Ma Chao

Ma Chao
A Qing dynasty illustration of Ma Chao
General of Shu Han
Born	176^[1]
Died	222 (aged 46)^[1]
Names
Traditional Chinese	é¦¬è¶…
Simplified Chinese	é©¬è¶…
Pinyin	MÇŽ ChÄo
Wadeâ€“Giles	Ma Ch'ao
Courtesy name	Mengqi (Chinese: åŸèµ·; pinyin: MÃ¨ngqÇ; Wadeâ€“Giles: Meng-ch'i)
Posthumous name	Marquis Wei (Chinese: å¨ä¾¯; pinyin: WÄ“i HÃ³u)
Other names	Ma Chao the Splendid (simplified Chinese: é”¦é©¬è¶…; traditional Chinese: éŒ¦é¦¬è¶…; pinyin: JÇn MÇŽ ChÄo)

This is a Chinese name; the family name is Ma.

Ma Chao (176â€“222),^[1]^[2] courtesy name Mengqi, was a military general and warlord who lived in the late Eastern Han dynasty and early Three Kingdoms period. He also appears as a prominent character in Luo Guanzhong's historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, as one of the Five Tiger Generals under Liu Bei.

Family background

Ma Chao was from Maoling County (èŒ‚é™µç¸£), Youfufeng Commandery (å³æ‰¶é¢¨éƒ¡), which is located northeast of present-day Xingping, Shaanxi. He was the eldest son of Ma Teng, who descended from Ma Yuan, a general who lived in the early Eastern Han dynasty. Ma Teng's father, Ma Ping (é¦¬å¹³),^{[Houhanshu 1]} whose courtesy name was "Zishuo" (åç¢©), served as a military officer in Tianshui Commandery (å¤©æ°´éƒ¡) during the reign of Emperor Huan. After losing his post, Ma Ping went to live among the Qiang tribes in the region, married a Qiang woman and had a son, Ma Teng.^{[Sanguozhi zhu 1]} Ma Teng, along with Han Sui and others, were warlords who held considerable influence in Liang Province (covering parts of present-day Shaanxi and Gansu) towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty, and they were reluctant to submit to Han rule. In 192, Ma Teng accepted the title "General Who Attacks the West" (å¾è¥¿å°‡è») from the Han imperial court and garrisoned his army at Mei County (éƒ¿ç¸£). However, he rebelled against Han rule later and attacked the city of Chang'an but failed to conquer it so he retreated back to Liang Province.^{[Sanguozhi 1]}

Early career

In 197, the warlord Cao Cao â€“ who had become the de facto head of government in the Han imperial court â€“ placed Zhong Yao, the Director of Retainers (å¸éš·æ ¡å°‰), in charge of guarding the Guanzhong region. Zhong Yao wrote to Ma Teng and Han Sui, explaining to them the benefits of submitting to the Han court and the negative consequences of not doing so.^{[Sanguozhi 2]} When Cao Cao became the Chancellor (ä¸žç›¸), he wanted to recruit Ma Chao to serve in the Han government, but Ma refused.^{[Sanguozhi zhu 2]}

In 202, when Cao Cao was on a series of campaigns to unify northern China after his victory over Yuan Shao at the Battle of Guandu two years ago, he ordered Zhong Yao to attack Yuan's allies Gao Gan and Guo Yuan in Pingyang (å¹³é™½; in present-day Linfen, Shanxi). Ma Teng sent Ma Chao to assist Zhong Yao. Ma Chao served as an "Assistant Officer Who Supervises the Army" (ç£è»å¾žäº‹) under Zhong Yao. During the battle, he was hit by a stray arrow in the foot, but he wrapped his foot in a pouch and continued fighting. His subordinate Pang De slew Guo Yuan and they defeated the enemy.^{[Sanguozhi zhu 3]}^{[Sanguozhi 3]}

Ma Teng had disagreements with Han Sui later, so he requested to leave Liang Province and work in the capital. He was granted permission and appointed as the "Minister of the Guards" (è¡žå°‰) by the Han court. Ma Chao was appointed as a Lieutenant-General (åå°‡è»), granted the title of a "Marquis of a Chief Village" (éƒ½äºä¾¯), and placed in charge of his father's troops in Liang Province.^{[Sanguozhi 4]} Ma Chao's younger brothers Ma Xiu and Ma Tie were appointed as "Commandant of Equipage" (å¥‰è»Šéƒ½å°‰) and "Commandant of Iron Cavalry" (éµé¨Žéƒ½å°‰) respectively, and were ordered to bring all their family members with them to Ye (in present-day Handan, Hebei). Only Ma Chao remained behind in Liang Province.^{[Sanguozhi zhu 4]}

Uprising against the Han dynasty

Battle of Tong Pass

Main article: Battle of Tong Pass (211)

In 211, Cao Cao sent Zhong Yao and Xiahou Yuan to lead an army to attack Zhang Lu in Hanzhong. They were due to pass through the Guanzhong region along the way. Ma Chao suspected that Cao Cao was planning to attack him, so he contacted Han Sui to form an alliance. He told Han Sui, "Previously, Zhong Yao ordered me to harm you. Now, I know that the people from Guandong (east of Tong Pass) cannot be trusted. Now, I abandon my father, and I'm willing to acknowledge you as my father. You should also abandon your son, and treat me like your son." Han Sui's subordinate, Yan Xing, urged his superior not to cooperate with Ma Chao but Han still agreed to the alliance.^{[Sanguozhi zhu 5]} Ma Chao also contacted Yang Qiu, Li Kan (æŽå ª), Cheng Yi (æˆå®œ), Hou Xuan (ä¾¯é¸), Cheng Yin (ç¨‹éŠ€), Zhang Heng (å¼µæ©«), Liang Xing, Ma Wan (é¦¬çŽ©) and others, and they formed a 100,000 strong coalition army to attack Tong Pass (present-day Tongguan County, Weinan, Shaanxi).^{[Sanguozhi 5]}^{[Sanguozhi zhu 6]} Liu Zhang, the governor of Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing), wanted to marry his daughter to Ma Chao to build ties with Ma, but Wang Shang (çŽ‹å•†), a commandery Administrator under Liu Zhang, opposed the idea and said that Ma Chao was courageous but inhumane and untrustworthy.^{[Sanguozhi 6]}

Cao Cao led an army to Tong Pass to attack Ma Chao and the coalition, resulting in the Battle of Tong Pass. After both sides clashed in a few engagements, Cao Cao had talks with Ma Chao and Han Sui. Ma Chao thought highly of himself and secretly harboured the intention of dashing forth and capturing Cao Cao when they met. However, he did not dare to make his move when Cao Cao's bodyguard, Xu Chu, glared at him. Cao Cao later followed Jia Xu's strategy to sow discord between Ma Chao and Han Sui and make them become suspicious of each other. Taking advantage of the hostility between Ma Chao and Han Sui, Cao Cao launched an attack on the northwestern warlords and defeated them.^{[Sanguozhi 7]}^{[Sanguozhi zhu 7]}

Earlier on, when Cao Cao's forces were at Puban (è’²é˜ª; east of present-day Dali County, Weinan, Shaanxi) and were planning to cross the Wei River and head west, Ma Chao told Han Sui, "We should resist them at the north of the Wei River. Within 20 days, their supply stores on the east of the river will be depleted, after which they will definitely retreat." However, Han Sui rejected his idea and said, "We should send our forces to engage the enemy on the river. Isn't this more direct?" When Cao Cao heard of Ma Chao's plan, he remarked, "If the young horse^{[notes 1]} doesn't die, I cannot have a proper burial place."^{[Sanguozhi zhu 8]}

Battles in Guanzhong

Main articles: Siege of Jicheng and Battle of Lucheng

Ma Chao retreated further west after his defeat at Tong Pass. Cao Cao pursued him to Anding (å®‰å®š; around present-day Pingliang, Gansu) but gave up on the pursuit and headed east after receiving news about unrest in northern China. Yang Fu warned Cao Cao, "Ma Chao has the courage of Han Xin and Ying Bu, and he has the support of the Qiang and Rong peoples. If we retreat now and don't station defences here, we'll forfeit all the territories in this area." After Cao Cao left, as Yang Fu predicted, Ma Chao led the various tribes in the region to attack the commanderies and counties in Guanzhong, while the people responded to his call and joined him in the revolt. Ma Chao killed Wei Kang (éŸ‹åº·), the Inspector (åˆºå²) of Liang Province, and seized control of Jicheng (å…¾åŸŽ; in present-day Gangu County, Gansu) and forced Wei Kang's subordinates to submit to him. He then declared himself "General Who Attacks the West" (å¾è¥¿å°‡è») and Governor (ç‰§) of Bing Province, and took charge of military affairs in Liang Province.^{[Sanguozhi 8]}

Wei Kang's former subordinates â€“ Yang Fu, Jiang Xu (å§œå™), Liang Kuan (æ¢å¯¬), Zhao Qu (è¶™è¡¢) and others â€“ were unhappy with Ma Chao so they plotted to get rid of him. Yang Fu and Jiang Xu rebelled against Ma Chao in Lucheng (é¹µåŸŽ; in present-day southeastern Gansu), while the others in Jicheng pretended to urge Ma to suppress the revolt. Ma Chao followed their advice and led an army to attack Lucheng but could not conquer the city. When he returned to Jicheng, he saw that Liang Kuan and Zhao Qu had closed the city gates and barred him from entering.^{[Sanguozhi 9]} Zhao Qu and the others also killed Ma Chao's family in Jicheng.^{[Sanguozhi 10]}

About a year after Ma Chao rebelled against the Han imperial court, Emperor Xian issued a decree ordering the execution of Ma Chao's family members in Ye (in present-day Handan, Hebei).^{[Sanguozhi zhu 9]}^{[Houhanshu 2]}

Ma Chao fled to Hanzhong, where he borrowed troops from the warlord Zhang Lu, and returned to attack those who drove him out of Guanzhong. He besieged Jiang Xu, Zhao Ang and their allies at Mount Qi (ç¥å±±; the mountainous regions around present-day Li County, Gansu) for about 30 days until reinforcements led by Cao Cao's generals Xiahou Yuan and Zhang He showed up and lifted the siege.^{[Sanguozhi 11]}^{[Sanguozhi zhu 10]}

Service under Zhang Lu

Ma Chao returned to Hanzhong after his defeat at Mount Qi and sought shelter under Zhang Lu.^{[Sanguozhi 12]} Zhang Lu planned to marry his daughter to Ma Chao, but one of Zhang's aides advised him against it, saying, "If a person cannot even love his family and relatives, can he still love others?" Zhang Lu then aborted his plan.^{[Sanguozhi zhu 11]}

On one New Year's Day, a relative of Ma Chao who had also escaped to Hanzhong came to visit him. Ma Chao beat his chest, coughed blood, and said to his relative, "A big family with over a hundred members all sharing the same fate in one day. Now, are there only the two of us to give greetings to each other?"^{[Sanguozhi zhu 12]}

Ma Chao constantly asked Zhang Lu to give him some troops to attack Liang Province. Zhang Lu agreed, but Ma Chao failed to make any gains from the campaign. Yang Bai (æ¥Šç™½), an officer under Zhang Lu, was jealous of Ma Chao's ability and wanted to harm the latter. When Ma Chao heard about it, he escaped from Wudu (æ¦éƒ½; around present-day Longnan, Gansu) and went to live with the Di people around the area.^{[Sanguozhi zhu 13]}

Service under Liu Bei

Around 214, the warlord Liu Bei was fighting for control over Yi Province with the provincial governor Liu Zhang. Ma Chao distrusted Zhang Lu and felt that he was not capable of making great achievements, so he planned to defect to Liu Bei. When he heard that Liu Bei was besieging Liu Zhang in Chengdu (Yi Province's capital), he wrote a secret letter to Liu Bei, expressing his desire to serve the latter. Liu Bei was pleased to receive Ma Chao's letter and he exclaimed, "Yi Province is mine." He then sent Li Hui to meet Ma Chao and provide supplies and additional troops to Ma, after which Ma led his forces to the north of Chengdu and joined the siege. Within ten days of Ma Chao's arrival, Liu Zhang gave up resistance and surrendered to Liu Bei.^{[Sanguozhi 13]}^{[Sanguozhi 14]}^{[Sanguozhi zhu 14]}

After occupying Yi Province, Liu Bei appointed Ma Chao as "General Who Pacifies the West" (å¹³è¥¿å°‡è») and put him in charge of Linju (è‡¨æ²®; northeast of present-day Yuan'an County, Yichang, Hubei). Liu Bei defeated Cao Cao in the Hanzhong Campaign in 219 and declared himself "King of Hanzhong" (æ¼¢ä¸çŽ‹), after which he appointed Ma Chao as "General of the Left" (å·¦å°‡è»).^{[Sanguozhi 15]}

In 221, Liu Bei declared himself "Emperor of Shu Han" and appointed Ma Chao as "General of Agile Cavalry" (é©ƒé¨Žå°‡è») and Governor (ç‰§) of Liang Province. Ma Chao also received the title "Marquis of Tai District" (æ–„é„‰ä¾¯). Liu Bei's edict read: "I am unworthy, but I have ascended the throne to preserve the Han dynasty. Cao Cao and Cao Pi will be remembered for their sins. I am disconsolate by their wrongdoings. The people loathe them and hope that the Han dynasty will be restored, such that the Di, Qiang, Xunyu and other ethnic minorities will be willing to join us. The northerners look up to you and your valour is well known among them. I have an important task for you: I hope you will use your influence to govern the northern border well and bring prosperity to the people there. You must show the benefits of the our government and be impartial in rewarding the good and punishing the evil. You have the blessings of the Han emperors and you must not let the people down."^{[Sanguozhi 16]}

Peng Yang's case

When Peng Yang (å½ç¾•) was appointed as the Administrator (å¤ªå®ˆ) of Jiangyang (æ±Ÿé™½; in present-day Luzhou, Sichuan) and was about to leave Chengdu to assume office, he visited Ma Chao and said, "You're in charge of external affairs while I'm in charge of internal affairs. We can pacify the Empire." Ma Chao had recently joined Liu Bei's forces and he was often fearful that he would get into trouble. When he heard Peng Yang's speech, he was shocked and did not reply. After Peng Yang left, Ma Chao reported Peng's speech, which resulted in Peng's arrest and imprisonment. Peng Yang was later executed.^{[Sanguozhi 17]}

Conflict with Guan Yu and Zhang Fei

The Shanyang Gong Zaiji (å±±é™½å…¬è¼‰è¨˜; Records of the Duke of Shanyang), by Yue Zi (æ¨‚è³‡), recorded an incident as follows:

Ma Chao saw that Liu Bei treated him very generously after he defected to Liu's side, so he often addressed Liu by his courtesy name ("Xuande") when he spoke to him. Guan Yu was furious when he heard about it (because he felt that Ma Chao was disrespectful) and he asked Liu Bei to execute Ma Chao. However, Liu Bei said, "He was in dire straits when he came to join me. Why are you so angry about this? How can I ever explain myself if I executed someone just because he called me by my courtesy name?" Zhang Fei said, "Yes, you should show civility towards him." The following day, Liu Bei invited Ma Chao to attend a banquet, during which Guan Yu and Zhang Fei stood nearby and carried swords. After Ma Chao took his seat, he was shocked to see that Guan Yu and Zhang Fei were still standing. After that, he never called Liu Bei by his courtesy name again. The following day, he sighed, "Now I know why he (Liu Bei) suffered defeats. I was almost killed by Guan Yu and Zhang Fei just because I addressed my lord by his courtesy name." From then on, he behaved more humbly in front of Liu Bei.^{[Sanguozhi zhu 15]}

Pei Songzhi, who annotated Ma Chao's biography in the Sanguozhi, disputed the Shanyang Gong Zaiji account as untruthful and unreliable. He commented as follows:

I feel that Ma Chao would not have behaved so arrogantly in front of Liu Bei as to call him by his courtesy name. After all, he was on the run before Liu Bei accepted him and granted him official titles. Besides, when Liu Bei entered Yi Province, he left Guan Yu behind to defend Jing Province, so Guan had never stepped into Yi Province before. When Guan Yu heard that Ma Chao had joined Liu Bei's forces, he wrote a letter (from Jing Province) to Zhuge Liang to ask him, "Who can compete with Ma Chao?" This is a different account. How was it possible that Guan Yu and Zhang Fei actually stood side by side (in Yi Province)? When a normal person does something, he will do it if he knows he can. If he knows he cannot, he will not do it. If Ma Chao really did address Liu Bei by his courtesy name, he would be aware of the circumstances under which he could do so. Ma Chao should not even know that Guan Yu actually asked Liu Bei to execute him. How was it possible that Ma Chao managed to deduce that Guan Yu and Zhang Fei wanted to kill him for calling their lord by his courtesy name just by seeing them standing nearby and carrying swords? This is totally absurd and illogical. The records by Yuan Wei (è¢æš)^{[notes 2]} and Yue Zi are disorganised, unreliable and nonsensical. Their works should not even be mentioned.^{[Sanguozhi zhu 16]}

Death

Ma Chao died in 222 at the age of 47 (by East Asian age reckoning). His cause of death was not recorded in history. Before his death, he wrote to Liu Bei: "Over 200 members of my family were killed by Cao Cao. I only have my cousin Ma Dai left with me. He will be the one to continue my family line. I entrust him to Your Majesty's care. That is all I have to say." In 260, Liu Bei's son and successor, Liu Shan, granted Ma Chao the posthumous title "Marquis Wei" (å¨ä¾¯).^{[Sanguozhi 18]}^{[Sanguozhi 19]}

Family and relatives

Ma Chao's title "Marquis of Tai District" (æ–„é„‰ä¾¯) was inherited by his son, Ma Cheng (é¦¬æ‰¿). Ma Chao's daughter married Liu Bei's son Liu Li (åŠ‰ç†), the Prince of Anping (å®‰å¹³çŽ‹).^{[Sanguozhi 20]}

Ma Chao had at least two spouses. The first was Lady Yang (æ¥Šæ°), who was with him when he seized control of Liang Province after the Battle of Tong Pass.^{[Sanguozhi zhu 17]} She probably bore Ma Chao at least one child, because the Sanguozhi mentioned that Zhao Qu (è¶™è¡¢), Yin Feng (å°¹å¥‰) and others killed Ma's family (wife and child(ren)) when they rebelled against him and drove him out of Liang Province. Ma Chao had a second wife, Lady Dong (è‘£æ°), who bore him a son, Ma Qiu (é¦¬ç§‹). When Ma Chao escaped from Zhang Lu and defected to Liu Bei, he left them behind in Hanzhong. Zhang Lu was later defeated by Cao Cao, to whom he surrendered. Cao Cao gave Lady Dong to Yan Pu, a former advisor to Zhang Lu, and gave Ma Qiu to Zhang Lu. Zhang Lu personally killed Ma Qiu.^{[Sanguozhi zhu 18]} It is not known who the mother(s) of Ma Chao's two other children (Ma Cheng and the daughter) were, but she (or they) was probably neither Lady Yang nor Lady Dong.

Ma Chao's younger cousin, Ma Dai, served as a general in Shu Han. His highest appointment was "General Who Pacifies the North" (å¹³åŒ—å°‡è») and he also received the title "Marquis of Chencang" (é™³å€‰ä¾¯).^{[Sanguozhi 21]}

Appraisal

Chen Shou, who wrote Ma Chao's biography in the Sanguozhi, commented on the latter as such: "Ma Chao's arrogance and overestimation of his ability caused the extermination of his entire clan. What a great pity! If he had been content with what he possessed, would he not have saved himself from disaster?"^{[Sanguozhi 22]}

Guan Yu once wrote to Zhuge Liang to ask who could compete with Ma Chao when he heard that Ma had recently joined Liu Bei's forces. Zhuge Liang replied, "Mengqi is proficient in both civil and military affairs. He is fierce and mighty, and a hero of his time. He is comparable to Qing Bu and Peng Yue. He can compete with Yide, but is not as good as the peerless beard."^{[Sanguozhi 23]}^{[notes 3]}^{[Sanguozhi 24]}

Yang Fu, one of the officials who opposed Ma Chao in Liang Province, once visited his colleague and cousin Jiang Xu (å§œå™) and the latter's mother. He lamented about Ma Chao's murdering of Wei Kang and forceful occupation of Liang Province: "[...] Ma Chao betrayed his father, rebelled against the Emperor, and massacred the officers in our province. [...] Ma Chao is strong but iniquitous. He is morally weak and susceptible to temptation and trickery." Yang Fu, Jiang Xu and several others later plotted against Ma Chao and drove him out of Liang Province. Ma Chao fought his way into Licheng (æ·åŸŽ) and captured Jiang Xu's mother. She scolded him, "You're an unfilial son who betrays his own father and a treacherous villain who murders his superior. Heaven and Earth will not forgive you. You should die immediately. How dare you look at me straight in the eye!" Ma Chao was furious and he killed her.^{[Sanguozhi 25]}

Yang Xi (æ¥Šæˆ²), a writer in Shu Han, wrote an appraisal on Ma Chao as follows: "Ma Chao rose up, formed alliances, started an uprising in the Three Qins, and conquered the river and Tong Pass. He rebelled against the imperial court, regardless of whether his followers agreed or disagreed with him. In doing so, he provided an opportunity for the enemy to sow discord between him and his men, resulting in the destruction of his family and forces. He defied morals and ethics, and ended up having to rely on dragons and phoenixes."^{[notes 4]}^{[Sanguozhi 26]}

In fiction

Ma Chao is featured as a prominent character in some chapters in the historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong. However, in the novel, the descriptions of his character and personality, as well as the order of some events involving him, had been modified to very large extents for dramatic effect. In the novel, he was nicknamed "Ma Chao the Splendid" for his elaborate armour and grand skill as a warrior, and was one of the Five Tiger Generals under Liu Bei.

Ma Chao is introduced in Chapter 10, where he participates in a campaign led by his father and Han Sui against Li Jue and Guo Si in Chang'an in 192, during which he slays the enemy generals Wang Fang and Li Meng.^[3] He does not reappear until Chapter 57, in which he suggests to his father that he could lead the army against Cao Cao at Xuchang in 211 to follow Emperor Xian's orders to slay Cao Cao, but his father tells him to remain in Liang Province and command the Qiang troops there.^[4] After his father is killed by Cao Cao, Ma Chao, Han Sui and another eight officers fight against Cao Cao at the Battle of Tong Pass, during which Ma Chao fights with Cao Cao's generals Xu Chu, Yu Jin, Cao Hong and Zhang He, and slays Li Tong. Later, Cao Cao's strategist, Jia Xu, suggests to Cao Cao to send a letter containing errors and markings (making it seem as though the recipient has something to hide) to Han Sui to make Ma Chao falsely believe that Han Sui is maintaining secret contact with Cao Cao. Ma Chao gradually becomes more suspicious of Han Sui, who also has the intention of defecting to Cao Cao's side after learning that Ma Chao no longer trusts him. Han Sui manages to escape when Ma Chao tries to kill him, but his left hand is cut off by Ma during the fight. Ma Chao is eventually defeated by Cao Cao's forces, but manages to escape and find shelter among the Qiang tribes.

Ma Chao later joins forces with Zhang Lu to attack Cao Cao, but fails to make any significant gains. Zhang Lu, who distrusts Ma Chao, sends Yang Bo to spy on Ma, but Yang Bo is later killed. Ma Chao then helps Liu Zhang, the governor of Yi Province, deal with an invasion on Yi Province by Liu Bei. He duels with Liu Bei's sworn brother, Zhang Fei, at the Battle of Jiameng Pass. Later, he is convinced by Li Hui to defect to Liu Bei, who accepts him and makes him a general. He fights for Liu Bei in the Hanzhong Campaign and is later posted to Xiping, where he defends Liu Bei's strongholds from the Xianbei chieftain Kebineng.

Although Ma Chao historically died in 222, in the novel, he is mentioned to be still alive during Zhuge Liang's southern campaign against the Nanman and is in charge of guarding Hanzhong from possible attacks by the state of Cao Wei. He died of illness after Zhuge Liang returned from the campaign. Zhuge Liang tells Zhao Yun that Ma Chao's death felt like the loss of an arm to him.^[5]

Modern references

Ma Chao appears as a playable character in Koei's Dynasty Warriors and Warriors Orochi video game series.

Ma Chao is featured in the Taiwanese television drama K.O.3an Guo, a parody of Romance of the Three Kingdoms in a present day school setting.

In the collectible card game Magic: The Gathering, there is a card named "Ma Chao, Western Warrior" in the Portal Three Kingdoms set.

Notes

â†‘ Ma Chao's family name "Ma" literally means "horse".
â†‘ Yuan Wei (è¢æš) wrote the Xiandi Chunqiu (ç»å¸æ˜¥ç§‹; Chronicles of Emperor Xian), which was also used by Pei Songzhi in his annotations to the Sanguozhi.
â†‘ The "peerless beard" referred to Guan Yu because Guan was known for sporting a beard regarded as beautiful in his time.
â†‘ To "rely on dragons and phoenixes" (è¨—é³³æ”€é¾) means to rely on influential persons to achieve stability in life.

References

Citations from the Sanguozhi

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â†‘ (è¶…æ—£çµ±è¡†ï¼Œé‚èˆ‡éŸ“é‚åˆå¾žï¼ŒåŠæ¥Šç§‹ã€æŽå ªã€æˆå®œç‰ç›¸çµï¼Œé€²è»è‡³æ½¼é—œã€‚) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
â†‘ (æ›¹å…¬èˆ‡é‚ã€è¶…å–®é¦¬æœƒèªžï¼Œè¶…è² å…¶å¤šåŠ›ï¼Œé™°æ¬²çªå‰æ‰æ›¹å…¬ï¼Œæ›¹å…¬å·¦å³å°‡è¨±è¤šçž‹ç›®çœ„ä¹‹ï¼Œè¶…ä¹ƒä¸æ•¢å‹•ã€‚ ... æ›¹å…¬ç”¨è³ˆè©¡è¬€ï¼Œé›¢é–“è¶…ã€é‚ï¼Œæ›´ç›¸çŒœç–‘ï¼Œè»ä»¥å¤§æ•—ã€‚) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
â†‘ (è¶…èµ°ä¿è«¸æˆŽï¼Œæ›¹å…¬è¿½è‡³å®‰å®šï¼ŒæœƒåŒ—æ–¹æœ‰äº‹ï¼Œå¼•è»æ±é‚„ã€‚ ... æ¥Šé˜œèªªæ›¹å…¬æ›°ï¼šã€Œè¶…æœ‰ä¿¡ã€å¸ƒä¹‹å‹‡ï¼Œç”šå¾—ç¾Œã€èƒ¡å¿ƒã€‚è‹¥å¤§è»é‚„ï¼Œä¸åš´ç‚ºå…¶å‚™ï¼Œéš´ä¸Šè«¸éƒ¡éžåœ‹å®¶ä¹‹æœ‰ä¹Ÿã€‚ã€ ... è¶…æžœçŽ‡è«¸æˆŽä»¥æ“Šéš´ä¸Šéƒ¡ç¸£ï¼Œéš´ä¸Šéƒ¡ç¸£çš†æ‡‰ä¹‹ï¼Œæ®ºæ¶¼å·žåˆºå²éŸ‹åº·ï¼Œæ“šå…¾åŸŽï¼Œæœ‰å…¶è¡†ã€‚è¶…è‡ªç¨±å¾è¥¿å°‡è»ï¼Œé ˜å¹¶å·žç‰§ï¼Œç£æ¶¼å·žè»äº‹ã€‚) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
â†‘ (åº·æ•…åæ°‘æ¥Šé˜œã€å§œå™ã€æ¢å¯¬ã€è¶™è¡¢ç‰åˆè¬€æ“Šè¶…ã€‚é˜œã€å™èµ·æ–¼é¹µåŸŽï¼Œè¶…å‡ºæ”»ä¹‹ï¼Œä¸èƒ½ä¸‹ï¼›å¯¬ã€è¡¢é–‰å…¾åŸŽé–€ï¼Œè¶…ä¸å¾—å…¥ã€‚) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
â†‘ (åä¹å¹´ï¼Œè¶™è¡¢ã€å°¹å¥‰ç‰è¬€è¨Žè¶…ï¼Œå§œå™èµ·å…µé¹µåŸŽä»¥æ‡‰ä¹‹ã€‚è¡¢ç‰èŽèªªè¶…ï¼Œä½¿å‡ºæ“Šå™ï¼Œæ–¼å¾Œç›¡æ®ºè¶…å¦»åã€‚) Sanguozhi vol. 9.
â†‘ (è¶…å¥”æ¼¢ä¸ï¼Œé‚„åœç¥å±±ã€‚å™ç‰æ€¥æ±‚æ•‘ï¼Œè«¸å°‡è°è€…æ¬²é ˆå¤ªç¥–ç¯€åº¦ã€‚æ·µæ›°ï¼šã€Œå…¬åœ¨é„´ï¼Œåè¦†å››åƒé‡Œï¼Œæ¯”å ±ï¼Œå™ç‰å¿…æ•—ï¼Œéžæ•‘æ€¥ä¹Ÿã€‚ã€é‚è¡Œï¼Œä½¿å¼µéƒƒç£æ¥é¨Žäº”åƒåœ¨å‰ï¼Œå¾žé™³å€‰ç‹¹é“å…¥ï¼Œæ·µè‡ªç£ç³§åœ¨å¾Œã€‚éƒƒè‡³æ¸æ°´ä¸Šï¼Œè¶…å°‡æ°ç¾Œæ•¸åƒé€†éƒƒã€‚æœªæˆ°ï¼Œè¶…èµ°ï¼Œéƒƒé€²è»æ”¶è¶…è»å™¨æ¢°ã€‚æ·µåˆ°ï¼Œè«¸ç¸£çš†å·²é™ã€‚) Sanguozhi vol. 9.
â†‘ (é€²é€€ç‹¼ç‹½ï¼Œä¹ƒå¥”æ¼¢ä¸ä¾å¼µé¯ã€‚) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
â†‘ (é¯ä¸è¶³èˆ‡è¨ˆäº‹ï¼Œå…§æ‡·æ–¼é‚‘ï¼Œèžå…ˆä¸»åœåŠ‰ç’‹æ–¼æˆéƒ½ï¼Œå¯†æ›¸è«‹é™ã€‚ ... å…ˆä¸»é£äººè¿Žè¶…ï¼Œè¶…å°‡å…µå¾‘åˆ°åŸŽä¸‹ã€‚åŸŽä¸éœ‡æ€–ï¼Œç’‹å³ç¨½é¦–ï¼Œ ...) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
â†‘ (å…ˆä¸»å˜‰ä¹‹ï¼Œå¾žè‡³é›’åŸŽï¼Œé£æ¢è‡³æ¼¢ä¸äº¤å¥½é¦¬è¶…ï¼Œè¶…é‚å¾žå‘½ã€‚) Sanguozhi vol. 43.
â†‘ (... ä»¥è¶…ç‚ºå¹³è¥¿å°‡è»ï¼Œç£è‡¨æ²®ï¼Œå› ç‚ºå‰éƒ½äºä¾¯ã€‚ ... å…ˆä¸»ç‚ºæ¼¢ä¸çŽ‹ï¼Œæ‹œè¶…ç‚ºå·¦å°‡è»ï¼Œå‡ç¯€ã€‚) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
â†‘ (ç« æ¦å…ƒå¹´ï¼Œé·é©ƒé¨Žå°‡è»ï¼Œé ˜æ¶¼å·žç‰§ï¼Œé€²å°æ–„é„‰ä¾¯ï¼Œç–æ›°ï¼šã€Œæœ•ä»¥ä¸å¾·ï¼Œç²ç¹¼è‡³å°Šï¼Œå¥‰æ‰¿å®—å»Ÿã€‚æ›¹æ“çˆ¶åï¼Œä¸–è¼‰å…¶ç½ªï¼Œæœ•ç”¨æ…˜æ€›ï¼Œç–¢å¦‚ç–¾é¦–ã€‚æµ·å…§æ€¨æ†¤ï¼Œæ¸æ£åæœ¬ï¼Œæ›äºŽæ°ã€ç¾ŒçŽ‡æœï¼Œç¯ç²¥æ…•ç¾©ã€‚ä»¥å›ä¿¡è‘—åŒ—åœŸï¼Œå¨æ¦ä¸¦æ˜ï¼Œæ˜¯ä»¥å§”ä»»æŽˆå›ï¼ŒæŠ—é¢ºè™“è™Žï¼Œå…¼è‘£è¬é‡Œï¼Œæ±‚æ°‘ä¹‹ç˜¼ã€‚å…¶æ˜Žå®£æœåŒ–ï¼Œæ‡·ä¿é é‚‡ï¼Œè‚…æ…Žè³žç½°ï¼Œä»¥ç¯¤æ¼¢ç¥ï¼Œä»¥å°äºŽå¤©ä¸‹ã€‚ã€) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
â†‘ (ç¾•èžç•¶é å‡ºï¼Œç§æƒ…ä¸æ±ï¼Œå¾€è©£é¦¬è¶…ã€‚è¶…å•ç¾•æ›°ï¼šã€Œå¿æ‰å…·ç§€æ‹”ï¼Œä¸»å…¬ç›¸å¾…è‡³é‡ï¼Œè¬‚å¿ç•¶èˆ‡å”æ˜Žã€åç›´è«¸äººé½Šè¶³ä¸¦é©…ï¼Œå¯§ç•¶å¤–æŽˆå°éƒ¡ï¼Œå¤±äººæœ¬æœ›ä¹Žï¼Ÿã€ç¾•æ›°ï¼šã€Œè€é©è’æ‚–ï¼Œå¯å¾©é“é‚ªï¼ã€åˆè¬‚è¶…æ›°ï¼šã€Œå¿ç‚ºå…¶å¤–ï¼Œæˆ‘ç‚ºå…¶å…§ï¼Œå¤©ä¸‹ä¸è¶³å®šä¹Ÿã€‚ã€è¶…ç¾‡æ—…æ¸åœ‹ï¼Œå¸¸æ‡·å±æ‡¼ï¼Œèžç¾•è¨€å¤§é©šï¼Œé»˜ç„¶ä¸è…ã€‚ç¾•é€€ï¼Œå…·è¡¨ç¾•è¾ï¼Œæ–¼æ˜¯æ”¶ç¾•ä»˜æœ‰å¸ã€‚ ... ç¾•ç«Ÿèª…æ»ï¼Œæ™‚å¹´ä¸‰åä¸ƒã€‚) Sanguozhi vol. 40.
â†‘ (äºŒå¹´å’ï¼Œæ™‚å¹´å››åä¸ƒã€‚è‡¨æ²’ä¸Šç–æ›°ï¼šã€Œè‡£é–€å®—äºŒç™¾é¤˜å£ï¼Œç‚ºåŸå¾·æ‰€èª…ç•¥ç›¡ï¼ŒæƒŸæœ‰å¾žå¼Ÿå²±ï¼Œç•¶ç‚ºå¾®å®—è¡€é£Ÿä¹‹ç¹¼ï¼Œæ·±è¨—é™›ä¸‹ï¼Œé¤˜ç„¡å¾©è¨€ã€‚ã€è¿½è¬šè¶…æ›°å¨ä¾¯ï¼Œ ...) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
â†‘ (ä¸‰å¹´ç§‹ä¹æœˆï¼Œè¿½è¬šæ•…å°‡è»é—œç¾½ã€å¼µé£›ã€é¦¬è¶…ã€é¾çµ±ã€é»ƒå¿ ã€‚) Sanguozhi vol. 33.
â†‘ (... åæ‰¿å—£ã€‚ ... è¶…å¥³é…å®‰å¹³çŽ‹ç†ã€‚) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
â†‘ (å²±ä½è‡³å¹³åŒ—å°‡è»ï¼Œé€²çˆµé™³å€‰ä¾¯ã€‚) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
â†‘ (é¦¬è¶…é˜»æˆŽè² å‹‡ï¼Œä»¥è¦†å…¶æ—ï¼Œæƒœå“‰ï¼èƒ½å› çª®è‡´æ³°ï¼Œä¸çŒ¶æ„ˆä¹Žï¼) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
â†‘ (äº®çŸ¥ç¾½è·å‰ï¼Œä¹ƒè…ä¹‹æ›°ï¼šã€ŒåŸèµ·å…¼è³‡æ–‡æ¦ï¼Œé›„çƒˆéŽäººï¼Œä¸€ä¸–ä¹‹å‚‘ï¼Œé»¥ã€å½ä¹‹å¾’ï¼Œç•¶èˆ‡ç›Šå¾·ä¸¦é©…çˆå…ˆï¼ŒçŒ¶æœªåŠé«¯ä¹‹çµ•å€«é€¸ç¾£ä¹Ÿã€‚ã€) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
â†‘ (ç¾½ç¾Žé¬šé«¯ï¼Œæ•…äº®è¬‚ä¹‹é«¯ã€‚) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
â†‘ (é˜œå…§æœ‰å ±è¶…ä¹‹å¿—ï¼Œè€Œæœªå¾—å…¶ä¾¿ã€‚é ƒä¹‹ï¼Œé˜œä»¥å–ªå¦»æ±‚è‘¬å‡ã€‚é˜œå¤–å…„å§œå™å±¯æ·åŸŽã€‚é˜œå°‘é•·å™å®¶ï¼Œè¦‹å™æ¯åŠå™ï¼Œèªªå‰åœ¨å…¾ä¸æ™‚äº‹ï¼Œæ”æ¬·æ‚²ç”šã€‚å™æ›°ï¼šã€Œä½•ç‚ºä¹ƒçˆ¾ï¼Ÿã€é˜œæ›°ï¼šã€Œå®ˆåŸŽä¸èƒ½å®Œï¼Œå›äº¡ä¸èƒ½æ»ï¼Œäº¦ä½•é¢ç›®ä»¥è¦–æ¯æ–¼å¤©ä¸‹ï¼é¦¬è¶…èƒŒçˆ¶å›å›ï¼Œè™æ®ºå·žå°‡ï¼Œè±ˆç¨é˜œä¹‹æ†‚è²¬ï¼Œä¸€å·žå£«å¤§å¤«çš†è’™å…¶æ¥ã€‚å›æ“å…µå°ˆåˆ¶è€Œç„¡è¨Žè³Šå¿ƒï¼Œæ¤è¶™ç›¾æ‰€ä»¥æ›¸æ®ºå›ä¹Ÿã€‚è¶…å½Šè€Œç„¡ç¾©ï¼Œå¤šé‡æ˜“åœ–è€³ã€‚ã€ ... å™æ¯æ…¨ç„¶ï¼Œå‹‘å™å¾žé˜œè¨ˆã€‚è¨ˆå®šï¼Œå¤–èˆ‡é„‰äººå§œéš±ã€è¶™æ˜‚ã€å°¹å¥‰ã€å§šç“Šã€å”ä¿¡ã€æ¦éƒ½äººæŽä¿Šã€çŽ‹éˆçµè¬€ï¼Œå®šè¨Žè¶…ç´„ï¼Œä½¿å¾žå¼Ÿè¬¨è‡³å…¾èªžå²³ï¼Œå¹¶çµå®‰å®šæ¢å¯¬ã€å—å®‰è¶™è¡¢ã€é¾æç‰ã€‚ç´„èª“æ—£æ˜Žï¼Œåä¸ƒå¹´ä¹æœˆï¼Œèˆ‡å™èµ·å…µæ–¼é¹µåŸŽã€‚è¶…èžé˜œç‰å…µèµ·ï¼Œè‡ªå°‡å‡ºã€‚è€Œè¡¢ã€å¯¬ç‰è§£å²³ï¼Œé–‰å…¾åŸŽé–€ï¼Œè¨Žè¶…å¦»åã€‚è¶…è¥²æ·åŸŽï¼Œå¾—å™æ¯ã€‚å™æ¯ç½µä¹‹æ›°ï¼šã€Œæ±èƒŒçˆ¶ä¹‹é€†åï¼Œæ®ºå›ä¹‹æ¡€è³Šï¼Œå¤©åœ°è±ˆä¹†å®¹æ±ï¼Œè€Œä¸æ—©æ»ï¼Œæ•¢ä»¥é¢ç›®è¦–äººä¹Žï¼ã€è¶…æ€’ï¼Œæ®ºä¹‹ã€‚) Sanguozhi vol. 25.
â†‘ (é©ƒé¨Žå¥®èµ·ï¼Œé€£æ©«åˆå¾žï¼Œé¦–äº‹ä¸‰ç§¦ï¼Œä¿æ“šæ²³ã€æ½¼ã€‚å®—è¨ˆæ–¼æœï¼Œæˆ–ç•°æˆ–åŒï¼Œæ•µä»¥ä¹˜èˆ‹ï¼Œå®¶ç ´è»äº¡ã€‚ä¹–é“åå¾·ï¼Œè¨—é³³æ”€é¾ã€‚ï¼ï¼è´Šé¦¬åŸèµ·) Sanguozhi vol. 45.

Chen, Shou. Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).

Citations from annotations in the Sanguozhi

â†‘ (å…¸ç•¥æ›°ï¼šé¨°å—å£½æˆï¼Œé¦¬æ´å¾Œä¹Ÿã€‚æ¡“å¸æ™‚ï¼Œå…¶çˆ¶å—åç¢©ï¼Œç”žç‚ºå¤©æ°´è˜å¹²å°‰ã€‚å¾Œå¤±å®˜ï¼Œå› ç•™éš´è¥¿ï¼Œèˆ‡ç¾ŒéŒ¯å±…ã€‚å®¶è²§ç„¡å¦»ï¼Œé‚å¨¶ç¾Œå¥³ï¼Œç”Ÿé¨°ã€‚) Dianlue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
â†‘ (åˆï¼Œæ›¹å…¬ç‚ºä¸žç›¸ï¼Œè¾Ÿé¨°é•·åè¶…ï¼Œä¸å°±ã€‚) Dianlue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
â†‘ (è¶…å¾Œç‚ºå¸éš·æ ¡å°‰ç£è»å¾žäº‹ï¼Œè¨Žéƒæ´ï¼Œç‚ºé£›çŸ¢æ‰€ä¸ï¼Œä¹ƒä»¥å›Šå›Šå…¶è¶³è€Œæˆ°ï¼Œç ´æ–¬æ´é¦–ã€‚) Dianlue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
â†‘ (åŠé¨°ä¹‹å…¥ï¼Œå› è©”æ‹œç‚ºåå°‡è»ï¼Œä½¿é ˜é¨°ç‡Ÿã€‚åˆæ‹œè¶…å¼Ÿä¼‘å¥‰è»Šéƒ½å°‰ï¼Œä¼‘å¼Ÿéµé¨Žéƒ½å°‰ï¼Œå¾™å…¶å®¶å±¬çš†è©£é„´ï¼ŒæƒŸè¶…ç¨ç•™ã€‚) Dianlue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
â†‘ (åŠç´„é‚„ï¼Œè¶…è¬‚ç´„æ›°ï¼šã€Œå‰é¾å¸éš¸ä»»è¶…ä½¿å–å°‡è»ï¼Œé—œæ±äººä¸å¯è¤‡ä¿¡ä¹Ÿã€‚ä»Šè¶…æ£„çˆ¶ï¼Œä»¥å°‡è»ç‚ºçˆ¶ï¼Œå°‡è»äº¦ç•¶æ£„åï¼Œä»¥è¶…ç‚ºåã€‚ã€è¡Œè««ç´„ï¼Œä¸æ¬²ä»¤èˆ‡è¶…åˆã€‚ç´„è¬‚è¡Œæ›°ï¼šã€Œä»Šè«¸å°‡ä¸è¬€è€ŒåŒï¼Œä¼¼æœ‰å¤©æ•¸ã€‚ã€ä¹ƒæ±è©£è¯é™°ã€‚) Weilue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 15.
â†‘ (å…¸ç•¥æ›°ï¼šå»ºå®‰åå…å¹´ï¼Œè¶…èˆ‡é—œä¸è«¸å°‡ä¾¯é¸ã€ç¨‹éŠ€ã€æŽå ªã€å¼µæ©«ã€æ¢èˆˆã€æˆå®œã€é¦¬çŽ©ã€æ¥Šç§‹ã€éŸ“é‚ç‰ï¼Œå‡¡åéƒ¨ï¼Œä¿±åï¼Œå…¶è¡†åè¬ï¼ŒåŒæ“šæ²³ã€æ½¼ï¼Œå»ºåˆ—ç‡Ÿé™£ã€‚) Dianlue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
â†‘ (æ˜¯æ²ï¼Œæ›¹å…¬è¥¿å¾ï¼Œèˆ‡è¶…ç‰æˆ°æ–¼æ²³ã€æ¸ä¹‹äº¤ï¼Œè¶…ç‰æ•—èµ°ã€‚) Dianlue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
â†‘ (å±±é™½å…¬è¼‰è¨˜æ›°ï¼šåˆï¼Œæ›¹å…¬è»åœ¨è’²é˜ªï¼Œæ¬²è¥¿æ¸¡ï¼Œè¶…è¬‚éŸ“é‚æ›°ï¼šã€Œå®œæ–¼æ¸åŒ—æ‹’ä¹‹ï¼Œä¸éŽäºŒåæ—¥ï¼Œæ²³æ±ç©€ç›¡ï¼Œå½¼å¿…èµ°çŸ£ã€‚ã€é‚æ›°ï¼šã€Œå¯è½ä»¤æ¸¡ï¼Œè¹™æ–¼æ²³ä¸ï¼Œé¡§ä¸å¿«è€¶ï¼ã€è¶…è¨ˆä¸å¾—æ–½ã€‚æ›¹å…¬èžä¹‹æ›°ï¼šã€Œé¦¬å…’ä¸æ»ï¼Œå¾ç„¡è‘¬åœ°ä¹Ÿã€‚ã€) Shanyang Gong Zaiji annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
â†‘ (è¶…è‡³å®‰å®šï¼Œé‚å¥”æ¶¼å·žã€‚è©”æ”¶æ»…è¶…å®¶å±¬ã€‚è¶…å¾©æ•—æ–¼éš´ä¸Šã€‚) Dianlue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
â†‘ (é‚å…±é–‰é–€é€è¶…ï¼Œè¶…å¥”æ¼¢ä¸ï¼Œå¾žå¼µé¯å¾—å…µé‚„ã€‚ç•°å¾©èˆ‡æ˜‚ä¿ç¥å±±ï¼Œç‚ºè¶…æ‰€åœï¼Œä¸‰åæ—¥æ•‘å…µåˆ°ï¼Œä¹ƒè§£ã€‚è¶…å’æ®ºç•°åæœˆã€‚å‡¡è‡ªå…¾åŸŽä¹‹é›£ï¼Œè‡³äºŽç¥å±±ï¼Œæ˜‚å‡ºä¹å¥‡ï¼Œç•°è¼’åƒç„‰ã€‚) Lie NÃ¼ Zhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 25.
â†‘ (å¾Œå¥”æ¼¢ä¸ï¼Œå¼µé¯ä»¥ç‚ºéƒ½è¬›ç¥é…’ï¼Œæ¬²å¦»ä¹‹ä»¥å¥³ï¼Œæˆ–è««é¯æ›°ï¼šã€Œæœ‰äººè‹¥æ¤ä¸æ„›å…¶è¦ªï¼Œç„‰èƒ½æ„›äººï¼Ÿã€é¯ä¹ƒæ¢ã€‚) Dianlue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
â†‘ (åˆï¼Œè¶…æœªåæ™‚ï¼Œå…¶å°å©¦å¼Ÿç§ç•™ä¸‰è¼”ï¼ŒåŠè¶…æ•—ï¼Œç§å…ˆå…¥æ¼¢ä¸ã€‚æ£æ—¦ï¼Œç§ä¸Šå£½æ–¼è¶…ï¼Œè¶…æ¥èƒ·åè¡€æ›°ï¼šã€Œé—”é–€ç™¾å£ï¼Œä¸€æ—¦åŒå‘½ï¼Œä»ŠäºŒäººç›¸è³€é‚ªï¼Ÿã€) Dianlue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
â†‘ (å¾Œæ•¸å¾žé¯æ±‚å…µï¼Œæ¬²åŒ—å–æ¶¼å·žï¼Œé¯é£å¾€ï¼Œç„¡åˆ©ã€‚åˆé¯å°‡æ¥Šç™½ç‰æ¬²å®³å…¶èƒ½ï¼Œè¶…é‚å¾žæ¦éƒ½é€ƒå…¥æ°ä¸ï¼Œ ...) Dianlue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
â†‘ (... è½‰å¥”å¾€èœ€ã€‚æ˜¯æ²å»ºå®‰åä¹å¹´ä¹Ÿã€‚ ... å…¸ç•¥æ›°ï¼šå‚™èžè¶…è‡³ï¼Œå–œæ›°ï¼šã€Œæˆ‘å¾—ç›Šå·žçŸ£ã€‚ã€ä¹ƒä½¿äººæ¢è¶…ï¼Œè€Œæ½›ä»¥å…µè³‡ä¹‹ã€‚è¶…åˆ°ï¼Œä»¤å¼•è»å±¯åŸŽåŒ—ï¼Œè¶…è‡³æœªä¸€æ—¬è€Œæˆéƒ½æ½°ã€‚) Dianlue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
â†‘ (å±±é™½å…¬è¼‰è¨˜æ›°ï¼šè¶…å› è¦‹å‚™å¾…ä¹‹åŽšï¼Œèˆ‡å‚™è¨€ï¼Œå¸¸å‘¼å‚™å—ï¼Œé—œç¾½æ€’ï¼Œè«‹æ®ºä¹‹ã€‚å‚™æ›°ï¼šã€Œäººçª®ä¾†æ¸æˆ‘ï¼Œå¿ç‰æ€’ï¼Œä»¥å‘¼æˆ‘å—æ•…è€Œæ®ºä¹‹ï¼Œä½•ä»¥ç¤ºæ–¼å¤©ä¸‹ä¹Ÿï¼ã€å¼µé£›æ›°ï¼šã€Œå¦‚æ˜¯ï¼Œç•¶ç¤ºä¹‹ä»¥ç¦®ã€‚ã€æ˜Žæ—¥å¤§æœƒï¼Œè«‹è¶…å…¥ï¼Œç¾½ã€é£›ä¸¦æ–åˆ€ç«‹ç›´ï¼Œè¶…é¡§åå¸ï¼Œä¸è¦‹ç¾½ã€é£›ï¼Œè¦‹å…¶ç›´ä¹Ÿï¼Œä¹ƒå¤§é©šï¼Œé‚æ¢ä¸å¾©å‘¼å‚™å—ã€‚æ˜Žæ—¥æŽæ›°ï¼šã€Œæˆ‘ä»Šä¹ƒçŸ¥å…¶æ‰€ä»¥æ•—ã€‚ç‚ºå‘¼äººä¸»å—ï¼Œå¹¾ç‚ºé—œç¾½ã€å¼µé£›æ‰€æ®ºã€‚ã€è‡ªå¾Œä¹ƒå°Šäº‹å‚™ã€‚) Shanyang Gong Zaiji annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
â†‘ (è‡£æ¾ä¹‹æŒ‰ï¼Œä»¥ç‚ºè¶…ä»¥çª®æ¸å‚™ï¼Œå—å…¶çˆµä½ï¼Œä½•å®¹å‚²æ…¢è€Œå‘¼å‚™å—ï¼Ÿä¸”å‚™ä¹‹å…¥èœ€ï¼Œç•™é—œç¾½éŽ®èŠå·žï¼Œç¾½æœªç”žåœ¨ç›ŠåœŸä¹Ÿã€‚æ•…ç¾½èžé¦¬è¶…æ¸é™ï¼Œä»¥æ›¸å•è«¸è‘›äº®ã€Œè¶…äººæ‰å¯èª°æ¯”é¡žã€ï¼Œä¸å¾—å¦‚æ›¸æ‰€äº‘ã€‚ç¾½ç„‰å¾—èˆ‡å¼µé£›ç«‹ç›´ä¹Žï¼Ÿå‡¡äººè¡Œäº‹ï¼Œçš†è¬‚å…¶å¯ä¹Ÿï¼ŒçŸ¥å…¶ä¸å¯ï¼Œå‰‡ä¸è¡Œä¹‹çŸ£ã€‚è¶…è‹¥æžœå‘¼å‚™å—ï¼Œäº¦è¬‚æ–¼ç†å®œçˆ¾ä¹Ÿã€‚å°±ä»¤ç¾½è«‹æ®ºè¶…ï¼Œè¶…ä¸æ‡‰èžï¼Œä½†è¦‹äºŒåç«‹ç›´ï¼Œä½•ç”±ä¾¿çŸ¥ä»¥å‘¼å—ä¹‹æ•…ï¼Œäº‘å¹¾ç‚ºé—œã€å¼µæ‰€æ®ºä¹Žï¼Ÿè¨€ä¸ç¶“ç†ï¼Œæ·±å¯å¿¿ç–¾ä¹Ÿã€‚è¢æšã€æ¨‚è³‡ç‰è«¸æ‰€è¨˜è¼‰ï¼Œç©¢é›œè™›è¬¬ï¼Œè‹¥æ¤ä¹‹é¡žï¼Œæ®†ä¸å¯å‹è¨€ä¹Ÿã€‚) Pei Songzhi's annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
â†‘ ([é¦¬]è¶…å¦»æ¥Šèž[çŽ‹]ç•°ç¯€è¡Œï¼Œè«‹èˆ‡è®Œçµ‚æ—¥ã€‚) Lie NÃ¼ Zhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 25.
â†‘ (å…¸ç•¥æ›°ï¼šåˆè¶…ä¹‹å…¥èœ€ï¼Œå…¶åº¶å¦»è‘£åŠåç§‹ï¼Œç•™ä¾å¼µé¯ã€‚é¯æ•—ï¼Œæ›¹å…¬å¾—ä¹‹ï¼Œä»¥è‘£è³œé–»åœƒï¼Œä»¥ç§‹ä»˜é¯ï¼Œé¯è‡ªæ‰‹æ®ºä¹‹ã€‚) Dianlue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.

Pei, Songzhi. Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).

Citations from the Houhanshu

â†‘ (ç»å¸å‚³æ›°ï¼šã€Œé¨°çˆ¶å¹³ï¼Œæ‰¶é¢¨äººã€‚ç‚ºå¤©æ°´è˜å¹²å°‰ï¼Œå¤±å®˜ï¼Œé‚ç•™éš´è¥¿ï¼Œèˆ‡ç¾Œé›œå±…ã€‚å®¶è²§ç„¡å¦»ï¼Œé‚å–ç¾Œå¥³ï¼Œç”Ÿé¨°ã€‚ã€) Xiandi Zhuan annotation in Houhanshu vol. 72.
â†‘ (åä¸ƒå¹´å¤äº”æœˆç™¸æœªï¼Œèª…è¡žå°‰é¦¬é¨°ï¼Œå¤·ä¸‰æ—ã€‚) Houhanshu vol. 9.

Fan, Ye. Book of the Later Han (Houhanshu).

Other sources

1 2 3 The Sanguozhi stated that Ma Chao died in the second year of the Zhangwu era (221-223) in Liu Bei's reign at the age of 47 (by East Asian age reckoning). Quote from Sanguozhi vol. 36: ([ç« æ¦]äºŒå¹´å’ï¼Œæ™‚å¹´å››åä¸ƒã€‚) By calculation, his birth year should be around 176.
â†‘ de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A biographical dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23â€“220 AD). Brill. p. 638. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0.
â†‘ Sanguo Yanyi ch. 10.
â†‘ Sanguo Yanyi ch. 57.
â†‘ Sanguo Yanyi ch. 91.

Luo, Guanzhong. Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguo Yanyi).

Prominent people at the end of the Han dynasty (189â€“220)

Emperors	Ling Shao Xian

Emperesses and noble ladies	Empress Dowager Dong Empress He Consort Tang Empress Fu Shou Empress Cao

Regents	He Jin Dong Zhuo Li Jue & Guo Si Cao Cao Cao Pi

Warlords	Bian Zhang Ding Yuan Gongsun Du Gongsun Gong Gongsun Kang Gongsun Zan Han Fu Han Sui Han Xuan Jin Xuan Kong Rong Kong Zhou Liu Bei Liu Biao Liu Du Liu Xun (Zitai) Liu Yan Liu Yao Liu Yu Liu Zhang LÃ¼ Bu Ma Chao Ma Teng Qiao Mao Shi Xie Sun Ce Sun Jian Sun Quan Tao Qian Wang Kuang Wang Lang Xu Gong Yan Baihu Yang Qiu Yuan Tan Yuan Shao Yuan Shang Yuan Shu Yuan Xi Ze Rong Zhang Bao Zhang Jue Zhang Liang Zhang Lu Zhang Xiu Zhang Yan Zhang Yang Zhao Fan

Civil officers	Cai Yong Cao Song Chen Gong Cheng Yu Cui Yan Dong Cheng Fa Zheng Gao Gan Gongsun Fan Gongsun Xu Gongsun Yue Guo Jia Guo Tu He Qi Hua Xin Jia Kui Jia Xu Jian Yong Ju Shou Kuai Liang Kuai Yue Li Ru Liu Cong Liu Dai Liu Fu Liu Hong Lu Kang Lu Su Lu Xun Lu Zhi LÃ¼ Fan Ma Liang Mao Jie Mi Fang Mi Zhu Pang Ji Pang Tong Qiao Rui Qiao Xuan Shen Pei Sima Fang Sima Jun Sima Lang Sima Yi Sun Qian Tian Feng Tian Kai Wang Can Wang Kai Wang Yun Wu Zhi Xiahou Lan Xin Pi Xin Ping Xu Shao Xu Shu Xu You Xun Chen Xun You Xun Yu Yang Xiu Yuan Huan Yuan Yi Yuan Yin Zhang Hong Zhang Miao Zhang Song Zhang Zhao Zhang Wen Zhao Ang Zhong Yao Zhu Jun Zhuge Jin Zhuge Liang

Military officers	Bu Zhi Cai Mao Cao Bao Cao Chun Cao Hong Cao Ren Cao Xing Cao Xiu Cao Zhang Cao Zhen Chen Shi Chen Wu Cheng Pu Chunyu Qiong Dian Wei Ding Feng Dong Xi Fan Chou Fan Neng Gan Ning Gao Lan Gao Shun Guan Yu Guan Ping Guo Huai Han Dang Han Hao Han Xian Hao Meng Hou Cheng Hu Chi'er Hua Xiong Huang Gai Huang Quan Huang Zhong Huang Zu Huangfu Song Huche'er Ji Ling Jiang Qin Li Dian Li Meng Li Su Li Tong Li Yan Liao Hua Liang Xing Ling Cao Ling Tong Liu Feng Liu Pi Liu Pan Liu Qi Liu Xun LÃ¼ Kuang LÃ¼ Meng LÃ¼ Weihuang LÃ¼ Xiang Ma Tie Ma Xiu Ma Zhong Man Chong Meng Da Niu Fu Niu Jin Pan Zhang Pang De Shi Ren Song Xian Su Fei Sun Ben Sun Fu Sun Jiao Sun Jing Sun Yi Sun Yu Taishi Ci Wang Fang Wang Ling Wang Ping Wei Xu Wei Yan Wen Chou Wen Ping Wu Jing Wu Yi Xiahou Dun Xiahou Yuan Xu Chu Xu Huang Xu Rong Xu Sheng Yan Liang Yan Yan Yan Yu Yang Feng Yu Jin Yue Jin Zang Ba Zhang Fei Zhang He Zhang Ji Zhang Liao Zhang Ren Zhang Wei Zhang Yun Zhao Yun Zhou Tai Zhou Yu Zhu Huan Zhu Ling Zhu Ran Zhu Zhi Zu Mao

Other notable women	Lady Bian Bu Lianshi Lady Cai (Liu Biao's wife) Cai Yan Lady Gan Guan Yinping LÃ¼ Lingqi Lady Mi Two Qiaos Sun Shangxiang Wang Yi Lady Wu Zhang Chunhua Lady Zhen

Other notable figures	Cao Ang Cao Chong Cao Xiong Cao Zhi Gan Ji Guan Lu Hua Tuo Huang Chengyan Ji Ben Jiang Gan Liu Bao Louban Mi Heng Ou Xing Pan Lin Sima Hui Sun Kuang Tadun Zhang Rang & Ten Attendants Zhang Zhongjing Zuo Ci

Prominent people of Shu Han

Emperors	Liu Bei Liu Shan

Empresses	Empress Mu Empress Jing'ai Empress Zhang

Princes and royal figures	Liu Chen Liu Li Liu Yong Liu Xuan

Regents	Zhuge Liang Jiang Wan Dong Yun Fei Yi Jiang Wei

Civil officers	Chen Shou Chen Zhen Deng Zhi Dong Jue Fan Jian Fei Shi Guan Xing Guo Youzhi Huang Hao Liao Li Liang Xu Liu Ba LÃ¼ Kai Ma Liang Ma Su Qiao Zhou Qin Mi Wang Fu Wang Kang Xi Zheng Xiang Lang Xu Jing Yang Xi Yang Yi Yong Kai Yin Mo Yin Shang Zhang Bao Zhuge Qiao Zong Yu

Military officers	Chen Dao Chen Shi Cheng Ji Feng Xi Fu Qian Fu Rong Gao Xiang Huang Quan Hu Ji Huo Jun Huo Yi Jiang Shu Li Yan Li Hui Liao Hua Luo Xian Ma Chao Ma Dai Ma Miao Ma Zhong Wang Ping Wei Yan Wu Ban Wu Yi Xiahou Ba Xiang Chong Yan Yan Zhang Fei Zhang Nan Zhang Ni Zhang Yi (Bogong) Zhang Yi (Junsi) Zhao Yun Zhu Bao Zhuge Shang Zhuge Zhan

Other notable women	Huang Yueying Lady Xiahou

Other notable figures	Meng Huo Shamoke

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