in his life had been highly dramatised or exaggerated in folklore and fiction, most notably in Luo Guanzhong's historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, in which he was lauded as a member of the Five Tiger Generals under Liu Bei.
Historical sources on Zhao Yun's life
Zhao Yun's original biography in the Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi), written by Chen Shou in the third century CE, is only 346 Chinese characters long. In the fifth century, Pei Songzhi added annotations from the Zhao Yun Biezhuan (趙雲別傳; Unofficial Biography of Zhao Yun) to Zhao Yun's biography in the Sanguozhi, providing a relatively clearer, though still incomplete picture of Zhao's life.
Early career under Gongsun Zan
Zhao Yun was from Zhending County (真定縣), Changshan Commandery (常山郡), which is located south of present-day Zhengding County, Shijiazhuang, Hebei.[2] The Zhao Yun Biezhuan described his physical appearance as such: eight chi tall (approximately 1.85 metres), with majestic and impressive looks.[3]

Zhao Yun was recommended by the chief administrating officer in Changshan to serve in the Han government, so he led a small group of volunteers to join Gongsun Zan, a warlord in You Province who was nominally a "General of the Household" (ä¸éƒŽå°‡) under the Han government. Around the time, another warlord Yuan Shao was recently appointed as the Governor (牧) of Ji Province (兾州) and his fame was steadily rising, so Gongsun Zan was worried that many people in You Province would choose to serve under Yuan instead of him. When Zhao Yun came to join him, he mocked Zhao, "I heard that all those in your home province[notes 1] wanted to serve the Yuans. Why did you decide to have a change of heart, and choose to correct your mistake?" Zhao Yun replied, "The Empire is in a state of chaos and it is unclear who is right and who is wrong. The people are in danger. Those in my home province, after careful deliberation, decided to follow a lord who practises benevolent governance. Therefore, I chose to join you, General, instead of Lord Yuan." He participated in some of Gongsun Zan's battles against rival forces.[4]
Around the early 190s, Liu Bei was taking shelter under Gongsun Zan and he met Zhao Yun during that time. Zhao Yun became very close to Liu Bei and desired to switch his allegiance to Liu. When Gongsun Zan sent Liu Bei to assist his ally, Tian Kai, in a battle against Yuan Shao, Zhao Yun followed Liu Bei and served as a cavalry commander under Liu.[5] Later, when Zhao Yun received news of his elder brother's death, he asked for a temporary leave of absence from Gongsun Zan to attend his brother's funeral. Liu Bei knew that Zhao Yun would not return to Gongsun Zan after leaving, so he held Zhao's hand when he bidding him farewell. Before departing, Zhao Yun said, "I'll not forsake morality."[6]
Service under Liu Bei
Around 199, after Liu Bei was defeated in Xu Province by Cao Cao, he fled north and sought refuge under Yuan Shao. At the same time, Zhao Yun also came to Ye, the capital of Yuan Shao's territories, where he met Liu Bei again. Zhao Yun and Liu Bei shared the same room during their stay in Ye. Liu Bei secretly ordered Zhao Yun to help him recruit hundreds of men who were willing to follow him, and they claimed to be soldiers from the unit of the "General of the Left" (左將è»).[notes 2] Yuan Shao was not aware of this. Liu Bei later left Yuan Shao and travelled south to Jing Province to join Liu Biao, the Governor (牧) of the province. Zhao Yun accompanied him.[7]
Battle of Bowang
In 202, when Cao Cao was away on campaigns in northern China against Yuan Shao's sons and their allies, Liu Bei took advantage of Cao's absence to launch an attack on Cao's territories in central China. Cao Cao sent his general Xiahou Dun and others to lead an army to resist Liu Bei, leading to the Battle of Bowang. Xiahou Dun lost the battle after falling into Liu Bei's ambush, but Liu also withdrew his forces upon seeing the arrival of Xiahou's reinforcements. During the battle, Zhao Yun captured an enemy officer, Xiahou Lan (å¤ä¾¯è˜), who was an old acquaintance of his and who was also from the same hometown as him. Zhao Yun requested that Liu Bei spare Xiahou Lan's life and recommended Xiahou to serve as a military judge because he knew that Xiahou was proficient in law. However, he never maintained any close relationship with Xiahou Lan. Chen Shou commented that this incident showed that Zhao Yun was conscientious and careful.[8]
Battle of Changban

Liu Biao died in 208 and was succeeded by his younger son Liu Cong, who surrendered Jing Province to Cao Cao when Cao launched a campaign to attack the warlords in southern China. Liu Bei and his followers headed south towards Xiakou (å¤å£), which was guarded by Liu Biao's elder son, Liu Qi, and was independent of Cao Cao's control.
Cao Cao sent 5,000 riders to pursue Liu Bei and they caught up with him at Changban (長阪), Dangyang (當陽), resulting in the Battle of Changban. Liu Bei abandoned his family and fled.[9] Zhao Yun carried Liu Bei's young son Liu Shan and protected Liu Bei's wife Lady Gan (Liu Shan's mother) during the battle and eventually delivered them to safety. He was promoted to "General of the Standard" (牙門將è») for his efforts.[10]
Earlier on, after his defeat at Changban, Liu Bei was told that Zhao Yun had betrayed him and was heading north to join Cao Cao. He refused to believe, as he threw a short ji to the ground and said, "Zilong will never desert me." He was right as Zhao Yun returned to him a short while later.[11]
Guarding Jing Province
Between late 208 and 209, Liu Bei formed an alliance with the Jiangdong warlord Sun Quan and they defeated Cao Cao at the decisive Battle of Red Cliffs and the subsequent Battle of Jiangling. Cao Cao retreated north after his defeats and southern Jing Province came under Liu Bei's control.
Zhao Yun assisted Liu Bei in the pacification of the territories in southern Jing Province and was promoted to Lieutenant-General (åå°‡è») for his efforts. He was also appointed as the Administrator (太守) of Guiyang Commandery (桂陽郡), replacing Zhao Fan. Zhao Fan had a widowed elder sister-in-law who was known for her beauty, and he wanted to arrange for a marriage between her and Zhao Yun. However, Zhao Yun declined, "I share the same family name as you. Your elder brother is also like an elder brother to me." There were some people who urged Zhao Yun to accept the marriage, but he said, "Zhao Fan was forced to surrender, so his intentions are unclear. There are so many other women in this world." Not long later, Zhao Fan escaped, and Zhao Yun was able to avoid any association with him because he did not agree to the marriage.[12]
Around 212, Liu Bei led an army west into Yi Province (益州; covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing) to assist the provincial governor Liu Zhang in countering a rival warlord, Zhang Lu of Hanzhong. Zhao Yun was appointed as a Major (å¸é¦¬) of the reserve camp and he remained behind to guard Jing Province.[13] Sometime in 209, Liu Bei married Sun Quan's younger sister, Lady Sun, to strengthen the alliance between him and Sun. Lady Sun also remained in Jing Province when Liu Bei left. Because of her brother's strong influence, Lady Sun was arrogant and she often allowed her close aides to behave lawlessly too. Liu Bei knew that Zhao Yun was a serious and orderly person, so he put Zhao in charge of internal affairs in Jing Province when he was away. When Sun Quan heard that Liu Bei had left for Yi Province, he sent a vessel to fetch his sister back to Jiangdong. Lady Sun attempted to bring Liu Bei's son Liu Shan along with her, but Zhao Yun and Zhang Fei led their men to stop her and retrieve Liu Shan.[14]
Conquest of Yi Province
Liu Bei and Liu Zhang were friendly towards each other in the beginning, but tensions between them gradually increased until the point of armed conflict in 213. Liu Bei was initially stationed at Jiameng (è‘èŒ), where he was helping Liu Zhang defend the area from Zhang Lu, and he later turned against Liu Zhang there. He ordered Zhuge Liang, Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun and others to lead reinforcements from Jing Province into Yi Province to help him, while Guan Yu remained behind to defend Jing Province.[15]
The reinforcements marched along the Yangtze River and pacified the commanderies and counties in the surrounding areas. When they reached Jiangzhou (江州), Zhuge Liang ordered Zhao Yun to lead a separate force to attack Jiangyang (江陽) and take an alternate route, and later rendezvous with Liu Bei and the other armies outside Yi Province's capital, Chengdu. In 215, Liu Zhang gave up resistance and surrendered, concluding Liu Bei's successful takeover of Yi Province. Zhao Yun was appointed as "General of the Assisting Army" (ç¿Šè»å°‡è»).[16]
After taking over Yi Province, Liu Bei held a discussion on how to distribute the households in Chengdu and the fields outside the city among his followers because he wanted to reward them for their efforts in the campaign. Zhao Yun objected, "In the past, Huo Qubing said that there was no home until the Xiongnu had been eliminated. The enemies of the state in our time include not only the Xiongnu, so we shouldn't be complacent. Only when the Empire has been completely pacified and the people have reverted to their peaceful lives, can we truly enjoy ourselves. The war in Yi Province has just ended, so the people in the province should have their lands and homes returned to them. As of now, the people should be allowed to continue their livelihoods in peace, and later we can impose taxes and conscription on them. In this way, we will earn their favour and support." Liu Bei heeded Zhao Yun's advice.[17]
Battle of Han River
In 217, Liu Bei launched the Hanzhong Campaign to seize control of Hanzhong Commandery from Cao Cao because Hanzhong was the northern gateway into Yi Province. Cao Cao's general Xiahou Yuan was killed in action at the Battle of Mount Dingjun in 218-219 against Liu Bei's general Huang Zhong.
Later, Huang Zhong heard that Cao Cao's forces were transporting food supplies to Beishan (北山), so he led a group of soldiers, including some of Zhao Yun's men, to seize the supplies. Huang Zhong did not return after a long time so Zhao Yun led tens of horsemen in search of Huang. Zhao Yun encountered Cao Cao's forces and engaged them in battle but was outnumbered and was forced to retreat back to his camp, with Cao Cao's men in pursuit. Zhang Yi, one of Zhao Yun's subordinates, wanted to close the gates to prevent the enemy from entering. However, Zhao Yun gave orders for the gates to be opened, all flags and banners to be hidden, and the war drums silenced. Cao Cao's forces thought that there was an ambush inside Zhao Yun's camp so they withdrew. Just then, Zhao Yun launched a counterattack and his men beat the war drums loudly and fired arrows at the enemy. Cao Cao's soldiers were shocked and thrown into disarray. Some of them trampled on each other while fleeing in panic, and many of them fell into the Han River and drowned.[18]
The following day, Liu Bei came to inspect Zhao Yun's camp and survey the battlefield. He remarked, "Zilong is full of courage." He then threw a feast to celebrate Zhao Yun's victory and they made merry until nightfall. Zhao Yun was called "General of Tiger's Might" (虎å¨å°‡è») in Liu Bei's army.[19]
Battle of Xiaoting
In late 219, Sun Quan broke the alliance with Liu Bei when he sent his general Lü Meng to invade and seize Jing Province, resulting in the capture and execution of Guan Yu. Cao Cao died in early 220 and was succeeded by his son Cao Pi, who forced Emperor Xian of Han to abdicate the throne in his favour later that year. Cao Pi ended the Han dynasty and established the state of Cao Wei, marking the start of the Three Kingdoms period. In 221, Liu Bei declared himself emperor and founded the state of Shu Han, which was intended to be a continuation of the fallen Han dynasty. Sun Quan pledged allegiance to Cao Pi and became a nominal vassal of Wei, ruling under the Wei-granted title of "King of Wu".[20]
Liu Bei bore a grudge against Sun Quan for the seizure of Jing Province and wanted to attack Sun. Zhao Yun attempted to dissuade him and said, "Cao Cao is the enemy of the state, not Sun Quan. We should eliminate Wei first, after which Wu will surrender by itself. Cao Cao is already dead but his son Cao Pi has usurped the throne. You should follow the wishes of the masses by conquering Guanzhong and then attack the treacherous enemy via the Wei River. People of righteousness situated east of Hangu Pass will certainly welcome your army with grain and horses. You shouldn't ignore Wei for the moment and wage war against Wu first. Once the war has started, it cannot be stopped."[21]
Liu Bei refused to accept Zhao Yun's advice and proceeded with the campaign and left Zhao Yun behind to guard Jiangzhou (江州; around present-day Yuzhong District, Chongqing). He was defeated by the Wu forces at Zigui (ç§æ¸; present-day Zigui County, Yichang, Hubei) at the Battle of Xiaoting and was forced to retreat back to Shu. Zhao Yun led troops from Jiangzhou to Yong'an (永安) to help his lord, after which the Wu forces gave up on pursuing Liu Bei.[22]
Service under Liu Shan
Liu Bei died in 223 and was succeeded by his son Liu Shan as the emperor of Shu, with the chancellor Zhuge Liang serving as the regent. After his enthronement, Liu Shan appointed Zhao Yun as "Central Protector of the Army" (ä¸è·è») and "General Who Attacks the South" (å¾å—å°‡è»), and granted him the title "Marquis of Yongchang Village" (永昌äºä¾¯). Zhao Yun was promoted to "General Who Guards the East" (鎮æ±å°‡è») later.[23]
First Northern Expedition
In 227, Zhao Yun followed Zhuge Liang to garrison at Hanzhong. The following year, Zhuge Liang launched the first of a series of Northern Expeditions against Shu's rival state Wei, and he spread news that his army would be passing through Xie Valley (斜谷). In response, the Wei general Cao Zhen led a large army to resist the Shu forces. Zhuge Liang ordered Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi to lead a separate force to resist Cao Zhen and act as a decoy, while he led the main Shu army to attack Mount Qi (ç¥å±±). Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi's troops were weaker than the Wei forces so they lost the battle in Ji Valley (箕谷). However, Zhao Yun managed to rally his men into putting up a firm defence, hence minimising their losses. After retreating back to Hanzhong, Zhao Yun was demoted to "General Who Guards the Army" (鎮è»å°‡è») for his defeat.[24]
Zhuge Liang later lamented the failure of the first Northern Expedition. He noted, "Our armies at Mount Qi and Ji Valley together were superior to the enemy in numbers, but yet we lost the battles. This was not because we had insufficient troops, but rather, it was due to one man." Based on the earlier record in Zhao Yun's biography, Zhuge Liang had most probably reserved the elite troops for himself and Ma Su; Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi were given the weaker soldiers. Ma Su lost to the Wei general Zhang He at the Battle of Jieting in 228 due to his incompetency even though he had the better soldiers; Zhao Yun lost the battle at Ji Valley as Cao Zhen's army was far superior.[25]
After returning to Hanzhong, Zhuge Liang asked, "When our troops withdrew from Jieting, they were very disorganised. However, those who retreated from Ji Valley were orderly. Why is it so?" Deng Zhi replied, "Zhao Yun personally covered the retreat. He ensured that no equipment was discarded and that the men retreated in an orderly manner." As Zhao Yun still had some silk left in his army, Zhuge Liang wanted to have the silk distributed among the troops. However, Zhao Yun demurred, "The expedition was a failure, so why should rewards be given out? Please store the silk in the official treasury now and distribute them among the men later during the tenth month in winter." Zhuge Liang praised Zhao Yun for his suggestion.[26]
Death
Zhao Yun died in 229 and was posthumously honoured as "Marquis Shunping" (é †å¹³ä¾¯) by Liu Shan in 261.[27][28]
During Liu Bei's reign, only Fa Zheng received posthumous honours. In Liu Shan's time, only three consecutive heads of government – Zhuge Liang, Jiang Wan and Fei Yi – received posthumous titles. Later, Liu Shan also posthumously honoured Chen Zhi (陳祗), whom he favoured, and Xiahou Ba, a Wei general who defected to Shu. Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Ma Chao, Pang Tong, Huang Zhong and Zhao Yun were also awarded posthumous titles by Liu Shan as well. The receiving of such posthumous titles was regarded as a great honour at the time.[29]
Liu Shan's imperial edict for awarding Zhao Yun his posthumous title read: "Zhao Yun followed the Late Emperor and he made outstanding contributions. I was young then and experienced many difficulties, but I relied on his loyalty and faithfulness to get out of danger. I bestow this posthumous name on him to recognise him for his meritorious service and also because there were others who advised me to do so." The name of Zhao Yun's posthumous title was suggested by Jiang Wei and others – shun (é †; lit. "obey / follow") because he was virtuous and kind, ping (å¹³; lit. "peace / pacify") because he performed his duties up to standard and overcame chaos, so shun and ping became "Shunping".[notes 3][30]
Descendants
Zhao Yun's eldest son, Zhao Tong (趙統), served as a military officer in Shu and his highest appointment was an Imperial Guard in the "Rapid as Tigers" division (虎è³ä¸éƒŽ). Zhao Yun's second son, Zhao Guang (趙廣), served as an "Officer of the Standard" (牙門將) and followed Jiang Wei in the campaigns against Wei and was killed in action in Tazhong (沓ä¸; northwest of present-day Zhugqu County, Gansu).[31]
Appraisal
Chen Shou, who wrote Zhao Yun's biography in the Sanguozhi, commented on Zhao as follows: "Huang Zhong and Zhao Yun were fierce and mighty warriors, just like claws and teeth. Were they the successors to Guan Ying (çŒå¬°) and the Duke of Teng?"[32]
In fiction
Many of Zhao Yun's actual exploits were highly dramatised in the historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong. In the novel, Zhao Yun is portrayed as an almost perfect warrior—one who possesses powerful combat skills, unwavering loyalty to his lord, tremendous courage, keen intelligence, and serene charisma. These traits have often been reflected in nearly all modern material about Zhao Yun to date.
See the following for some fictitious stories in Romance of the Three Kingdoms involving Zhao Yun:
In folktales

There is a Chinese folktale about Zhao Yun's death which is not mentioned in the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms. In this story, Zhao Yun had never been wounded in battle before so there were no scars on his body. One day, while he was taking a bath, his wife pricked him with a sewing needle out of mischief. Zhao Yun began to bleed profusely and eventually died of shock.[33]
Modern references
Zhao Yun has been featured prominently in Chinese popular culture, literature, art and anecdotes. Zhao Yun was already a relatively well-known hero from the Three Kingdoms period, as folktales about his exploits have been passed down through centuries. He became a household name due to the popularity of the historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Recently, Zhao Yun's popularity has moved beyond Asia and into the Western world, through various media, including the Internet and video games.
Film and television
The 2008 Hong Kong film Three Kingdoms: Resurrection of the Dragon is loosely based on stories related to Zhao Yun in the historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms. It was directed by Daniel Lee and starred Hong Kong actor Andy Lau as "Zhao Zilong". Mainland Chinese actor Hu Jun played Zhao Yun in John Woo's Red Cliff, a two-part epic war film based on the Battle of Red Cliffs.
Notable actors who have portrayed Zhao Yun in television include: Zhang Shan, in Romance of the Three Kingdoms (1994); Nie Yuan, in Three Kingdoms (2010); and Benji Wang in K.O.3an Guo (2010).
Video games
Zhao Yun is one of the Five Tiger Generals that must be recruited by the player in the NES RPG Destiny of an Emperor.
Zhao Yun appears as a playable character in Koei's Dynasty Warriors and Warriors Orochi video game series. He is usually featured prominently on the cover of each title, and is most often used by the developers in screenshots and other promotional materials for upcoming releases. He also appears in all instalments of Koei's Romance of the Three Kingdoms strategy game series.
The playable champion Xin Zhao in the multiplayer online battle arena game League of Legends is based on Zhao Yun.
Zhao Yun also appears as a playable character in Lost Saga.
See also
- List of people of the Three Kingdoms
- List of Dynasty Warriors characters
- Empty Fort Strategy
Notes
- ↑ Changshan commandery was in Ji Province.
- ↑ Liu Bei was appointed "General of the Left" by the Han imperial court.
- ↑ According to the "Rules of assigning posthumous names" chapter in the Yizhoushu, a person can be given a posthumous name "Ping" based on several criteria: administering without fault; complying with regulations when handling matters; enforcing rules and order. Jiang Wei also specifically mentioned that Zhao Yun's ability to "overcome and pacify disasters and chaos" (克定ç¦äº‚) made him deserving of the posthumous name "Ping". Based on the rules in the Yizhoushu, to qualify for the posthumous name "Shun", a person had to be highly respected and must be known for being kind and benevolent. Quote from Yizhoushu vol. 6. ch. 54: (治而無眚曰平。執事有制曰平。布綱æŒç´€æ›°å¹³ ... 慈和éæœæ›°é †ã€‚)
References
- 1 2 de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A biographical dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD). Brill. p. 1114. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0.
- ↑ (趙雲å—åé¾ï¼Œå¸¸å±±çœŸå®šäººä¹Ÿã€‚) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
- ↑ (雲別傳曰:雲身長八尺,姿é¡é›„å‰ï¼Œ ...) Zhao Yun Biezhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
- ↑ (... 為本郡所舉,將義從å兵詣公å«ç“šã€‚時è¢ç´¹ç¨±å…¾å·žç‰§ï¼Œç“šæ·±æ†‚州人之從紹也,善雲來附,嘲雲曰:「èžè²´å·žäººçš†é¡˜è¢æ°ï¼Œå›ä½•ç¨è¿´å¿ƒï¼Œè¿·è€Œèƒ½å乎?ã€é›²è…曰:「天下訩訩,未知å°æ˜¯ï¼Œæ°‘有倒縣之厄,鄙州論è°ï¼Œå¾žä»æ”¿æ‰€åœ¨ï¼Œä¸ç‚ºå¿½è¢å…¬ç§æ˜Žå°‡è»ä¹Ÿã€‚ã€é‚與瓚å¾è¨Žã€‚) Zhao Yun Biezhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
- ↑ (本屬公å«ç“šï¼Œç“šé£å…ˆä¸»ç‚ºç”°æ¥·æ‹’è¢ç´¹ï¼Œé›²é‚隨從,為先主主騎。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
- ↑ (時先主亦ä¾è¨—瓚,æ¯æŽ¥ç´é›²ï¼Œé›²å¾—深自çµè¨—。雲以兄喪,è¾ç“šæš«æ¸ï¼Œå…ˆä¸»çŸ¥å…¶ä¸å,æ‰æ‰‹è€Œåˆ¥ï¼Œé›²è¾æ›°ï¼šã€Œçµ‚ä¸èƒŒå¾·ä¹Ÿã€‚ã€) Zhao Yun Biezhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
- ↑ (先主就è¢ç´¹ï¼Œé›²è¦‹æ–¼é„´ã€‚先主與雲åŒåºŠçœ å§ï¼Œå¯†é£é›²åˆå‹Ÿå¾—數百人,皆稱劉左將è»éƒ¨æ›²ï¼Œç´¹ä¸èƒ½çŸ¥ã€‚é‚隨先主至èŠå·žã€‚) Zhao Yun Biezhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
- ↑ (先是,與å¤ä¾¯æƒ‡æˆ°æ–¼åšæœ›ï¼Œç”Ÿç²å¤ä¾¯è˜ã€‚è˜æ˜¯é›²é„‰é‡Œäººï¼Œå°‘å°ç›¸çŸ¥ï¼Œé›²ç™½å…ˆä¸»æ´»ä¹‹ï¼Œè–¦è˜æ˜Žæ–¼æ³•å¾‹ï¼Œä»¥ç‚ºè»æ£ã€‚雲ä¸ç”¨è‡ªè¿‘,其慎慮類如æ¤ã€‚) Zhao Yun Biezhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
- ↑ (曹公以江陵有è»å¯¦ï¼Œæ先主據之,乃釋輜é‡ï¼Œè¼•è»åˆ°è¥„陽。èžå…ˆä¸»å·²éŽï¼Œæ›¹å…¬å°‡ç²¾é¨Žäº”åƒæ€¥è¿½ä¹‹ï¼Œä¸€æ—¥ä¸€å¤œè¡Œä¸‰ç™¾é¤˜é‡Œï¼ŒåŠæ–¼ç•¶é™½ä¹‹é•·å‚。先主棄妻å,與諸葛亮ã€å¼µé£›ã€è¶™é›²ç‰æ•¸å騎走,曹公大ç²å…¶äººè¡†è¼œé‡ã€‚) Sanguozhi vol. 32.
- ↑ (åŠå…ˆä¸»ç‚ºæ›¹å…¬æ‰€è¿½æ–¼ç•¶é™½é•·é˜ªï¼Œæ£„妻åå—走,雲身抱弱å,å³å¾Œä¸»ä¹Ÿï¼Œä¿è·ç”˜å¤«äººï¼Œå³å¾Œä¸»æ¯ä¹Ÿï¼Œçš†å¾—å…難。é·ç‚ºç‰™é–€å°‡è»ã€‚) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
- ↑ (雲別傳曰:åˆï¼Œå…ˆä¸»ä¹‹æ•—,有人言雲已北去者,先主以手戟擿之曰:「åé¾ä¸æ£„我走也。ã€é ƒä¹‹ï¼Œé›²è‡³ã€‚) Zhao Yun Biezhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
- ↑ (從平江å—,以為åå°‡è»ï¼Œé ˜æ¡‚陽太守,代趙範。範寡嫂曰樊æ°ï¼Œæœ‰åœ‹è‰²ï¼Œç¯„欲以é…雲。雲è¾æ›°ï¼šã€Œç›¸èˆ‡åŒå§“,å¿å…„猶我兄。ã€å›ºè¾ä¸è¨±ã€‚時有人勸雲ç´ä¹‹ï¼Œé›²æ›°ï¼šã€Œç¯„è¿«é™è€³ï¼Œå¿ƒæœªå¯æ¸¬ï¼›å¤©ä¸‹å¥³ä¸å°‘。ã€é‚ä¸å–。範果逃走,雲無纖介。) Zhao Yun Biezhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
- ↑ (先主入蜀,雲留èŠå·žã€‚) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
- ↑ (å…ˆä¸»å…¥ç›Šå·žï¼Œé›²é ˜ç•™ç‡Ÿå¸é¦¬ã€‚æ¤æ™‚先主å«å¤«äººä»¥æ¬Šå¦¹é©•è±ªï¼Œå¤šå°‡å³å兵,縱橫ä¸æ³•ã€‚先主以雲嚴é‡ï¼Œå¿…能整齊,特任掌內事。權èžå‚™è¥¿å¾ï¼Œå¤§é£èˆŸèˆ¹è¿Žå¦¹ï¼Œè€Œå¤«äººå…§æ¬²å°‡å¾Œä¸»é‚„å³ï¼Œé›²èˆ‡å¼µé£›å‹’兵截江,乃得後主還。) Zhao Yun Biezhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
- ↑ (先主è»ç›Šå¼·ï¼Œåˆ†é£è«¸å°‡å¹³ä¸‹å±¬ç¸£ï¼Œè«¸è‘›äº®ã€å¼µé£›ã€è¶™é›²ç‰å°‡å…µæº¯æµå®šç™½å¸ã€æ±Ÿå·žã€æ±Ÿé™½ï¼ŒæƒŸé—œç¾½ç•™éŽ®èŠå·žã€‚先主進è»åœé›’;時璋å循守城,被攻且一年。) Sanguozhi vol. 32.
- ↑ (先主自è‘èŒé‚„攻劉璋,å¬è«¸è‘›äº®ã€‚亮率雲與張飛ç‰ä¿±æ³æ±Ÿè¥¿ä¸Šï¼Œå¹³å®šéƒ¡ç¸£ã€‚至江州,分é£é›²å¾žå¤–水上江陽,與亮會于æˆéƒ½ã€‚æˆéƒ½æ—£å®šï¼Œä»¥é›²ç‚ºç¿Šè»å°‡è»ã€‚) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
- ↑ (雲別傳曰:益州旣定,時è°æ¬²ä»¥æˆéƒ½ä¸å±‹èˆåŠåŸŽå¤–園地桑田分賜諸將。雲駮之曰:「éœåŽ»ç—…以匈奴未滅,無用家為,令國賊éžä½†åŒˆå¥´ï¼Œæœªå¯æ±‚å®‰ä¹Ÿã€‚é ˆå¤©ä¸‹éƒ½å®šï¼Œå„å桑梓,æ¸è€•æœ¬åœŸï¼Œä¹ƒå…¶å®œè€³ã€‚益州人民,åˆç½¹å…µé©ï¼Œç”°å®…皆å¯æ¸é‚„,今安居復æ¥ï¼Œç„¶å¾Œå¯å½¹èª¿ï¼Œå¾—å…¶æ¡å¿ƒã€‚ã€å…ˆä¸»å³å¾žä¹‹ã€‚) Zhao Yun Biezhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
- ↑ (å¤ä¾¯æ·µæ•—,曹公çˆæ¼¢ä¸åœ°ï¼Œé‹ç±³åŒ—山下,數åƒè¬å›Šã€‚é»ƒå¿ ä»¥ç‚ºå¯å–ï¼Œé›²å…µéš¨å¿ å–ç±³ã€‚å¿ éŽæœŸä¸é‚„,雲將數å騎輕行出åœï¼Œè¿Žè¦–å¿ ç‰ã€‚值曹公æšå…µå¤§å‡ºï¼Œé›²ç‚ºå…¬å‰é‹’所擊,方戰,其大衆至,勢逼,é‚å‰çªå…¶é™£ï¼Œä¸”鬬且å´ã€‚å…¬è»æ•£ï¼Œå·²å¾©åˆï¼Œé›²é™·æ•µï¼Œé‚„趣åœã€‚將張著被創,雲復馳馬還營迎著。公è»è¿½è‡³åœï¼Œæ¤æ™‚沔陽長張翼在雲åœå…§ï¼Œç¿¼æ¬²é–‰é–€æ‹’守,而雲入營,更大開門,åƒæ——æ¯é¼“。公è»ç–‘雲有ä¼å…µï¼Œå¼•åŽ»ã€‚雲雷鼓震天,惟以戎弩於後射公è»ï¼Œå…¬è»é©šé§ï¼Œè‡ªç›¸è¹‚è¸ï¼Œå¢®æ¼¢æ°´ä¸æ»è€…甚多。) Zhao Yun Biezhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
- ↑ (先主明旦自來至雲營åœè¦–昨戰處,曰:「åé¾ä¸€èº«éƒ½æ˜¯è†½ä¹Ÿã€‚ã€ä½œæ¨‚飲宴至æšï¼Œè»ä¸è™Ÿé›²ç‚ºè™Žå¨å°‡è»ã€‚) Zhao Yun Biezhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
- ↑ ([世祖文皇å¸é»ƒåˆå…ƒå¹´]冬,å月,乙å¯ï¼Œæ¼¢å¸å‘Šç¥ 高廟,使行御å²å¤§å¤«å¼µéŸ³æŒç¯€å¥‰ç’½ç¶¬è©”冊,禪ä½äºŽé。王三上書è¾è®“,乃為壇於ç¹é™½ï¼Œè¾›æœªï¼Œå‡å£‡å—璽綬,å½çš‡å¸ä½ï¼Œç‡Žç¥å¤©åœ°ã€å¶½ç€†ï¼Œæ”¹å…ƒï¼Œå¤§èµ¦ã€‚ ... [æ–‡å¸é»ƒåˆäºŒå¹´]å¤ï¼Œå››æœˆï¼Œä¸™åˆï¼Œæ¼¢ä¸çŽ‹å½çš‡å¸ä½æ–¼æ¦æ“”之å—ï¼Œå¤§èµ¦ï¼Œæ”¹å…ƒç« æ¦ã€‚ ... [æ–‡å¸é»ƒåˆäºŒå¹´]ä¸å·³ï¼Œé£å¤ªå¸¸é‚¢è²žå¥‰ç–å½æ‹œå«æ¬Šç‚ºå³çŽ‹ï¼ŒåŠ ä¹éŒ«ã€‚) Zizhi Tongjian vol. 69.
- ↑ (å«æ¬Šè¥²èŠå·žï¼Œå…ˆä¸»å¤§æ€’,欲討權。雲諫曰:「國賊是曹æ“,éžå«æ¬Šä¹Ÿï¼Œä¸”先滅é,則å³è‡ªæœã€‚æ“身雖斃,åä¸•ç¯¡ç›œï¼Œç•¶å› è¡†å¿ƒï¼Œæ—©åœ–é—œä¸ï¼Œå±…æ²³ã€æ¸ä¸Šæµä»¥è¨Žå‡¶é€†ï¼Œé—œæ±ç¾©å£«å¿…裹糧ç–馬以迎王師。ä¸æ‡‰ç½®é,先與å³æˆ°ï¼›å…µå‹¢ä¸€äº¤ï¼Œä¸å¾—å’解也。ã€) Zhao Yun Biezhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
- ↑ (先主ä¸è½ï¼Œé‚æ±å¾ï¼Œç•™é›²ç£æ±Ÿå·žã€‚先主失利於ç§æ¸ï¼Œé›²é€²å…µè‡³æ°¸å®‰ï¼Œå³è»å·²é€€ã€‚) Zhao Yun Biezhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
- ↑ (建興元年,為ä¸è·è»ã€å¾å—å°‡è»ï¼Œå°æ°¸æ˜Œäºä¾¯ï¼Œé·éŽ®æ±å°‡è»ã€‚) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
- ↑ (五年,隨諸葛亮é§æ¼¢ä¸ã€‚明年,亮出è»ï¼Œæšè²ç”±æ–œè°·é“,曹真é£å¤§è¡†ç•¶ä¹‹ã€‚亮令雲與鄧èŠå¾€æ‹’,而身攻ç¥å±±ã€‚雲ã€èŠå…µå¼±æ•µå½Šï¼Œå¤±åˆ©æ–¼ç®•è°·ï¼Œç„¶æ›è¡†å›ºå®ˆï¼Œä¸è‡³å¤§æ•—。è»é€€ï¼Œè²¶ç‚ºéŽ®è»å°‡è»ã€‚) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
- ↑ (漢晉春秋曰:或勸亮更發兵者,亮曰:「大è»åœ¨ç¥å±±ã€ç®•è°·ï¼Œçš†å¤šæ–¼è³Šï¼Œè€Œä¸èƒ½ç ´è³Šç‚ºè³Šæ‰€ç ´è€…,則æ¤ç—…ä¸åœ¨å…µå°‘也,在一人耳。今欲減兵çœå°‡ï¼Œæ˜Žç½°æ€éŽï¼Œæ ¡è®Šé€šä¹‹é“於將來;若ä¸èƒ½ç„¶è€…,雖兵多何益ï¼è‡ªä»Šå·²å¾Œï¼Œè«¸æœ‰å¿ 慮於國,但勤攻å¾ä¹‹é—•ï¼Œå‰‡äº‹å¯å®šï¼Œè³Šå¯æ»ï¼ŒåŠŸå¯è¹»è¶³è€Œå¾…矣。ã€) Han Jin Chunqiu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 35.
- ↑ (雲別傳曰:亮曰:「街äºè»é€€ï¼Œå…µå°‡ä¸å¾©ç›¸éŒ„,箕谷è»é€€ï¼Œå…µå°‡åˆä¸ç›¸å¤±ï¼Œä½•æ•…?ã€èŠè…曰:「雲身自斷後,è»è³‡ä»€ç‰©ç•¥ç„¡æ‰€æ£„,兵將無緣相失。ã€é›²æœ‰è»è³‡é¤˜çµ¹ï¼Œäº®ä½¿åˆ†è³œå°‡å£«ï¼Œé›²æ›°ï¼šã€Œè»äº‹ç„¡åˆ©ï¼Œä½•ç‚ºæœ‰è³œï¼Ÿå…¶ç‰©è«‹æ‚‰å…¥èµ¤å²¸åºœåº«ï¼Œé ˆå月為冬賜。ã€äº®å¤§å–„之。) Zhao Yun Biezhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
- ↑ (七年å’ï¼Œè¿½è¬šé †å¹³ä¾¯ã€‚) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
- ↑ ([景耀]四年春三月,追謚故將è»è¶™é›²ã€‚冬å月,大赦。) Sanguozhi vol. 33.
- ↑ (åˆï¼Œå…ˆä¸»æ™‚,惟法æ£è¦‹è¬šï¼›å¾Œä¸»æ™‚,諸葛亮功德蓋世,蔣ç¬ã€è²»ç¦•è·åœ‹ä¹‹é‡ï¼Œäº¦è¦‹è¬šï¼›é™³ç¥—å¯µå¾…ï¼Œç‰¹åŠ æ®ŠçŽï¼Œå¤ä¾¯éœ¸é 來æ¸åœ‹ï¼Œæ•…復得謚;於是關羽ã€å¼µé£›ã€é¦¬è¶…ã€é¾çµ±ã€é»ƒå¿ åŠé›²ä¹ƒè¿½è¬šï¼Œæ™‚論以為榮。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
- ↑ (雲別傳載後主詔曰:「雲昔從先å¸ï¼ŒåŠŸç¸¾æ—£è‘—。朕以幼沖,涉塗艱難,賴æƒå¿ é †ï¼Œæ¿Ÿæ–¼å±éšªã€‚夫謚所以å™å…ƒå‹³ä¹Ÿï¼Œå¤–è°é›²å®œè¬šã€‚ã€å¤§å°‡è»å§œç¶ç‰è°ï¼Œä»¥ç‚ºé›²æ˜”從先å¸ï¼Œå‹žç¸¾æ—£è‘—,經營天下,éµå¥‰æ³•åº¦ï¼ŒåŠŸæ•ˆå¯æ›¸ã€‚ç•¶é™½ä¹‹å½¹ï¼Œç¾©è²«é‡‘çŸ³ï¼Œå¿ ä»¥è¡žä¸Šï¼Œå›å¿µå…¶è³žï¼Œç¦®ä»¥åŽšä¸‹ï¼Œè‡£å¿˜å…¶æ»ã€‚æ»è€…有知,足以ä¸æººï¼›ç”Ÿè€…æ„Ÿæ©ï¼Œè¶³ä»¥æ®žèº«ã€‚è¬¹æŒ‰è¬šæ³•ï¼ŒæŸ”è³¢æ…ˆæƒ æ›°é †ï¼ŒåŸ·äº‹æœ‰ç曰平,克定ç¦äº‚æ›°å¹³ï¼Œæ‡‰è¬šé›²æ›°é †å¹³ä¾¯ã€‚) Zhao Yun Biezhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
- ↑ (雲å統嗣,官至虎è³ä¸éƒŽï¼Œç£è¡Œé ˜è»ã€‚次å廣,牙門將,隨姜ç¶éä¸ï¼Œè‡¨é™³æˆ°æ»ã€‚) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
- ↑ (é»ƒå¿ ã€è¶™é›²å½Šæ‘¯å£¯çŒ›ï¼Œä¸¦ä½œçˆªç‰™ï¼Œå…¶çŒã€æ»•ä¹‹å¾’æŸï¼Ÿ ) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
- ↑ (Chinese) 赵云æ»äºŽç»£èŠ±é’ˆä¹‹è°œ 赵云是æ»åœ¨å¦»å绣花针下? (The myth behind Zhao Yun's death by a sewing needle – Zhao Yun died after his wife pricked him with a sewing needle?) qulishi.com.
- (Author unknown). Yizhoushu.
- Chen, Shou. Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
- Luo, Guanzhong. Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguo Yanyi).
- Pei, Songzhi. Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).
- Sima, Guang. Zizhi Tongjian.
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