Fa Zheng
Fa Zheng | |
---|---|
A Qing dynasty portrait of Fa Zheng | |
Advisor of Liu Bei | |
Born | 176[1] |
Died | 220 (aged 44)[1] |
Names | |
Traditional Chinese | æ³•æ£ |
Simplified Chinese | æ³•æ£ |
Pinyin | Fǎ Zhèng |
Wade–Giles | Fa Cheng |
Courtesy name | Xiaozhi (Chinese: åç›´; pinyin: Xià ozhÃ; Wade–Giles: Hsiao-chih) |
Posthumous name | Marquis Yi (Chinese: 翼侯; pinyin: Yì Hóu; Wade–Giles: I Hou) |
Fa Zheng (176–220),[1] courtesy name Xiaozhi, was an adviser to the warlord Liu Bei in the late Eastern Han dynasty. Born in a family of high social status and of noble descent, Fa Zheng travelled to Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing) in the late 190s and became a subordinate of Liu Zhang, the provincial governor. However, his feelings of alienation and perception of Liu Zhang as an incompetent governor eventually caused him to betray Liu Zhang and defect to Liu Bei in around 211. From 211 to 214, Fa Zheng assisted Liu Bei in overcoming Liu Zhang and seizing control of Yi Province, and became one of Liu Bei's most trusted advisers. In 217, he urged Liu Bei to launch the Hanzhong Campaign to capture the strategic Hanzhong Commandery from a rival warlord, Cao Cao, but died a year after Liu emerged victorious in the campaign.
Fa Zheng's keen foresight and brilliance in formulating strategies earned him praise from his contemporaries such as Zhuge Liang and Chen Shou. However, he was also notorious for his vindictive personality: When he held office, he abused his power by taking personal revenge against those who had offended him before and killing them without reason. Nevertheless, he was still highly regarded and trusted by Liu Bei – to the point where Zhuge Liang once said that Fa Zheng might have been the only person capable of preventing Liu Bei from starting the disastrous Battle of Xiaoting in 221 if he was still alive.
Family background
Fa Zheng's ancestral home was in Mei County (郿縣), Youfufeng Commandery (å³æ‰¶é¢¨éƒ¡), which is in present-day Mei County, Baoji, Shaanxi. His ancestor was Tian Fazhang, who was formally known as King Xiang of the Qi state in the Warring States period. Tian Fazhang's descendants changed their family name from "Tian" to "Fa" after the fall of Qi in 221 BCE.[2]
Fa Zheng's great-grandfather, Fa Xiong, served as the Administrator (太守) of Nan Commandery (å—郡; around present-day Jingzhou, Hubei) during the reign of Emperor An in the Eastern Han dynasty. Fa Xiong's son, Fa Zhen, was a reclusive scholar known for his lofty character – despite being a learned scholar, he led an unassuming and humble life and repeatedly rejected offers to serve in the government.[3]
Fa Zheng's father, Fa Yan (法è¡), whose courtesy name was "Jimou" (å£è¬€), also served as a government official and held the positions of an assistant to the Excellency over the Masses (å¸å¾’) and to the Minister of Justice (å»·å°‰).[4]
Service under Liu Zhang
In the early Jian'an era (196–220) of the reign of Emperor Xian, when famines broke out, Fa Zheng and his friend Meng Da travelled to Yi Province (益州; covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing) to join the provincial governor, Liu Zhang. Although Fa Zheng served as the Prefect (令) of Xindu County (新都縣) and later as a "Colonel Who Advises the Army" (è»è°æ ¡å°‰) under Liu Zhang, he felt alienated because he neither held any important appointments nor made any significant achievements in his career under Liu Zhang. Besides, some of his fellows from Youfufeng who had also moved to Yi Province spoke ill of him. He maintained a close friendship with his colleague Zhang Song, who shared the same views as him about Liu Zhang being an incompetent and incapable governor.[5]
In 208,[6] Zhang Song travelled to Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan) to meet the warlord Cao Cao, who controlled the Han central government and the figurehead Emperor Xian. After returning to Yi Province, Zhang Song advised Liu Zhang to break ties with Cao Cao and build friendly relations with another warlord Liu Bei instead. When Zhang Song recommended Fa Zheng to be Liu Zhang's representative to meet Liu Bei, Fa refused to accept the task initially but agreed eventually. When Fa Zheng returned from his mission, he told Zhang Song that Liu Bei harboured grand ambitions and persuaded Zhang to follow him to serve Liu Bei.[7]
Their opportunity arrived in 211,[8] when Liu Zhang became fearful upon receiving news that Cao Cao was planning to attack the warlord Zhang Lu in Hanzhong, a commandery serving as the northern gateway into Yi Province. Zhang Song proposed to Liu Zhang to invite Liu Bei to Yi Province to assist them in countering the threat of Zhang Lu. Liu Zhang agreed and sent Fa Zheng as his envoy to contact Liu Bei. When Fa Zheng met Liu Bei, he secretly told him, "General, with your brilliance, you can overcome our incompetent and weak Governor Liu. Zhang Song, as a trusted adviser (of Liu Zhang), will serve as your spy. Upon acquiring Yi Province's wealth and resources, and having its natural barriers as protection, you can easily realise your grand ambitions." Liu Bei accepted Fa Zheng's advice and led his forces into Yi Province, where he met Liu Zhang at Fu County (涪縣; present-day Fucheng District, Mianyang, Sichuan). Liu Bei then led his troops north to Jiameng (è‘èŒ; located about 20 km northeast of present-day Jiange County, Guangyuan, Sichuan) before turning south to attack Liu Zhang later.[9]
Helping Liu Bei seize Yi Province from Liu Zhang
Upon receiving news of Liu Bei's attack, Zheng Du (é„度), an Assistant Officer (從事) from Guanghan Commandery (廣漢郡)[10] serving under Liu Zhang, pointed out to his lord that Liu Bei's army lacked supplies and was composed of newly recruited soldiers who might not be loyal to him. He suggested that Liu Zhang adopt a scorched earth policy against Liu Bei by forcing the residents of Baxi (巴西) and Zitong (梓潼) commanderies to relocate elsewhere and destroy all the granaries and supply depots in the commanderies, and then fortify their defences while avoiding direct conflict with Liu Bei. He claimed that if this strategy was implemented, Liu Bei would run out of supplies within 100 days and retreat, and then Liu Zhang could attack him while he was retreating. Liu Bei felt frustrated when he heard about Zheng Du's plan and consulted Fa Zheng about it. Fa Zheng predicted that Liu Zhang would not heed Zheng Du's suggestion and was proven right: In response to Zheng Du's plan, Liu Zhang not only rejected it on the grounds that it would cause disturbance to the people, but also dismissed Zheng from office.[11]
In 214,[12] when Liu Bei's army surrounded Luocheng (雒城), one of Liu Zhang's strongholds, Fa Zheng wrote a long letter to his former lord, pointing out that Liu Zhang was already in a highly disadvantageous position and urging him to give up resistance and surrender to Liu Bei.[13]
Later that year, when Liu Bei's forces was besieging Yi Province's capital Chengdu, Xu Jing, a commandery Administrator serving under Liu Zhang, planned to surrender and defect to Liu Bei, but his plan was leaked out and hence aborted. Liu Zhang felt that he was already at the brink of destruction so he did not punish Xu Jing. He eventually surrendered and relinquished his control of Yi Province to Liu Bei. After taking over Yi Province, Liu Bei treated Xu Jing coldly because he felt that Xu was a disloyal person. Fa Zheng advised him, "Xu Jing is one of those who have an exaggerated reputation. However, my lord, you've recently built your foundation and you can't possibly explain the facts to everyone. Xu Jing's name is already well known throughout the Empire. If you don't treat him respectfully, others might think that you belittle talented and virtuous people. You should honour and respect him, and make this known to everyone, just like how the King of Yan treated Guo Wei (éƒéš—)." Liu Bei followed Fa Zheng's advice and treated Xu Jing generously.[14]
Service under Liu Bei
Abuse of power
Fa Zheng was appointed as the Administrator (太守) of Shu Commandery (蜀郡) and "General Who Spreads Martial Might" (æšæ¦å°‡è») by Liu Bei. He oversaw administrative affairs in the vicinity of Yi Province's capital Chengdu and served as Liu Bei's chief adviser.[15]
During this period of time, he abused his power by taking personal revenge against those who offended him before and killing them without reason. Some officials approached Zhuge Liang, another of Liu Bei's key advisers, and urged him to report Fa Zheng's lawless behaviour to their lord and take action against him. However, Zhuge Liang replied, "When our lord was in Gong'an (公安), he was wary of Cao Cao's influence in the north and fearful of Sun Quan's presence in the east. Even in home territory he was afraid that Lady Sun might stir up trouble. He was in such a difficult situation at the time that he could neither advance nor retreat. Fa Xiaozhi supported and helped him so much, such that he is now able to fly high and no longer remain under others' influence. How can we stop Fa Zheng from behaving as he wishes?" Zhuge Liang was aware that Liu Bei favoured and trusted Fa Zheng, which was why he refused to intervene in this matter.[16]
The historian Sun Sheng criticised Zhuge Liang's attitude towards Fa Zheng's abuse of power and called it a "lapse in the administration of justice". He felt that no subject should be above the law, even if he had made great contributions.[17]
Role in the Hanzhong Campaign
In 217, Fa Zheng urged Liu Bei to attack Hanzhong Commandery, which was originally under Zhang Lu's control but was conquered by Cao Cao in 215. He pointed out Hanzhong's strategic importance and said that it was an opportune moment for Liu Bei to seize Hanzhong from Cao Cao's generals Xiahou Yuan and Zhang He. Liu Bei accepted his plan and started the Hanzhong Campaign.[18]
In 219, during the Battle of Mount Dingjun, when Xiahou Yuan led troops to attack Liu Bei's camps at Dingjun and Xingshi mountains, Fa Zheng suggested Liu Bei to strike the enemy. Liu Bei ordered his general Huang Zhong to lead his men on a charge down the mountain towards Xiahou Yuan's forces, with war drums beating in the background. Xiahou Yuan was defeated and killed in action.[19]
Later, when Cao Cao was leading his forces from Chang'an to reinforce Hanzhong, he received news about the strategy proposed by Fa Zheng to Liu Bei to attack Hanzhong. He remarked, "I know Xuande (Liu Bei) is not capable of doing this. He must be following somebody's advice."[20] The historian Pei Songzhi commented that Cao Cao made that remark – which suggests that Liu Bei was not wise enough to notice Hanzhong's strategic importance – because of his personal disdain for Liu, and that it should not be taken seriously. He felt that a lord acting on his adviser's suggestion should not be interpreted as a sign that the lord was not wise enough to make his own judgement. He pointed out that Cao Cao himself also followed the advice of his adviser Guo Jia.[21]
Death and postmortem events
In 219, after Liu Bei emerged victorious in the Hanzhong Campaign, he declared himself "King of Hanzhong" (æ¼¢ä¸çŽ‹) and appointed Fa Zheng as the "Chief Imperial Secretary" (尚書令) and "General Who Protects the Army" (è·è»å°‡è»). Fa Zheng died in the following year at the age of 45 (by East Asian age reckoning). Liu Bei cried for days when Fa Zheng died and he awarded Fa the posthumous title "Marquis Yi" (翼侯), which literally means "marquis of the flank".[22] Fa Zheng's son, Fa Miao (法邈), received the title of a "Secondary Marquis" (關內侯) and served as a "Commandant of Equipage" (奉車都尉) and the Administrator of Hanyang Commandery (漢陽郡) in the state of Shu Han, which was founded by Liu Bei in 221.[23]
Fa Zheng and Zhuge Liang did not share the same moral beliefs but they had a good working relationship because of their common goal: to serve Liu Bei. Zhuge Liang was very impressed with Fa Zheng's brilliance. In 221, before the Battle of Xiaoting, many of Liu Bei's subjects advised their lord against going to war with his former ally, Sun Quan, who seized Jing Province from Liu in 219 and executed Liu's general Guan Yu. Liu Bei ignored them and proceeded with his campaign against Sun Quan. He was defeated in the following year at Xiaoting by Sun Quan's forces and had to retreat to Baidicheng, where he died in 223. Zhuge Liang sighed, "If Fa Xiaozhi was still alive, he could have prevented our lord from going on this eastern campaign; even if our lord did go on this campaign, he would not have ended up in this disastrous situation."[24]
Zhuge Liang might be right about Fa Zheng, as inferred from an incident during the Hanzhong Campaign. During one battle, when the situation appeared to be unfavourable for Liu Bei, Liu's subjects urged their lord to retreat but he stubbornly refused. They did not dare to advise him again for fear of incurring his wrath. Fa Zheng rushed forth and stood in front of Liu Bei when Cao Cao's forces rained arrows on their camp. Liu Bei told Fa Zheng to stay under cover to avoid the arrows, but Fa insisted on braving the arrows with his lord. Liu Bei then decided to retreat together with Fa Zheng.[25]
Appraisal
Chen Shou, who wrote Fa Zheng's biography in the Sanguozhi, appraised Fa as such: "Fa Zheng clearly foresaw success and failure, and conceived brilliant strategies and plans, but was not known to be of good moral character. In comparison with officials from (Cao) Wei, if Pang Tong was second to Xun Yu, Fa Zheng should be comparable to Cheng (Yu) and Guo (Jia)."[26]
Modern references
Fa Zheng became a playable character in Koei's Dynasty Warriors 8: Xtreme Legends.
See also
- List of people of the Three Kingdoms
- List of Dynasty Warriors characters
References
- 1 2 3 Fa Zheng's biography in the Sanguozhi stated that he died a year after Liu Bei declared himself "King of Hanzhong" in 219. He was 45 years old (by East Asian age reckoning) when he died. (明年å’,時年四å五。) By calculation, Fa Zheng's birth year should be around 176.
- ↑ (法雄å—æ–‡å½Šï¼Œæ‰¶é¢¨éƒ¿äººä¹Ÿï¼Œé½Šè¥„çŽ‹æ³•ç« ä¹‹å¾Œã€‚ç§¦æ»…é½Šï¼Œåå«ä¸æ•¢ç¨±ç”°å§“,故以法為æ°ã€‚宣å¸æ™‚,徙三輔,世為二åƒçŸ³ã€‚) Houhanshu vol. 38.
- ↑ (法æ£å—å直,å³æ‰¶é¢¨éƒ¿äººä¹Ÿã€‚祖父真,有清節高å。) Sanguozhi vol. 37.
- ↑ (三輔決錄注曰:真å—高å¿ï¼Œ ... æ£çˆ¶è¡ï¼Œå—å£è¬€ï¼Œå¸å¾’掾ã€å»·å°‰å·¦ç›£ã€‚) Sanfu Jue Lu Zhu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 37.
- ↑ (建安åˆï¼Œå¤©ä¸‹é¥‘è’,æ£èˆ‡åŒéƒ¡åŸé”俱入蜀ä¾åŠ‰ç’‹ï¼Œä¹†ä¹‹ç‚ºæ–°éƒ½ä»¤ï¼Œå¾Œå¬ç½²è»è°æ ¡å°‰ã€‚æ—£ä¸ä»»ç”¨ï¼Œåˆç‚ºå…¶å·žé‚‘俱僑客者所謗無行,志æ„ä¸å¾—。益州別駕張æ¾èˆ‡æ£ç›¸å–„,忖璋ä¸è¶³èˆ‡æœ‰ç‚ºï¼Œå¸¸ç«ŠæŽæ¯ã€‚) Sanguozhi vol. 37.
- ↑ Zizhi Tongjian vol. 65.
- ↑ (æ¾æ–¼èŠå·žè¦‹æ›¹å…¬é‚„,勸璋絕曹公而自çµå…ˆä¸»ã€‚璋曰:「誰å¯ä½¿è€…?ã€æ¾ä¹ƒèˆ‰æ£ï¼Œæ£è¾è®“,ä¸å¾—已而往。æ£æ—£é‚„,為æ¾ç¨±èªªå…ˆä¸»æœ‰é›„略,密謀å”è¦ï¼Œé¡˜å…±æˆ´å¥‰ï¼Œè€Œæœªæœ‰ç·£ã€‚) Sanguozhi vol. 37.
- ↑ Zizhi Tongjian vol. 66.
- ↑ (å¾Œå› ç’‹èžæ›¹å…¬æ¬²é£å°‡å¾å¼µé¯ä¹‹æœ‰æ‡¼å¿ƒä¹Ÿï¼Œæ¾é‚說璋宜迎先主,使之討é¯ï¼Œå¾©ä»¤æ£éŠœå‘½ã€‚æ£æ—£å®£æ—¨ï¼Œé™°ç»ç–於先主曰:「以明將è»ä¹‹è‹±æ‰ï¼Œä¹˜åŠ‰ç‰§ä¹‹æ‡¦å¼±ï¼›å¼µæ¾ï¼Œå·žä¹‹è‚¡è‚±ï¼Œä»¥éŸ¿æ‡‰æ–¼å…§ï¼›ç„¶å¾Œè³‡ç›Šå·žä¹‹æ®·å¯Œï¼Œé¦®å¤©åºœä¹‹éšªé˜»ï¼Œä»¥æ¤æˆæ¥ï¼ŒçŒ¶å掌也。ã€å…ˆä¸»ç„¶ä¹‹ï¼Œæ³æ±Ÿè€Œè¥¿ï¼Œèˆ‡ç’‹æœƒæ¶ªã€‚北至è‘èŒï¼Œå—é‚„å–璋。) Sanguozhi vol. 37.
- ↑ (è¯é™½åœ‹å¿—曰:度,廣漢人,為州從事。) Huayang Guo Zhi annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 37.
- ↑ (é„度說璋曰:「左將è»ç¸£è»è¥²æˆ‘,兵ä¸æ»¿è¬ï¼Œå£«è¡†æœªé™„,野穀是資,è»ç„¡è¼œé‡ã€‚其計莫若盡驅巴西ã€æ¢“潼民內涪水以西,其倉廩野穀一皆燒除,高壘深æºï¼Œéœä»¥å¾…之。彼至,請戰,勿許,乆無所資,ä¸éŽç™¾æ—¥ï¼Œå¿…將自走。走而擊之,則必禽耳。ã€å…ˆä¸»èžè€Œæƒ¡ä¹‹ï¼Œä»¥å•æ£ã€‚æ£æ›°ï¼šã€Œçµ‚ä¸èƒ½ç”¨ï¼Œç„¡å¯æ†‚也。ã€ç’‹æžœå¦‚æ£è¨€ï¼Œè¬‚其羣下曰:「å¾èžæ‹’敵以安民,未èžå‹•æ°‘以é¿æ•µä¹Ÿã€‚ã€æ–¼æ˜¯é»œåº¦ï¼Œä¸ç”¨å…¶è¨ˆã€‚) Sanguozhi vol. 37.
- ↑ Zizhi Tongjian vol. 67.
- ↑ (åŠè»åœé›’城,æ£ç‰‹èˆ‡ç’‹æ›°ï¼šã€Œæ£å—性無術,盟好é•æ,懼左å³ä¸æ˜Žæœ¬æœ«ï¼Œå¿…並æ¸å’Žï¼Œè’™è€»æ²’身,辱åŠåŸ·äº‹ï¼Œæ˜¯ä»¥æ身於外,ä¸æ•¢å命。æè–è½ç©¢æƒ¡å…¶è²ï¼Œæ•…ä¸é–“ä¸æœ‰ç‰‹æ•¬ï¼Œé¡§å¿µå®¿é‡ï¼Œçž»æœ›æ‚¢æ‚¢ã€‚然惟å‰å¾ŒæŠ«éœ²è…¹å¿ƒï¼Œè‡ªå¾žå§‹åˆä»¥è‡³æ–¼çµ‚,實ä¸è—情,有所ä¸ç›¡ï¼Œä½†æ„šé—‡ç–è–„ï¼Œç²¾èª ä¸æ„Ÿï¼Œä»¥è‡´æ–¼æ¤è€³ã€‚今國事已å±ï¼Œç¦å®³åœ¨é€Ÿï¼Œé›–ææ”¾æ–¼å¤–ï¼Œè¨€è¶³æ†Žå°¤ï¼ŒçŒ¶è²ªæ¥µæ‰€æ‡·ï¼Œä»¥ç›¡é¤˜å¿ ã€‚æ˜Žå°‡è»æœ¬å¿ƒï¼Œæ£ä¹‹æ‰€çŸ¥ä¹Ÿï¼Œå¯¦ç‚ºå€å€ä¸æ¬²å¤±å·¦å°‡è»ä¹‹æ„,而å’至於是者,左å³ä¸é”英雄從事之é“,謂å¯é•ä¿¡é»·èª“,而以æ„氣相致,日月相é¸ï¼Œè¶¨æ±‚é †è€³æ±ç›®ï¼Œéš¨é˜¿é‚指,ä¸åœ–é 慮為國深計故也。事變旣æˆï¼Œåˆä¸é‡å½Šå¼±ä¹‹å‹¢ï¼Œä»¥ç‚ºå·¦å°‡è»ç¸£é ä¹‹è¡†ï¼Œç³§ç©€ç„¡å„²ï¼Œæ¬²å¾—ä»¥å¤šæ“Šå°‘ï¼Œæ› æ—¥ç›¸æŒã€‚而從關至æ¤ï¼Œæ‰€æ·è¼’ç ´ï¼Œé›¢å®®åˆ¥å±¯ï¼Œæ—¥è‡ªé›¶è½ã€‚雒下雖有è¬å…µï¼Œçš†å£žé™£ä¹‹å’ï¼Œç ´è»ä¹‹å°‡ï¼Œè‹¥æ¬²çˆä¸€æ—¦ä¹‹æˆ°ï¼Œå‰‡å…µå°‡å‹¢åŠ›å¯¦ä¸ç›¸ç•¶ã€‚å„欲é 期計糧者,今æ¤ç‡Ÿå®ˆå·²å›ºï¼Œç©€ç±³å·²ç©ï¼Œè€Œæ˜Žå°‡è»åœŸåœ°æ—¥å‰Šï¼Œç™¾å§“日困,敵å°é‚多,所供é æ› ã€‚æ„šæ„計之,謂必先ç«ï¼Œå°‡ä¸å¾©ä»¥æŒä¹†ä¹Ÿã€‚空爾相守,猶ä¸ç›¸å ªï¼Œä»Šå¼µç›Šå¾·æ•¸è¬ä¹‹è¡†å·²å®šå·´æ±ï¼Œå…¥çŠç‚ºç•Œï¼Œåˆ†å¹³è³‡ä¸ã€å¾·é™½ï¼Œä¸‰é“並侵,將何以禦之?本為明將è»è¨ˆè€…,必謂æ¤è»ç¸£é 無糧,饋é‹ä¸åŠï¼Œå…µå°‘無繼。今èŠå·žé“通,衆數åå€ï¼ŒåŠ å«è»Šé¨Žé£å¼ŸåŠæŽç•°ã€ç”˜å¯§ç‰ç‚ºå…¶å¾Œç¹¼ã€‚è‹¥çˆå®¢ä¸»ä¹‹å‹¢ï¼Œä»¥åœŸåœ°ç›¸å‹è€…,今æ¤å…¨æœ‰å·´æ±ï¼Œå»£æ¼¢ã€çŠç‚ºéŽåŠå·²å®šï¼Œå·´è¥¿ä¸€éƒ¡ï¼Œå¾©éžæ˜Žå°‡è»ä¹‹æœ‰ä¹Ÿã€‚è¨ˆç›Šå·žæ‰€ä»°æƒŸèœ€ï¼Œèœ€äº¦ç ´å£žï¼›ä¸‰åˆ†äº¡äºŒï¼Œå民疲困,æ€ç‚ºäº‚者å戶而八;若敵é 則百姓ä¸èƒ½å ªå½¹ï¼Œæ•µè¿‘則一旦易主矣。廣漢諸縣,是明比也。åˆéšå¾©èˆ‡é—œé 實為益州ç¦ç¦ä¹‹é–€ï¼Œä»ŠäºŒé–€æ‚‰é–‹ï¼Œå …城皆下,諸è»ä¸¦ç ´ï¼Œå…µå°‡ä¿±ç›¡ï¼Œè€Œæ•µå®¶æ•¸é“並進,已入心腹,å守都ã€é›’,å˜äº¡ä¹‹å‹¢ï¼Œæ˜ç„¶å¯è¦‹ã€‚斯乃大略,其外較耳,其餘屈曲,難以è¾æ¥µä¹Ÿã€‚以æ£ä¸‹æ„šï¼ŒçŒ¶çŸ¥æ¤äº‹ä¸å¯å¾©æˆï¼Œå†µæ˜Žå°‡è»å·¦å³æ˜Žæ™ºç”¨è¬€ä¹‹å£«ï¼Œè±ˆç•¶ä¸è¦‹æ¤æ•¸å“‰ï¼Ÿæ—¦å¤•å·å¹¸ï¼Œæ±‚容å–媚,ä¸æ…®é 圖,莫肯盡心ç»è‰¯è¨ˆè€³ã€‚若事窮勢迫,將å„索生,求濟門戶,展轉å覆,與今計異,ä¸ç‚ºæ˜Žå°‡è»ç›¡æ»é›£ä¹Ÿã€‚而尊門猶當å—其憂。æ£é›–ç²ä¸å¿ 之謗,然心自謂ä¸è² è–德,顧惟分義,實竊痛心。左將è»å¾žæœ¬èˆ‰ä¾†ï¼ŒèˆŠå¿ƒä¾ä¾ï¼Œå¯¦ç„¡è–„æ„。愚以為å¯åœ–變化,以ä¿å°Šé–€ã€‚ã€) Sanguozhi vol. 37.
- ↑ (åä¹å¹´ï¼Œé€²åœæˆéƒ½ï¼Œç’‹èœ€éƒ¡å¤ªå®ˆè¨±é–將踰城é™ï¼Œäº‹è¦ºï¼Œä¸æžœã€‚璋以å±äº¡åœ¨è¿‘,故ä¸èª…é–。璋旣稽æœï¼Œå…ˆä¸»ä»¥æ¤è–„é–ä¸ç”¨ä¹Ÿã€‚æ£èªªæ›°ï¼šã€Œå¤©ä¸‹æœ‰ç²è™›è½è€Œç„¡å…¶å¯¦è€…,許é–是也。然今主公始創大æ¥ï¼Œå¤©ä¸‹ä¹‹äººä¸å¯æˆ¶èªªï¼Œé–之浮稱,æ’æµå››æµ·ï¼Œè‹¥å…¶ä¸ç¦®ï¼Œå¤©ä¸‹ä¹‹äººä»¥æ˜¯è¬‚ä¸»å…¬ç‚ºè³¤è³¢ä¹Ÿã€‚å®œåŠ æ•¬é‡ï¼Œä»¥çœ©é 近,追昔燕王之待éƒéš—。ã€å…ˆä¸»æ–¼æ˜¯ä¹ƒåŽšå¾…é–。) Sanguozhi vol. 37.
- ↑ (以æ£ç‚ºèœ€éƒ¡å¤ªå®ˆã€æšæ¦å°‡è»ï¼Œå¤–統都畿,內為謀主。) Sanguozhi vol. 37.
- ↑ (一飡之德,çšçœ¦ä¹‹æ€¨ï¼Œç„¡ä¸å ±å¾©ï¼Œæ“…殺毀傷己者數人。或謂諸葛亮曰:「法æ£æ–¼èœ€éƒ¡å¤ªç¸±æ©«ï¼Œå°‡è»å®œå•Ÿä¸»å…¬ï¼ŒæŠ‘å…¶å¨ç¦ã€‚ã€äº®è…曰:「主公之在公安也,北ç•æ›¹å…¬ä¹‹å½Šï¼Œæ±æ†šå«æ¬Šä¹‹é€¼ï¼Œè¿‘則懼å«å¤«äººç”Ÿè®Šæ–¼è‚˜è…‹ä¹‹ä¸‹ï¼›ç•¶æ–¯ä¹‹æ™‚,進退狼跋,法å直為之輔翼,令翻然翱翔,ä¸å¯å¾©åˆ¶ï¼Œå¦‚何ç¦æ¢æ³•æ£ä½¿ä¸å¾—行其æ„邪ï¼ã€åˆï¼Œå«æ¬Šä»¥å¦¹å¦»å…ˆä¸»ï¼Œå¦¹æ‰æ·å‰›çŒ›ï¼Œæœ‰è«¸å…„之風,ä¾å©¢ç™¾é¤˜äººï¼Œçš†è¦ªåŸ·åˆ€ä¾ç«‹ï¼Œå…ˆä¸»æ¯å…¥ï¼Œè¡·å¿ƒå¸¸å‡œå‡œï¼›äº®åˆçŸ¥å…ˆä¸»é›…愛信æ£ï¼Œæ•…言如æ¤ã€‚) Sanguozhi vol. 37.
- ↑ (å«ç››æ›°ï¼šå¤«å¨ç¦è‡ªä¸‹ï¼Œäº¡å®¶å®³åœ‹ä¹‹é“,刑縱於寵,毀政亂ç†ä¹‹æºï¼Œå®‰å¯ä»¥åŠŸè‡£è€Œæ¥µå…¶é™µè‚†ï¼Œå¬–å¹¸è€Œè—‰å…¶åœ‹æŸ„è€…å“‰ï¼Ÿæ•…é¡›é ¡é›–å‹¤ï¼Œä¸å…é•å‘½ä¹‹åˆ‘ï¼Œæ¥Šå¹²é›–è¦ªï¼ŒçŒ¶åŠ äº‚è¡Œä¹‹æˆ®ï¼Œå¤«è±ˆä¸æ„›ï¼ŒçŽ‹æ†²æ•…也。諸葛æ°ä¹‹è¨€ï¼Œæ–¼æ˜¯ä¹Žå¤±æ”¿åˆ‘矣。) Sun Sheng's annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 37.
- ↑ (二å二年,æ£èªªå…ˆä¸»æ›°ï¼šã€Œæ›¹æ“一舉而é™å¼µé¯ï¼Œå®šæ¼¢ä¸ï¼Œä¸å› æ¤å‹¢ä»¥åœ–å·´ã€èœ€ï¼Œè€Œç•™å¤ä¾¯æ·µã€å¼µéƒƒå±¯å®ˆï¼Œèº«é½åŒ—還,æ¤éžå…¶æ™ºä¸é€®è€ŒåŠ›ä¸è¶³ä¹Ÿï¼Œå¿…將內有憂åªæ•…耳。今ç–æ·µã€éƒƒæ‰ç•¥ï¼Œä¸å‹åœ‹ä¹‹å°‡å¸¥ï¼Œèˆ‰è¡†å¾€è¨Žï¼Œå‰‡å¿…å¯å…‹ä¹‹ï¼Œå…‹ä¹‹æ—¥ï¼Œå»£è¾²ç©ç©€ï¼Œè§€é‡ä¼ºéš™ï¼Œä¸Šå¯ä»¥å‚¾è¦†å¯‡æ•µï¼Œå°ŠçŽçŽ‹å®¤ï¼Œä¸å¯ä»¥è ¶é£Ÿé›ã€æ¶¼ï¼Œå»£æ‹“境土,下å¯ä»¥å›ºå®ˆè¦å®³ï¼Œç‚ºæŒä¹†ä¹‹è¨ˆã€‚æ¤è“‹å¤©ä»¥èˆ‡æˆ‘,時ä¸å¯å¤±ä¹Ÿã€‚ã€å…ˆä¸»å–„å…¶ç–,乃率諸將進兵漢ä¸ï¼Œæ£äº¦å¾žè¡Œã€‚) Sanguozhi vol. 37.
- ↑ (二å四年,先主自陽平å—渡沔水,緣山ç¨å‰ï¼Œæ–¼å®šè»ã€èˆˆå‹¢ä½œç‡Ÿã€‚淵將兵來çˆå…¶åœ°ã€‚æ£æ›°ï¼šã€Œå¯æ“ŠçŸ£ã€‚ã€å…ˆä¸»å‘½é»ƒå¿ 乘高鼓èŸæ”»ä¹‹ï¼Œå¤§ç ´æ·µè»ï¼Œæ·µç‰æŽˆé¦–。) Sanguozhi vol. 37.
- ↑ (曹公西å¾ï¼Œèžæ£ä¹‹ç–,曰:「å¾æ•…知玄德ä¸è¾¨æœ‰æ¤ï¼Œå¿…為人所教也。ã€) Sanguozhi vol. 37.
- ↑ (臣æ¾ä¹‹ä»¥ç‚ºèœ€èˆ‡æ¼¢ä¸ï¼Œå…¶ç”±è„£é½’也。劉主之智,豈ä¸åŠæ¤ï¼Ÿå°‡è¨ˆç•¥æœªå±•ï¼Œæ£å…ˆç™¼ä¹‹è€³ã€‚夫è½ç”¨å˜‰è¬€ä»¥æˆåŠŸæ¥ï¼Œéœ¸çŽ‹ä¹‹ä¸»ï¼Œèª°ä¸çš†ç„¶ï¼Ÿéæ¦ä»¥ç‚ºäººæ‰€æ•™ï¼Œäº¦è±ˆåŠ£å“‰ï¼æ¤è“‹è€»æ¨ä¹‹é¤˜è¾ï¼Œéžæ¸¬å¯¦ä¹‹ç•¶è¨€ä¹Ÿã€‚) Pei Songzhi's annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 37.
- ↑ (先主立為漢ä¸çŽ‹ï¼Œä»¥æ£ç‚ºå°šæ›¸ä»¤ã€è·è»å°‡è»ã€‚明年å’,時年四å五。先主為之æµæ¶•è€…累日。謚曰翼侯。) Sanguozhi vol. 37.
- ↑ (賜å邈爵關內侯,官至奉車都尉ã€æ¼¢é™½å¤ªå®ˆã€‚) Sanguozhi vol. 37.
- ↑ (諸葛亮與æ£ï¼Œé›–好尚ä¸åŒï¼Œä»¥å…¬ç¾©ç›¸å–。亮æ¯å¥‡æ£æ™ºè¡“。先主旣å³å°Šè™Ÿï¼Œå°‡æ±å¾å«æ¬Šä»¥å¾©é—œç¾½ä¹‹è€»ï¼Œç¾£è‡£å¤šè««ï¼Œä¸€ä¸å¾žã€‚ç« æ¦äºŒå¹´ï¼Œå¤§è»æ•—績,還ä½ç™½å¸ã€‚亮æŽæ›°ï¼šã€Œæ³•å直若在,則能制主上,令ä¸æ±è¡Œï¼›å°±å¾©æ±è¡Œï¼Œå¿…ä¸å‚¾å±çŸ£ã€‚ã€) Sanguozhi vol. 37.
- ↑ (先主與曹公çˆï¼Œå‹¢æœ‰ä¸ä¾¿ï¼Œå®œé€€ï¼Œè€Œå…ˆä¸»å¤§æ€’ä¸è‚¯é€€ï¼Œç„¡æ•¢è««è€…。矢下如雨,æ£ä¹ƒå¾€ç•¶å…ˆä¸»å‰ï¼Œå…ˆä¸»äº‘:「åç›´é¿ç®ã€‚ã€æ£æ›°ï¼šã€Œæ˜Žå…¬è¦ªç•¶çŸ¢çŸ³ï¼Œæ³å°äººä¹Žï¼Ÿã€å…ˆä¸»ä¹ƒæ›°ï¼šã€Œå直,å¾èˆ‡æ±ä¿±åŽ»ã€‚ã€é‚退。) Pei Songzhi's annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 37.
- ↑ (評曰: ... 法æ£è‘—見æˆæ•—,有奇畫ç–ç,然ä¸ä»¥å¾·ç´ 稱也。儗之é臣,統其è€å½§ä¹‹ä»²å”,æ£å…¶ç¨‹ã€éƒä¹‹å„”儷邪?) Sanguozhi vol. 37.
- Chen, Shou. Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
- Fan, Ye. Book of the Later Han (Houhanshu).
- Pei, Songzhi. Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).
- Sima, Guang. Zizhi Tongjian.