Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
الدولة الإسلامية في العراق والشام‎ ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah fī 'l-ʿIrāq wa-sh-Shām Participant in the Syrian Civil War, Iraq War (2003–2011), Iraqi insurgency, Iraq War (2014–present), Second Libyan Civil War, Boko Haram insurgency, War in North-West Pakistan, War in Afghanistan, Yemeni Civil War, and other conflicts Primary target of Operation Inherent Resolve and of the military intervention against ISIL: in Syria, Iraq, Libya, and Nigeria.
Black Standard flag
Active	1999–present Established under the name of Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad: 1999 Joined al-Qaeda: October 2004 Declaration of an Islamic state in Iraq: 13 October 2006 Claim of territory in the Levant: 8 April 2013 Separated from al-Qaeda:[1][2] 3 February 2014[3] Declaration of caliphate: 29 June 2014 Claim of territory in: Libya, Egypt, Algeria, Saudi Arabia, Yemen: 13 November 2014 Afghanistan, Pakistan and parts of India: 29 January 2015[4] Nigeria: 12 March 2015[5][6] North Caucasus: 23 June 2015[7]
Ideology	Salafism[8][9][10] Salafi jihadism[10][11] Wahhabism[11][12]
Groups	Libyan Province West African Province Caucasus Province Khorasan Province Sinai Province Yemeni Province Algerian Province
Leaders	Leader: Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi[13] Deputy leader in Syria: Abu Ala al-Afri †[14][15] Deputy leader in Iraq: Abu Muslim al-Turkmani †[16][17] Deputy leader in Libya: Abdel Baqer Al-Najdi[18] Military chief: Abu Suleiman al-Naser[19][20] Head of the Shura Council: Abu Arkan al-Ameri[21] Chief spokesperson: Abu Mohammad al-Adnani[19][22][23] Chief of Syrian military operations: Abu Omar al-Shishani †[24][19][25]
Headquarters	Al-Raqqah, Syria (de facto capital)
Area of operations	Military situation as of May 1, 2016, in the Iraqi, Syrian, and Lebanese conflicts.   Controlled by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant   Controlled by the Iraqi government   Controlled by the Syrian government   Controlled by the Lebanese government   Controlled by Iraqi Kurdistan forces   Controlled by Syrian Kurdistan forces   Controlled by Syrian opposition forces   Controlled by al-Nusra Front   Controlled by Hezbollah Note: Iraq and Syria contain large desert areas with limited populations. These areas are mapped as under the control of forces holding roads and towns within them. Detailed map of the Syrian Civil War Detailed map of the Iraqi insurgency Detailed map of the Lebanese insurgency Detailed map of the Libyan Civil War Detailed map of the Nigerian insurgency Detailed map of the Sinai insurgency Detailed map of the Yemeni Civil War Detailed map of the Taliban insurgency
Strength	Inside Syria and Iraq 250,000[26] (Kurdish claim) 100,000[27] (Jihadist claim) 20,000–31,000[28] (CIA estimate in 2014) 19,000–25,000[29][30] (CIA estimate in 2016) Outside Syria and Iraq 32,600–57,900 (See Military of ISIL for more detailed estimates.) Estimated total 52,600–307,900
Originated as	Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad (1999)[31]

The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL, IPA /ˈaɪsᵻl/), often translated as Islamic State of Iraq and Syria^{[note 1]} and accordingly also commonly known as ISIS (/ˈaɪsᵻs/),^[32] is a Salafi jihadist militant group that follows an Islamic fundamentalist, Wahhabi doctrine of Sunni Islam.^[33] The group is also known as Daesh (داعش‎ dāʿish, IPA: [ˈdaːʕiʃ]), which is an acronym derived from its Arabic name ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah fī 'l-ʿIrāq wa-sh-Shām ("Islamic State in Iraq and Syria"; الدولة الإسلامية في العراق والشام).^[34][35]

The group has referred to itself as the Islamic State (الدولة الإسلامية ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah) or IS^[36] ever since it proclaimed a worldwide caliphate in June 2014^[37][38] and named Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi as its caliph.^[39] As a caliphate, it claims religious, political and military authority over all Muslims worldwide.^[40] The group's adoption of the name "Islamic State" and idea of a caliphate have been widely criticised, with the United Nations, various governments, and mainstream Muslim groups rejecting its statehood or caliphhood.^[41] As of December 2015, the group has control over vast landlocked territory in Iraq and Syria, with a population estimate ranging between 2.8 million^[42] and 8 million people^[43] and where it enforces its interpretation of sharia law. ISIL affiliates control small areas of Libya, Nigeria and Afghanistan and operate in other parts of the world, including North Africa and South Asia.^[44][45][46] ISIL gained prominence in early 2014 when it drove Iraqi government forces out of key cities in its Western Iraq offensive,^[47] followed by the capture of Mosul^[48] and the Sinjar massacre.^[49] The subsequent possibility of a collapse of the Iraqi state prompted a renewal of US military action in the country. In Syria, the group has conducted ground attacks on both government forces and rebel factions. The number of fighters the group commands in Iraq and Syria was estimated by the CIA at 31,000, with foreign fighters accounting for around two thirds,^[50] while ISIL leaders claim 40,000 fighters, with the majority being Iraqi and Syrian nationals.^[27]

Adept at social media, ISIL became notorious for its videos of beheadings^[51] of both soldiers and civilians, including journalists and aid workers, and for the destruction of cultural heritage sites.^[52] The United Nations holds ISIL responsible for human rights abuses and war crimes, and Amnesty International has charged the group with ethnic cleansing on a "historic scale" in northern Iraq.^[53] Around the world, Islamic religious leaders have overwhelmingly condemned ISIL's ideology and actions, arguing that the group has strayed from the path of true Islam and that its actions do not reflect the religion's real teachings or virtues.^[54] The group has been designated a terrorist organisation by the United Nations, the European Union and its member states, the United States, Russia, India, Indonesia, Israel, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Iran and other countries. Over 60 countries are directly or indirectly waging war against ISIL.

The group originated as Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad in 1999, which pledged allegiance to al-Qaeda and participated in the Iraqi insurgency following the March 2003 invasion of Iraq by Western forces. Joining other Sunni insurgent groups to form the Mujahideen Shura Council, it proclaimed the formation of the Islamic State of Iraq (ISI) in October 2006. In August 2011, following the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War, ISI, under the leadership of al-Baghdadi, delegated a mission into Syria, which under the name Jabhat an-Nuṣrah li-Ahli ash-Shām (or al-Nusra Front) established a large presence in Sunni-majority Al-Raqqah, Idlib, Deir ez-Zor, and Aleppo provinces. The merger of ISI with al-Nusra Front to form the "Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant" (ISIL), as announced in April 2013 by al-Baghdadi, was however rejected by al-Nusra leader al-Julani, and by al-Qaeda leader al-Zawahiri who subsequently cut all ties with ISIL, in February 2014.^{[3][55][56][57]}

Name

Historical names

The group has had various names since it was founded in 1999 by Jordanian radical Abu Musab al-Zarqawi under the name Jamāʻat al-Tawḥīd wa-al-Jihād (lit. "The Organisation of Monotheism and Jihad").^[31] When in October 2004 al-Zarqawi swore loyalty to Osama bin Laden, he renamed the group Tanẓīm Qāʻidat al-Jihād fī Bilād al-Rāfidayn (lit. "The Organisation of Jihad's Base in Mesopotamia"), commonly known as al-Qaeda in Iraq or AQI.^[58][59] Although the group never called itself al-Qaeda in Iraq, this remained its informal name over the years.^[60]

In January 2006, AQI merged with several other Sunni insurgent groups to form the Mujahideen Shura Council (MSC).^[61] After al-Zarqawi was killed in June 2006, the MSC merged in October 2006 with several more insurgent factions to form a new group, ad-Dawlah al-ʻIraq al-Islāmiyah, which translates as the Islamic State of Iraq (ISI).^[62] The ISI was led by Abu Omar al-Baghdadi and Abu Ayyub al-Masri,^[63] who were killed in a US–Iraqi operation in April 2010, after which Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi became the group's new leader.

Current name

In April 2013, having expanded into Syria, the group adopted the name ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah fī 'l-ʿIrāq wa-sh-Shām (الدولة الإسلامية في العراق والشام‎). As al-Shām is a region often compared with the Levant or Greater Syria, the group's name has been variously translated as "Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham",^[64] "Islamic State of Iraq and Syria"^[65] (both abbreviated as ISIS), or "Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant" (abbreviated as ISIL).^[32]

While the use of either one or the other acronym has been the subject of debate,^[32][66] the distinction between the two and its relevance has been considered not so great.^[32] Of greater relevance is Daesh, an acronym of ISIL's Arabic name al-Dawlah al-Islamīyah fī al-ʻIrāq wa-al-Shām. Daesh, or Da'ish (داعش‎), has been widely used by ISIL's Arabic-speaking detractors,^[67][68] although – and to a certain extent because – it is considered derogatory, as it resembles the Arabic words Daes (lit. "one who crushes, or tramples down, something underfoot") and Dāhis (loosely translated: "one who sows discord").^[34][69] Within areas under its control, ISIL considers use of the acronym Daesh punishable by flogging^[70] or cutting out the tongue.^[71]

In May 2014, the United States Department of State announced its decision to use "Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant" (ISIL) as the group's primary name.^[67] It kept to this decision when in late June 2014 the group renamed itself ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah (lit. Islamic State or IS), thereby declaring itself a worldwide caliphate.^[38] The name "Islamic State" and the group's claim to be a caliphate have been widely rejected, with the UN, various governments, and mainstream Muslim groups refusing to use the new name.^{[72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79]}

Later in 2014, however, some top US officials shifted toward using the name Daesh, since this was the name that their Arab allies preferred to use.^[34] In 2015, over 120 British parliamentarians asked the BBC to use the name Daesh, following the example of John Kerry and Laurent Fabius. It subsequently adopted the phrase "so-called Islamic State".^[34][72]

Epithets

Un-Islamic Non-State refers to the term used by Ban Ki-moon, Secretary General of the United Nations, to describe ISIL.^[80][81] Similar statements have been made by Muslim groups in Britain. In remarks to the UN Security Council, Ban Ki-moon had said, "They should more fittingly be called the 'Un-Islamic Non-State'". He argued that "Muslim leaders around the world have said, groups like ISIL – or Daesh – have nothing to do with Islam, and they certainly do not represent a state."^[81][82]

The term "Islamic State" was objected to by Muslim groups in Europe even before Ban Ki-moon's letter, and according to The New York Times, using the term "Un-Islamic Non-State" was signaling that a "semantic war" was about to happen. In Britain, members of the Islamic Society of Britain and the Association of British Muslims sent an open letter to British Prime Minister David Cameron suggesting that the group should be referred to as the "Un-Islamic State" or "UIS".^[80] The letter, which was signed by a number of Britain Islamic figures such as Sughra Ahmed, President of the Islamic Society of Britain, Mohammed Abbasi, from the Association of British Muslims, and Amjad Malik QC, President of the Association of Muslim Lawyers, said: "We do not believe the terror group responsible should be given the credence and standing they seek by styling themselves Islamic State. It is neither Islamic, nor is it a state."^[83]

History

The group was founded in 1999 by Jordanian radical Abu Musab al-Zarqawi under the name Jamāʻat al-Tawḥīd wa-al-Jihād (lit. "The Organisation of Monotheism and Jihad").^[31] In October 2004, al-Zarqawi pledged allegiance (bay'ah) to al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden and renamed the group Tanẓīm Qāʻidat al-Jihād fī Bilād al-Rāfidayn (lit. "The Organisation of Jihad's Base in Mesopotamia"), commonly known as al-Qaeda in Iraq or AQI. Under al-Zarqawi, the group participated in the Iraqi insurgency following the March 2003 invasion of Iraq by Western forces.

In January 2006, the group joined other Sunni insurgent groups to form the short-lived Mujahideen Shura Council. After al-Zarqawi was killed in June 2006, the Mujahideen Shura Council merged in October 2006 with several more insurgent factions to establish ad-Dawlah al-ʻIrāq al-Islāmiyah, also known as the Islamic State of Iraq (ISI).^[62] The ISI was led by Abu Omar al-Baghdadi and Abu Ayyub al-Masri,^[63] until they were killed in a US–Iraqi operation in April 2010, after which Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi became the group's leader.

In August 2011, following the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War, ISI, now under the leadership of al-Baghdadi, delegated a mission into Syria, which under the name Jabhat an-Nuṣrah li-Ahli ash-Shām (or al-Nusra Front) established a large presence in Sunni-majority Al-Raqqah, Idlib, Deir ez-Zor, and Aleppo provinces. In April 2013, al-Baghdadi decreed the reunification of the Syrian al-Nusra Front with ISI to form the "Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant" (ISIL). However, Abu Mohammad al-Julani and Ayman al-Zawahiri, the leaders of al-Nusra and al-Qaeda respectively, rejected the merger. After an eight-month power struggle, al-Qaeda cut all ties with ISIL by February 2014, citing its failure to consult and "notorious intransigence".^[3][56]

In early 2014, ISIL drove Iraqi government forces out of key cities in its Anbar campaign,^[47] which was followed by the capture of Mosul^[48] and the Sinjar massacre.^[49] The loss of control almost caused a collapse of the Iraqi government and prompted a renewal of US military action in Iraq. In Syria, the group has conducted ground attacks on both government forces and rebel factions.

Foundation, 1999–2006

The UN headquarters building in Baghdad after the Canal Hotel bombing, on 22 August 2003

Following the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the Jordanian Salafi jihadist Abu Musab al-Zarqawi and his militant group Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad, founded in 1999, achieved notoriety in the early stages of the Iraqi insurgency for their suicide attacks on Shia Islamic mosques, civilians, Iraqi government institutions and Italian soldiers partaking in the US-led 'Multi-National Force'. Al-Zarqawi's group officially pledged allegiance to Osama bin Laden's al-Qaeda network in October 2004, changing its name to Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn (تنظيم قاعدة الجهاد في بلاد الرافدين, "Organisation of Jihad's Base in Mesopotamia"), also known as al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI).^[1][84][85] Attacks by the group on civilians, Iraqi government and security forces, foreign diplomats and soldiers, and American convoys continued with roughly the same intensity. In a letter to al-Zarqawi in July 2005, al-Qaeda's then deputy leader Ayman al-Zawahiri outlined a four-stage plan to expand the Iraq War. The plan included expelling US forces from Iraq, establishing an Islamic authority as a caliphate, spreading the conflict to Iraq's secular neighbours, and clashing with Israel, which the letter says "was established only to challenge any new Islamic entity".^[86]

In January 2006, AQI joined with several smaller Iraqi insurgent groups under an umbrella organisation called the Mujahideen Shura Council (MSC). According to Brian Fishman, this was little more than a media exercise and an attempt to give the group a more Iraqi flavour, and perhaps to distance al-Qaeda from some of al-Zarqawi's tactical errors, more notably the 2005 bombings by AQI of three hotels in Amman.^[87] On 7 June 2006, a US airstrike killed al-Zarqawi, who was succeeded as leader of the group by the Egyptian militant Abu Ayyub al-Masri.^[88][89]

On 12 October 2006, the MSC united with three smaller groups and six Sunni Islamic tribes to form the "Mutayibeen Coalition". It swore by Allah "to rid Sunnis from the oppression of the rejectionists (Shi'ite Muslims) and the crusader occupiers ... to restore rights even at the price of our own lives ... to make Allah's word supreme in the world, and to restore the glory of Islam".^[90][91] A day later, the MSC declared the establishment of the Islamic State of Iraq (ISI), comprising Iraq's six mostly Sunni Arab governorates.^[92] Abu Omar al-Baghdadi was announced as its emir,^[62][93] and al-Masri was given the title of Minister of War within the ISI's ten-member cabinet.^[94]

As Islamic State of Iraq, 2006–13

US Marines in Ramadi, May 2006. The Islamic State of Iraq had declared the city to be its capital.

According to a study compiled by United States intelligence agencies in early 2007, the ISI planned to seize power in the central and western areas of Iraq and turn it into a Sunni caliphate.^[95] The group built in strength and at its height enjoyed a significant presence in the Iraqi governorates of Al Anbar, Diyala and Baghdad, claiming Baqubah as a capital city.^{[96][97][98][99]}

The Iraq War troop surge of 2007 supplied the United States military with more manpower for operations targeting the group, resulting in dozens of high-level AQI members being captured or killed.^[100]

Between July and October 2007, al-Qaeda in Iraq was reported to have lost its secure military bases in Al Anbar province and the Baghdad area.^[101] During 2008, a series of US and Iraqi offensives managed to drive out AQI-aligned insurgents from their former safe havens, such as the Diyala and Al Anbar governorates, to the area of the northern city of Mosul.^[102]

By 2008, the ISI was describing itself as being in a state of "extraordinary crisis".^[103] Its violent attempts to govern its territory led to a backlash from Sunni Arab Iraqis and other insurgent groups and a temporary decline in the group, which was attributable to a number of factors,^[104] notably the Anbar Awakening.

In late 2009, the commander of US forces in Iraq, General Ray Odierno, stated that the ISI "has transformed significantly in the last two years. What once was dominated by foreign individuals has now become more and more dominated by Iraqi citizens".^[105] On 18 April 2010, the ISI's two top leaders, Abu Ayyub al-Masri and Abu Omar al-Baghdadi, were killed in a joint US-Iraqi raid near Tikrit.^[106] In a press conference in June 2010, General Odierno reported that 80% of the ISI's top 42 leaders, including recruiters and financiers, had been killed or captured, with only eight remaining at large. He said that they had been cut off from al-Qaeda's leadership in Pakistan.^{[107][108][109]}

On 16 May 2010, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi was appointed the new leader of the Islamic State of Iraq.^[110][111] Al-Baghdadi replenished the group's leadership, many of whom had been killed or captured, by appointing former Ba'athist military and intelligence officers who had served during Saddam Hussein's rule.^[112][113] These men, nearly all of whom had spent time imprisoned by the US military, came to make up about one third of Baghdadi's top 25 commanders. One of them was a former colonel, Samir al-Khlifawi, also known as Haji Bakr, who became the overall military commander in charge of overseeing the group's operations.^[114][115] Al-Khlifawi was instrumental in doing the ground work that led to the growth of ISIL.^[116][117]

In July 2012, al-Baghdadi released an audio statement online announcing that the group was returning to former strongholds from which US troops and the Sons of Iraq had driven them in 2007 and 2008.^[118] He also declared the start of a new offensive in Iraq called Breaking the Walls, aimed at freeing members of the group held in Iraqi prisons.^[118] Violence in Iraq had begun to escalate in June 2012, primarily with AQI's car bomb attacks, and by July 2013, monthly fatalities exceeded 1,000 for the first time since April 2008.^[119]

Syrian Civil War

In March 2011, protests began in Syria against the Syrian government of Bashar al-Assad. In the following months, violence between demonstrators and security forces led to a gradual militarisation of the conflict.^[120] In August, al-Baghdadi began sending Syrian and Iraqi ISI members experienced in guerilla warfare across the border into Syria to establish an organisation there. Led by a Syrian known as Abu Muhammad al-Julani, this group began to recruit fighters and establish cells throughout the country.^[121][122] In January 2012, the group announced its formation as Jabhat al-Nusra li Ahl as-Sham—Jabhat al-Nusra—more commonly known as the al-Nusra Front. Al-Nusra grew rapidly into a capable fighting force, with popular support among Syrians opposed to the Assad government.^[121]

As Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, 2013–14

On 8 April 2013, al-Baghdadi released an audio statement in which he announced that the al-Nusra Front had been established, financed, and supported by the Islamic State of Iraq,^[123] and that the two groups were merging under the name "Islamic State of Iraq and Al-Sham".^[124] Al-Julani issued a statement denying the merger, and complaining that neither he nor anyone else in al-Nusra's leadership had been consulted about it.^[125] In June 2013, Al Jazeera reported that it had obtained a letter written by al-Qaeda's leader Ayman al-Zawahiri, addressed to both leaders, in which he ruled against the merger, and appointed an emissary to oversee relations between them to put an end to tensions.^[126] That same month, al-Baghdadi released an audio message rejecting al-Zawahiri's ruling and declaring that the merger was going ahead.^[127]

Meanwhile, the ISIL campaign to free imprisoned ISIL members culminated in simultaneous raids on Taji and Abu Ghraib prisons in July 2013, freeing more than 500 prisoners, many of them veterans of the Iraqi insurgency.^[119][128] In October 2013, al-Zawahiri ordered the disbanding of ISIL, putting al-Nusra Front in charge of jihadist efforts in Syria,^[129] but al-Baghdadi contested al-Zawahiri's ruling on the basis of Islamic jurisprudence,^[127] and his group continued to operate in Syria. In February 2014, after an eight-month power struggle, al-Qaeda disavowed any relations with ISIL.^[56]

According to journalist Sarah Birke, there are "significant differences" between al-Nusra Front and ISIL. While al-Nusra actively calls for the overthrow of the Assad government, ISIL "tends to be more focused on establishing its own rule on conquered territory". ISIL is "far more ruthless" in building an Islamic state, "carrying out sectarian attacks and imposing sharia law immediately". While al-Nusra has a "large contingent of foreign fighters", it is seen as a home-grown group by many Syrians; by contrast, ISIL fighters have been described as "foreign 'occupiers'" by many Syrian refugees.^[130] It has a strong presence in central and northern Syria, where it has instituted sharia in a number of towns.^[130] ISIL controls the four towns of Atmeh, al-Bab, Azaz and Jarablus on the Turkish border.^[130] Foreign fighters in Syria include Russian-speaking jihadists who were part of Jaish al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar (JMA).^[131] In November 2013, the JMA's Chechen leader Abu Omar al-Shishani swore an oath of allegiance to al-Baghdadi;^[132] the group then split between those who followed al-Shishani in joining ISIL and those who continued to operate independently in the JMA under new leadership.^[133]

In January 2014, rebels affiliated with the Islamic Front and the US-trained Free Syrian Army^[134] launched an offensive against ISIL militants in and around the city of Aleppo.^[135][136] In May 2014, Ayman al-Zawahiri ordered the al-Nusra Front to stop its attacks on its rival ISIL.^[137] In June 2014, after continued fighting between the two groups, al-Nusra's branch in the Syrian town of Al-Bukamal pledged allegiance to ISIL.^[138][139] In mid-June 2014, ISIL captured the Trabil crossing on the Jordan–Iraq border,^[140] the only border crossing between the two countries.^[141] ISIL has received some public support in Jordan, albeit limited, partly owing to state repression there.^[142] ISIL has undertaken a recruitment drive in Saudi Arabia,^[143] where tribes in the north are linked to those in western Iraq and eastern Syria.^[144]

As Islamic State, 2014–present

On 29 June 2014, the organisation proclaimed itself to be a worldwide caliphate.^[145] Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi—known by his supporters as Amir al-Mu'minin, Caliph Ibrahim—was named its caliph, and the group renamed itself ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah (الدولة الإسلامية, "Islamic State" (IS)).^[38] As a "Caliphate", it claims religious, political and military authority over all Muslims worldwide.^[40] The concept of it being a caliphate and the name "Islamic State" have been rejected by governments and Muslim leaders worldwide.^{[73][74][75][76][77][78][79]}

In June and July 2014, Jordan and Saudi Arabia moved troops to their borders with Iraq, after Iraq lost control of, or withdrew from, strategic crossing points that then came under the control of ISIL, or tribes that supported ISIL.^[141][146] There was speculation that Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki had ordered a withdrawal of troops from the Iraq–Saudi crossings in order "to increase pressure on Saudi Arabia and bring the threat of ISIS over-running its borders as well".^[144]

In July 2014, ISIL recruited more than 6,300 fighters, according to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, some of whom were thought to have previously fought for the Free Syrian Army.^[147] On 23 July 2014, Abu Sayyaf leader Isnilon Totoni Hapilon and some masked men swore loyalty to al-Baghdadi in a video, giving ISIL a presence in the Philippines.^[46][148] In September 2014, the group began kidnapping people for ransoming, in the name of ISIL.^[149]

Yazidi refugees and American aid workers on Mount Sinjar in August 2014

On 3 August 2014, ISIL captured the cities of Zumar, Sinjar, and Wana in northern Iraq.^[49] Thousands of Yazidis fled up Mount Sinjar, fearful of the approaching hostile ISIL militants. The stranded Yazidis' need for food and water, the threat of genocide to them and to others announced by ISIL, along with the desire to protect US citizens in Iraq and support Iraq in its fight against ISIL, were all reasons given for the 2014 American intervention in Iraq on 7 August^[150] and an aerial bombing campaign in Iraq which started on 8 August.

At the end of October 2014, 800 militants gained partial control of the Libyan city of Derna and pledged their allegiance to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, thus making Derna the first city outside Syria and Iraq to be a part of the "Islamic State Caliphate".^[151] On 10 November 2014, a major faction of the Egyptian militant group Ansar Bait al-Maqdis also pledged its allegiance to ISIL.^[152] In mid-January 2015, a Yemeni official said that ISIL had "dozens" of members in Yemen, and that they were coming into direct competition with al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula with their recruitment drive.^[153] Also in January 2015, Afghan officials confirmed that ISIL had a military presence in Afghanistan.^[154] However, by February 2015, 65 of the militants were either captured or killed by the Taliban, and ISIL's top Afghan recruiter, Mullah Abdul Rauf, was killed in a US drone strike.^{[155][156][157]}

Coalition airstrike on ISIL position in Kobani, October 2014

In late January 2015, it was reported that ISIL members had infiltrated the European Union and disguised themselves as civilian refugees who were emigrating from the war zones of Iraq and the Levant.^[158] An ISIL representative claimed that ISIL had successfully smuggled 4,000 fighters, and that the smuggled fighters were planning attacks in Europe in retaliation for the airstrikes carried out against ISIL targets in Iraq and Syria. However, experts believe that this claim was exaggerated to boost their stature and spread fear, and acknowledged that some Western countries were aware of the smuggling.^[159]

In early February 2015, ISIL militants in Libya managed to capture part of the countryside to the west of Sabha, and later, an area encompassing the cities of Sirte, Nofolia, and a military base to the south of both cities. By March, ISIL had captured additional territory, including a city to the west of Derna, additional areas near Sirte, a stretch of land in southern Libya, some areas around Benghazi, and an area to the east of Tripoli.

On 7 March 2015, Boko Haram swore formal allegiance to ISIL, giving ISIL an official presence in Nigeria, Niger, Chad and Cameroon.^{[6][160][161]} On 13 March 2015, a group of militants from the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan swore allegiance to ISIL;^[162] the group released another video on 31 July 2015 showing its spiritual leader also pledging allegiance.^[163]

In June 2015, the US Deputy Secretary of State announced that ISIL had lost more than 10,000 members in airstrikes over the preceding nine months.^[164][165]

In 2015 and 2016, ISIL claimed responsibility for a number of high profile terrorist attacks outside Iraq and Syria, including a mass shooting at a Tunisian tourist resort (38 European tourists killed),^[166] the Suruç bombing in Turkey (33 leftist and pro-Kurdish activists killed), the Tunisian National Museum attack (24 foreign tourists and Tunisians killed), the Sana'a mosque bombings (142 Shia civilians kiled), the crash of Metrojet Flight 9268 (224 killed, mostly Russian tourists), the bombings in Ankara (102 pro-Kurdish and leftist activists killed), the bombings in Beirut (43 Shia civilians killed), the November 2015 Paris attacks (130 civilians killed), the killing of Jaafar Mohammed Saad, the governor of Aden, the January 2016 Istanbul bombing (11 foreign tourists killed) and the 2016 Brussels bombings (over 30 civilians killed).^{[167][168][169]}

In 2016, Taher al-Gharabli, head of the military council of Sabratha in Libya, claimed that ISIL was using women in combat roles.^[170] According to him, at least seven women were arrested and three others were killed in the past week before February 29, 2016.^[170]

In March 2016, it was reported that ISIL had trained at least 400 fighters specifically to launch attacks against Europe.^[171]

Ideology and beliefs

ISIL is a theocracy, proto-state^{[172][173][174]} and a Salafi or Wahhabi group.^{[11][175][176]} It follows an extremist interpretation of Islam, promotes religious violence, and regards Muslims who do not agree with its interpretations as infidels or apostates.^[8] According to Hayder al Khoei, ISIL's philosophy is represented by the symbolism in the Black Standard variant of the legendary battle flag of Prophet Muhammad that it has adopted: the flag shows the Seal of Muhammad within a white circle, with the phrase above it, "There is no God but Allah".^[177] Such symbolism has been said to point to ISIL's belief that it represents the restoration of the caliphate of early Islam, with all the political, religious and eschatological ramifications that this would imply.^[178]

According to some observers, ISIL emerged from the ideology of the Muslim Brotherhood, the first post-Ottoman Islamist group dating back to the late 1920s in Egypt.^[179] It adheres to global jihadist principles and follows the hard-line ideology of al-Qaeda and many other modern-day jihadist groups.^[3][8] However, other sources trace the group's roots to Wahhabism.

For their guiding principles, the leaders of the Islamic State ... are open and clear about their almost exclusive commitment to the Wahhabi movement of Sunni Islam. The group circulates images of Wahhabi religious textbooks from Saudi Arabia in the schools it controls. Videos from the group’s territory have shown Wahhabi texts plastered on the sides of an official missionary van.

— David D. Kirkpatrick, The New York Times^[12]

According to The Economist, dissidents in the ISIL capital of Al-Raqqah report that "all 12 of the judges who now run its court system ... are Saudis". Saudi Wahhabi practices also followed by the group include the establishment of religious police to root out "vice" and enforce attendance at salat prayers, the widespread use of capital punishment, and the destruction or re-purposing of any non-Sunni religious buildings.^[180] Bernard Haykel has described al-Baghdadi's creed as "a kind of untamed Wahhabism".^[12]

ISIL aims to return to the early days of Islam, rejecting all innovations in the religion, which it believes corrupts its original spirit. It condemns later caliphates and the Ottoman Empire for deviating from what it calls pure Islam,^[181] and seeks to revive the original Wahhabi project of the restoration of the caliphate governed by strict Salafist doctrine. Following Salafi-Wahhabi tradition, ISIL condemns the followers of secular law as disbelievers, putting the current Saudi Arabian government in that category.^[33]

Salafists such as ISIL believe that only a legitimate authority can undertake the leadership of jihad, and that the first priority over other areas of combat, such as fighting non-Muslim countries, is the purification of Islamic society. For example, ISIL regards the Palestinian Sunni group Hamas as apostates who have no legitimate authority to lead jihad and see fighting Hamas as the first step toward confrontation by ISIL with Israel.^[12][182]

Eschatology

One difference between ISIL and other Islamist and jihadist movements, including al-Qaeda, is the group's emphasis on eschatology and apocalypticism—that is, a belief in a final Day of Judgment by God, and specifically, a belief that the arrival of one known as Imam Mahdi is near. ISIL believes that it will defeat the army of "Rome" at the town of Dabiq, in fulfilment of prophecy.^[183] Following its interpretation of the Hadith of the Twelve Successors, ISIL also believes that after al-Baghdadi there will be only four more legitimate caliphs.^[183]

The noted scholar of militant Islamism William McCants writes:

References to the End Times fill Islamic State propaganda. It's a big selling point with foreign fighters, who want to travel to the lands where the final battles of the apocalypse will take place. The civil wars raging in those countries today [Iraq and Syria] lend credibility to the prophecies. The Islamic State has stoked the apocalyptic fire. [...] For Bin Laden's generation, the apocalypse wasn't a great recruiting pitch. Governments in the Middle East two decades ago were more stable, and sectarianism was more subdued. It was better to recruit by calling to arms against corruption and tyranny than against the Antichrist. Today, though the apocalyptic recruiting pitch makes more sense.

— William McCants, The ISIS Apocalypse: The History, Strategy, and Doomsday Vision of the Islamic State:^[184]

Goals and strategy

Goals

Since at least 2004, a significant goal of the group has been the foundation of a Sunni Islamic state.^[185][186] Specifically, ISIL has sought to establish itself as a caliphate, an Islamic state led by a group of religious authorities under a supreme leader—the caliph—who is believed to be the successor to Prophet Muhammad.^[187] In June 2014, ISIL published a document in which it claimed to have traced the lineage of its leader al-Baghdadi back to Muhammad,^[187] and upon proclaiming a new caliphate on 29 June, the group appointed al-Baghdadi as its caliph. As caliph, he demands the allegiance of all devout Muslims worldwide, according to Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh).^[188]

ISIL has detailed its goals in its Dabiq magazine, saying it will continue to seize land and take over the entire Earth until its:

Blessed flag...covers all eastern and western extents of the Earth, filling the world with the truth and justice of Islam and putting an end to the falsehood and tyranny of jahiliyyah [state of ignorance], even if American and its coalition despise such.

— 5th edition of Dabiq, the Islamic State’s English-language magazine ^[189]

According to German journalist Jürgen Todenhöfer, who spent ten days embedded with ISIL in Mosul, the view that he kept hearing was that ISIL wants to “conquer the world” and all who do not believe in the group’s interpretation of the Koran will be killed. Todenhöfer was struck by the ISIL fighters' belief that “all religions who agree with democracy have to die”,^[190] and by their "incredible enthusiasm"—including enthusiasm for killing "hundreds of millions" of people.^[191]

A map circulated around the internet purporting to show historical areas of former Muslim states in Europe, Asia, and Africa, that ISIL planned to expand to, was created by outside supporters and had no official connection to ISIL.^{[181][192][193][194]}

When the caliphate was proclaimed, ISIL stated: "The legality of all emirates, groups, states and organisations becomes null by the expansion of the khilafah's [caliphate's] authority and arrival of its troops to their areas."^[187] This was a rejection of the political divisions in Southwestern Asia that were established by European countries during World War I in the Sykes–Picot Agreement.^{[195][196][197]}

Strategy

According to Jason Burke, a journalist writing on Salafi jihadism, ISIL's goal is to "terrorize, mobilize [and] polarize".^[198][199] Its efforts to terrorize are intended to intimidate civilian populations and force governments of the target enemy "to make rash decisions that they otherwise would not choose". It aims to mobilize its supporters by motivating them with, for example, spectacular deadly attacks on enemy soil such as the November 2015 Paris attacks, to polarize by driving Muslim populations—particularly in the West—away from their governments, thus increasing the appeal of ISIL's self-proclaimed caliphate among them, and to: "Eliminate neutral parties through either absorption or elimination".^[198][200]

A work published online in 2004 entitled Management of Savagery^[201] (Idarat at Tawahoush), described by several media outlets as influential on ISIL^{[202][203][204]} and intended to provide a strategy to create a new Islamic caliphate,^[205] recommended a strategy of attack outside its territory in which fighters would:

Diversify and widen the vexation strikes against the Crusader-Zionist enemy in every place in the Islamic world, and even outside of it if possible, so as to disperse the efforts of the alliance of the enemy and thus drain it to the greatest extent possible.

— Scott Atran, Paris: The War ISIS Wants^[206]

Terror attacks on soft targets such as holiday resorts will require expenditures for security that will weaken the "crusaders".

If a tourist resort that the Crusaders patronize…is hit, all of the tourist resorts in all of the states of the world will have to be secured by the work of additional forces, which are double the ordinary amount, and a huge increase in spending,

— Scott Atran, Paris: The War ISIS Wants^[206]

while inspiring disaffected youth who are naturally rebellious and energetic. The terror will

motivate crowds drawn from the masses to fly to the regions which we manage, particularly the youth… [For] the youth of the nation are closer to the innate nature [of humans] on account of the rebelliousness within them.

— Scott Atran, Paris: The War ISIS Wants^[206]

and will also draw the "crusaders" into a quagmire of military conflict:

Work to expose the weakness of America’s centralized power by pushing it to abandon the media psychological war and war by proxy until it fights directly.

— Scott Atran, Paris: The War ISIS Wants^[206]

One observer has described ISIL's publicizing of its mass executions and killing of civilians as part of "a conscious plan designed to instill among believers a sense of meaning that is sacred and sublime, while scaring the hell out of fence-sitters and enemies".^[206] Another describes it purpose as to "break" psychologically those under its control "so as to ensure their absolute allegiance through fear and intimidation", while generating "outright hate and vengeance" among its enemies.^[207]

Documents found after the death of Samir Abd Muhammad al-Khlifawi, a former colonel in the intelligence service of Saddam Hussein's air defense force who has been called "the strategic head" of ISIL, detail planning for the ISIL takeover of northern Syria which made possible "the group's later advances into Iraq". Al-Khlifawi called for the infiltration of areas to be conquered with spies who would find out "as much as possible about the target towns: Who lived there, who was in charge, which families were religious, which Islamic school of religious jurisprudence they belonged to, how many mosques there were, who the imam was, how many wives and children he had and how old they were". Following this surveillance and espionage would come murder and kidnapping—"the elimination of every person who might have been a potential leader or opponent". In Raqqa, after rebel forces drove out the Assad regime and ISIL infiltrated the town, "first dozens and then hundreds of people disappeared". ^[208]

There is no known involvement in any form of conflict resolution. In the autumn of 2015, the first moves aimed at all-inclusive talks about talks were made by Irish mediator Jonathan Galway-Jackson to the anti-war leader of the opposition in Britain Jeremy Corbyn, to construct a form of "track 2 diplomatic talks" at INCORE in Ireland involving all parties including Daesh political representative/s.

Worldwide caliphate aims

As a self-proclaimed worldwide caliphate, ISIL claims religious, political and military authority over all Muslims worldwide,^[40] and that "the legality of all emirates, groups, states, and organisations, becomes null by the expansion of the khilāfah's [caliphate's] authority and arrival of its troops to their areas".^[187]

Territorial claims and international presence

     Areas controlled (as of 21 October 2015)      Remaining territory in countries with ISIL presence

In Iraq and Syria, ISIL uses many of those countries' existing governorate boundaries to subdivide its claimed territory; it calls these divisions wilayah or provinces.^[209] As of June 2015, it had established official branches in Libya, Egypt (Sinai Peninsula), Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Algeria, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Nigeria and the North Caucasus.^[210] Outside Iraq and Syria, it controls territory only in Sinai, Afghanistan, and Libya.^[44] ISIL also has members in Morocco, Lebanon, Jordan, Turkey & Israel, but does not have official branches in those areas.^[211]

Libyan Provinces

Current military situation in Libya:

  Under the control of ISIL and Ansar al-Sharia

ISIL divides Libya into three historical provinces, claiming authority over Cyrenaica in the east, Fezzan in the desert south, and Tripolitania in the west, around its capital Tripoli.^[212]

On 5 October 2014, the Shura Council of Islamic Youth and other militants in Libya were absorbed and designated the Cyrenaica Province of ISIL.^[213][214] The Libyan branch of ISIL has been the most active and successful of all ISIL branches outside Iraq and Syria. It has been active mainly around Derna and Gaddafi's hometown Sirte.^[215][216]

On 4 January 2015, ISIL forces in Libya seized control of the eastern countryside of Sabha, executing 14 Libyan soldiers in the process.^[217][218] They temporarily controlled part of Derna before being driven out in mid-2015.^[219] Reports from Sirte suggest ISIL militants based there are a mixture of foreign fighters and ex-Gaddafi loyalists.^[220] An initiative between pro-Dawn forces associated with Misrata and Operation Dawn clashed with these IS militants in Sirte.^[221][222] Fighting between Libya Dawn forces and ISIL militants was also reported in the Daheera area west of the city of Sirte, and at the Harawa vicinity east of Sirte.^[223]

One unconfirmed source has claimed that ISIL uses its bases in Libya to smuggle its fighters into the European Union posing as refugees.^[224][225]

Sinai Province

On 10 November 2014, many members of the group Ansar Bait al-Maqdis took an oath of allegiance to al-Baghdadi.^[152] Following this, the group assumed the designation Sinai Province (Wilayat Sinai).^{[213][226][227][228]} They are estimated to have 1,000–2,000 fighters.^[46][229] A faction of the Sinai group also operates in the Gaza Strip, calling itself the Islamic State in Gaza.^[230] On 19 August 2015, members of the group bombed an Egyptian security headquarters building in northern Cairo, injuring 30 people.^[231] It is also speculated to be behind the crash of Russian Metrojet Flight 9268, which killed all 224 people on board. The group has claimed responsibility for that attack in audio recordings, although Egyptian officials deny that there is enough evidence for the claim.^[232]

Algerian Province

Members of Jund al-Khilafah swore allegiance to ISIL in September 2014.^[233] ISIL in Algeria gained notoriety when it beheaded French tourist Herve Gourdel in September 2014. Since then, the group has largely been silent, with reports that its leader Khalid Abu-Sulayman was killed by Algerian forces in December 2014.^[210]

Khorasan Province

On 26 January 2015, Khorasan Province (Wilayat Khorasan) was established, with Hafiz Saeed Khan named as Wāli (Governor) and Abdul Rauf as his deputy after both swore an oath of allegiance to al-Baghdadi. The name Khorasan refers to a historical region that includes Afghanistan, Pakistan, and "other nearby lands".^{[4][157][234][235]}

On 9 February 2015, Mullah Abdul Rauf was killed by a NATO airstrike.^[157] On 18 March 2015, Hafiz Wahidi, ISIL's replacement deputy Emir in Afghanistan, was killed by the Afghan Armed Forces, along with nine other ISIL militants who were accompanying him.^[236] In June, Reuters received reports that villages in several districts of Afghanistan's eastern Nangarhar Province had been captured from the Taliban by ISIL sympathisers.^[44] On 10 July 2015, Hafiz Saeed Khan, the Emir of ISIL's Khorasan Province, was reportedly killed in U.S. drone strike in eastern Afghanistan.^[237] However Khorasan Province released an audio tape claimed to be of Hafiz Saeed Khan on 13 July 2015,^[238] and he was sanctioned by the US Department of the Treasury on 29 September 2015.^[239]

Yemen Provinces

Current military situation in Yemen:

  Under the control of ISIL

On 13 November 2014, unidentified militants in Yemen pledged allegiance to ISIL.^[233] By December of that year, ISIL had built an active presence inside Yemen, with its recruitment drive bringing it into direct competition with al-Qaeda-affiliated al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP).^[153][240] In February 2015, it was reported that some members of Ansar al-Sharia in Yemen had split from AQAP and pledged allegiance to ISIL.^[241] As the Yemeni Civil War escalated in March 2015, at least seven ISIL Wilayat, named after existing provincial boundaries in Yemen, claimed responsibility for attacks against the Houthis, including the Hadhramaut Province, the Shabwah Province, and the Sana'a Province.^[242][243]

Shi'a Houthis (Revolutionary Committee) are principal enemies of Yemen's ISIL branch.^[244][245] U.S. supports the Saudi-led military intervention in Yemen against the Houthis,^[246] but many in U.S. SOCOM reportedly favor Houthis, as they have been an effective force in rolling back al-Qaeda and recently ISIL in Yemen, "something that hundreds of U.S. drone strikes and large numbers of advisers to Yemen’s military had failed to accomplish".^[247] The Guardian reported: "As another 50 civilians die in the forgotten war, only Isis and al-Qaida are gaining from a conflict tearing Yemen apart and leaving 20 million people in need of aid."^[248]

West African Province

On 7 March 2015, Boko Haram's leader Abubakar Shekau pledged allegiance to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant via an audio message posted on the organisation's Twitter account.^[249][250] On 12 March 2015, ISIL's spokesman Abu Mohammad al-Adnani released an audio tape in which he welcomed the pledge of allegiance, and described it as an expansion of the group's caliphate into West Africa.^[5] ISIL publications from late March 2015 began referring to members of Boko Haram as part of Wilayat Gharb Afriqiya (West Africa Province).^[243]

North Caucasus Province

Some commanders of the Caucasus Emirate in Chechnya and Dagestan switched their allegiance to ISIL in late 2014 and early 2015.^[251] On 23 June 2015, ISIL spokesman Abu Mohammad al-Adnani accepted the pledges of allegiance and announced a new Caucasus Province (Wilayat al-Qawqaz) under the leadership of Rustam Asildarov.^[7][210]

Southeast Asia

On 23 July 2014, Abu Sayyaf leader Isnilon Totoni Hapilon in the Philippines swore an oath of loyalty to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the leader of ISIL.^[148] In September 2014, the group began kidnapping people to ransom, in the name of ISIL.^[149] In early 2015, members of Khalifa Islamiyah Mindanao pledged allegiance to ISIL. At the same time, Ansar Khalifa Philippines was born from a merger of Ansar Khalifah Sarangani with other umbrella groups that are pro-ISIL in nature.

Palestinian territories

In February 2014, the Mujahideen Shura Council in the Environs of Jerusalem declared its support for ISIL.^[252] On 2 April 2015, elements of this group, along with members of the Army of Islam and the Gaza faction of Ansar Bait al-Maqdis,^[253][254] formed the Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade, also known as Islamic State in Gaza,^[255] as it predominantly operates in the Gaza Strip. The group is opposed to the existence of both the State of Palestine and Israel, and has attacked both Israel and Hamas in the past.^[256][257]

Other areas of operation

• Unidentified militants in Saudi Arabia pledged allegiance to ISIL – designated as a province of ISIL.^[233]
• The Free Sunnis of Baalbek Brigade (Lebanon) pledged allegiance to ISIL.^[46]
• Sons of the Call for Tawhid and Jihad (Jordan) pledged allegiance to ISIL.^[258]
• Janood-ul-Khalifa-e-Hind (India) pledged allegiance to ISIL.^[259]

Leadership and governance

Mugshot of al-Baghdadi by U.S. armed forces while in detention at Camp Bucca in 2004

The group is headed and run by Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. Before their deaths, he had two deputy leaders, Abu Muslim al-Turkmani for Iraq and Abu Ali al-Anbari (also known as Abu Ala al-Afri)^[260] for Syria, both ethnic Turkmen. Advising al-Baghdadi is a cabinet of senior leaders, while it's operations in Iraq amd Syria are controlled by local governors.^[261][262] Beneath the leaders are councils on finance, leadership, military matters, legal matters—including decisions on executions—foreign fighters' assistance, security, intelligence and media. In addition, a shura council has the task of ensuring that all decisions made by the governors and councils comply with the group's interpretation of sharia.^[263]While al-Baghdadi has told followers to "advise me when I err" in sermons, according to observers "any threat, opposition, or even contradiction is instantly eradicated".^[264]

The majority of ISIL's leadership is dominated by Iraqis, especially former members of Saddam Hussein's Ba'ath government who lost their jobs and pensions in De-Ba'athification when his regime was overthrown^[115][265] and the former Chief Strategist in the Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism of the USA, David Kilcullen, has said that "There undeniably would be no Isis if we had not invaded Iraq."^[266] It has been reported that Iraqis and Syrians have been given greater precedence over other nationalities within ISIL because the group needs the loyalties of the local Sunni populations in both Syria and Iraq in order to be sustainable.^[267][268] However, other reports have indicated that Syrians are at a disadvantage to foreign members of ISIL, with some native Syrian fighters resenting "favoritism" allegedly shown towards foreigners over pay and accommodation.^[269][270]

In September 2014, The Wall Street Journal estimated that eight million Iraqis and Syrians live in areas controlled by ISIL.^[271] Al-Raqqah in Syria is the de facto capital, and is said to be a test case of ISIL governance.^[272] As of September 2014, governance in Al-Raqqah has been under the total control of ISIL where it has rebuilt the structure of modern government in less than a year. Former government workers from the Assad government have maintained their jobs after pledging allegiance to ISIL. Institutions, restored and restructured, provide their respective services. The Al-Raqqah dam continues to provide electricity and water. Foreign expertise aids Syrian officials in the running of civilian institutions. Only the police and soldiers are ISIL fighters, who receive confiscated lodging previously owned by non-Sunnis and others who have fled. Welfare services are provided, price controls are established, and taxes are imposed on the wealthy. ISIL runs a soft power programme in the areas under its control in Iraq and Syria, which includes social services, religious lectures and da'wah—proselytising—to local populations. It also performs public services, such as repairing roads and maintaining the electricity supply.^[273]

Haji Bakr was "the strategic head" of ISIL. Prior to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, he had been an Iraqi Army colonel.

British security expert Frank Gardner concluded that ISIL's prospects of maintaining control and rule were greater in 2014 than they had been in 2006, and that despite being as brutal as before, ISIL had become "well entrenched" among the population and was not likely to be dislodged by ineffective Syrian or Iraqi forces. It has replaced corrupt governance with functioning locally controlled authorities, services have been restored and there are adequate supplies of water and oil. With Western-backed intervention being unlikely, the group will "continue to hold their ground" and rule an area "the size of Pennsylvania for the foreseeable future", he said.^[209][274] ISIL has maintained food production, crucial to governance and popular support,^[275] and its 40% control of Iraq's wheat production has further solidified its rule.

Monetary system

On 11 November 2014, ISIL announced its intent to mint its own gold, silver, and copper coins, based on the coinage used by the Umayyad Caliphate in the 7th century. Following the announcement, the group began buying up gold, silver, and copper in markets throughout northern and western Iraq, according to precious metal traders in the area. Members of the group also reportedly began stripping the insulation off electrical power cables to obtain the copper wiring.^[276][277] The announcement included designs of the proposed coins, which displayed imagery including a map of the world, a sword and shield, the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem, and a crescent moon. Economics experts, such as Professor Steven H. Hanke of Johns Hopkins University, were skeptical of the plans.^[277][278] A subsequent report alleged that coins released in Mosul were only gold-plated and not worth their stated value in precious metal.^[279]

Non-combatants

Although ISIL attracts followers from different parts of the world by promoting the image of holy war, not all of its recruits end up in combatant roles. There have been several cases of new recruits expecting to be mujahideen who have returned from Syria disappointed by the everyday jobs that were assigned to them, such as drawing water or cleaning toilets, or by the ban imposed on use of mobile phones during military training sessions.^[280]

ISIL publishes material directed at women. Although women are not allowed to take up arms, media groups encourage them to play supportive roles within ISIL, such as providing first aid, cooking, nursing and sewing skills, in order to become "good wives of jihad".^[281] In a document entitled Women in the Islamic State: Manifesto and Case Study released by the media wing of ISIL's all-female Al-Khanssaa Brigade, emphasis is given to the paramount importance of marriage and motherhood (as early as nine years old). Women should live a life of "sedentariness", fulfilling her "divine duty of motherhood" at home, with a few exceptions like teachers and doctors.^[282][283] Equality for women is opposed, as is education on non-religious subjects, the "worthless worldly sciences".^[283]

Military and resources

Military

ISIL fighters in Anbar province, Iraq

Estimates of the size of ISIL's military vary widely from tens of thousands^[284] up to 200,000.^[26]

Foreign fighters in Syria and Iraq

As of early 2015, journalist Mary Anne Weaver estimates that half of ISIL fighters are made up of foreigners.^[285] A UN report estimated a total of 15,000 fighters from over 80 countries in ISIL's ranks as of November 2014.^[286] US intelligence estimated an increase to around 20,000 foreign fighters in February 2015, including 3,400 from Western countries.^[50] As of September 2015, the CIA estimates that 30,000 foreign fighters have joined ISIL.^[287]

List of nations by ISIL fighter origin (500 or more)^[288]

Country	Population
Tunisia	5,000
Saudi Arabia	2,500
Russia	2,400
France	2,000
Morocco	1,500
Jordan	2,000
Turkey	1,400
Lebanon	900
Germany	700
Libya	600
United Kingdom	600
Indonesia	500
Uzbekistan	500
Pakistan	500

Statistics gathered by nation indicate up to: 3,000 from Tunisia,^[289][290] 2,500 from Saudi Arabia,^[289][290] 1,700 from Russia,^[291] 1,500 from Jordan,^[290] 1,500 from Morocco,^[290] 1,200 from France,^[290] 1,000 from Turkey,^[292] 900 from Lebanon,^[290] 700 from Germany,^[293] 600 from Libya,^[290] 600 from the United Kingdom,^[289][290] 500 from Indonesia,^[294] 500 from Uzbekistan,^[290] 500 from Pakistan,^[290] 440 from Belgium,^[290] 360 from Turkmenistan,^[290] 360 from Egypt,^[290] 350 from Serbia,^[295] 330 from Bosnia,^[290] 300 from China,^[296] 300 from Kosovo,^[297] 300 from Sweden,^[298] 250 from Australia,^[299] 250 from Kazakhstan,^[290] 250 from the Netherlands,^[290] 200-300 from Azerbaijan,^[300] 200 from Austria,^[301] 200 from Algeria,^[290] 200 from Malaysia,^[294] 190 from Tajikistan,^[290] 180 from the United States,^[50] 150 from Norway,^[302] 150 from Denmark,^[290] 140 from Albania,^[295] 133 from Spain,^[303] 130 from Canada,^[304] 110 from Yemen,^[290] 100 from Sudan,^[290] 100 from Kyrgyzstan,^[290] 80 from Italy,^[290] 70–80 from Palestine,^[305] 70 from Somalia,^[290] 70 from Kuwait,^[290] 70 from Finland,^[290] 50 from Ukraine,^[290] 40–50 from Israel,^[305][306] 40 from Ireland,^[307] 40 from Switzerland,^[290] at least 30 from Georgia,^[308] 23 from Argentina,^[309] 18 from India,^[310] 10–12 from Portugal,^[311][312] and 3 from the Philippines.^[313]

According to a statement of a former senior leader of IS, these fighters receive food, petrol and housing but do not receive payment in wages, unlike Iraqi or Syrian fighters.^[314]

Weapons

Conventional weapons

ISIL relies mostly on captured weapons. Major sources are Saddam Hussein's Iraqi stockpiles from the 2003–11 Iraq insurgency^[315] and weapons from government and opposition forces fighting in the Syrian Civil War and during the post-US withdrawal Iraqi insurgency. The captured weapons, including armour, guns, surface-to-air missiles, and even some aircraft, enabled rapid territorial growth and facilitated the capture of additional equipment.^[316]

Non-conventional weapons

The group has a long history of using truck and car bombs, suicide bombers and IEDs, and has used chemical weapons in Iraq and Syria. ISIL captured nuclear materials from Mosul University in July 2014, but is unlikely to be able to turn them into weapons.^[317][318] In ISIL's monthly magazine Dabiq, John Cantlie wrote of a hypothetical scenario where ISIL might be able to buy a nuclear weapon from corrupt officials in Pakistan,^[319] to which India's Minister of State for Defence said, "With the rise of ISIS in West Asia, one is afraid to an extent that perhaps they might get access to a nuclear arsenal from states like Pakistan".^[320]

In September 2015 a US official stated that ISIL was manufacturing and using mustard agent in Syria and Iraq, and had an active chemical weapons research team.^[321][322]

ISIL has used water as a weapon of war. The closing of the gates of the smaller Nuaimiyah dam in Fallujah in April 2014 resulted in the flooding of surrounding regions, while water supply was cut to the Shia-dominated south. Around 12,000 families lost their homes and 200 km² of villages and fields were either flooded or dried up. The economy of the region also suffered with destruction of cropland and electricity shortages.^[323]

Propaganda and social media

The logo of al-Hayat Media Centre, copying the style of Al Jazeera's logo.

ISIL is known for its extensive and effective use of propaganda.^[324][325] It uses a version of the Muslim Black Standard flag and developed an emblem which has clear symbolic meaning in the Muslim world.^[326]

In November 2006, shortly after the group's rebranding as the "Islamic State of Iraq", it established the Al-Furqan Foundation for Media Production, which produces CDs, DVDs, posters, pamphlets, and web-related propaganda products and official statements.^[327] It began to expand its media presence in 2013, with the formation of a second media wing, Al-I'tisam Media Foundation, in March^[328][329] and the Ajnad Foundation for Media Production, specializing in Nasheeds and audio content, in August.^[330] In mid 2014, ISIL established the Al-Hayat Media Center, which targets Western audiences and produces material in English, German, Russian and French.^[331][332] When ISIL announced its expansion to other countries in November 2014 it established media departments for the new branches, and its media apparatus ensured that the new branches follow the same models it uses in Iraq and Syria.^[333]

Al Furqan logo

In December 2014, FBI Director James Comey stated that ISIL's "propaganda is unusually slick. They are broadcasting... in something like 23 languages".^[334]

From July 2014, al-Hayat began publishing a digital magazine called Dabiq, in a number of different languages including English. According to the magazine, its name is taken from the town of Dabiq in northern Syria, which is mentioned in a hadith about Armageddon.^[335] Al-Hayat also publishes a digital magazine in Turkish called Konstantiniyye, the Ottoman word for Istanbul,^[336][337] and another in French called Dar al-Islam.^[338] The group also runs a radio network called Al-Bayan, which airs bulletins in Arabic, Russian and English and provides coverage of its activities in Iraq, Syria and Libya.^[339]

ISIL's use of social media has been described by one expert as "probably more sophisticated than [that of] most US companies".^[324][340] It regularly takes advantage of social media, particularly Twitter, to distribute its message by organising hashtag campaigns, encouraging Tweets on popular hashtags, and utilising software applications that enable ISIL propaganda to be distributed automatically via its supporters' accounts.^[340][341] Another comment is that "ISIS puts more emphasis on social media than other jihadi groups... They have a very coordinated social media presence."^[342] In August 2014, Twitter administrators shut down a number of accounts associated with ISIL. ISIL recreated and publicized new accounts the next day, which were also shut down by Twitter administrators.^[343] The group has attempted to branch out into alternative social media sites, such as Quitter, Friendica and Diaspora; Quitter and Friendica, however, almost immediately worked to remove ISIL's presence from their sites.^[344] The group later began using the encrypted instant messaging service Telegram to disseminate images, videos and updates.^[345]

The release of videos and photographs of beheadings, shootings, caged prisoners being burnt alive or submerged gradually until drowned—has been called "the hallmark" of ISIL.^[346] Journalist Abdel Bari Atwan describes ISIL's media content as part of a "systematically applied policy". The escalating violence of its killings "guarantees" the attention of the media and public. Following the plan of al-Qaeda strategist Abu Bakr Naji, ISIL hopes the "savagery" will lead to a period of "vexation and exhaustion" among its Western enemies, where the US will be drawn into a direct fight with ISIL, and lacking the will to fight a sustained war will be "worn down" militarily.^[264]

Along with images of brutality, ISIL presents itself as "an emotionally attractive place where people 'belong', where everyone is a 'brother' or 'sister'. A kind of slang, melding adaptations or shortenings of Islamic terms with street language, is evolving among the English-language fraternity on social media platforms in an attempt to create a 'jihadi cool'."^[264] The "most potent psychological pitch" of ISIL media is the promise of heavenly reward to dead jihadist fighters. Frequently posted in their media are dead jihadists smiling faces, their 'salute' of a 'right-hand index finger pointing heavenward', and testimonies of their happy widows.^[264] ISIL has also attempted to present a more "rational argument" in a series of videos hosted by the kidnapped journalist John Cantlie. In one video, various current and former US officials were quoted, such as US President Barack Obama and former CIA Officer Michael Scheuer.^[347]

In April 2015 hackers claiming allegiance to ISIL managed to black out 11 global television channels belonging to TV5Monde for several hours, and take over the company's social media pages for nearly a day.^[348] U.S. cybersecurity company FireEye later reported that they believed the cyber-attack was actually carried out by a Russian hacking group, called APT28, with alleged links to the Russian government.^[349]

Anonymous

After the November 2015 Paris attacks, the hacktivist group Anonymous announced that it had declared "war" on ISIL.^[350] Days after the attack, Anonymous tweeted that it had taken down "more than 5,500" Twitter accounts belonging to ISIL supporters. The group also released a "target list" for its members, including "ISIS member Twitter accounts, Syrian Internet Service Providers, and ISIS-related e-mail and Web servers".^[351] A Telegram account allegedly linked to ISIL responded by calling them "idiots".^[352] A spokesman for Twitter told The Daily Dot that Twitter is not using the lists of accounts being reported by Anonymous, as they have been found to be "wildly inaccurate" and include accounts used by academics and journalists.^[353]

Finances

According to a 2015 study by the Financial Action Task Force, ISIL's five primary sources of revenue are as followed (listed in order of significance):

• proceeds from the occupation of territory (including control of banks, oil and gas reservoirs, taxation, extortion, and robbery of economic assets)
• kidnapping for ransom
• donations from Saudi Arabia and Gulf states, often disguised as meant for "humanitarian charity"
• material support provided by foreign fighters
• fundraising through modern communication networks^[354]

In 2014, the RAND Corporation analyzed ISIL’s funding sources from documents captured between 2005 and 2010.^[355] It found that outside donations amounted to only 5% of the group’s operating budgets,^[355] and that cells inside Iraq were required to send up to 20% of the income generated from kidnapping, extortion rackets and other activities to the next level of the group's leadership, which would then redistribute the funds to provincial or local cells that were in difficulties or needed money to conduct attacks.^[355][355]

In mid-2014, Iraqi intelligence obtained information that ISIL had assets worth US$2 billion,^[356] making it the richest jihadist group in the world.^[357] About three-quarters of this sum said to looted from Mosul’s central bank and commercial banks in Mosul.^[358][359] However, doubt was later cast on whether ISIL was able to retrieve anywhere near that sum from the central bank,^[360] and even on whether the bank robberies had actually occurred.^[361]

Since 2012, ISIL has produced annual reports giving numerical information on its operations, somewhat in the style of corporate reports, seemingly in a bid to encourage potential donors.^[324][362]

Oil revenues

One US Treasury official estimated that ISIL earns US$1 million a day from the export of oil.^[363] In 2014, Dubai-based energy analysts put the combined oil revenue from ISIL's Iraqi-Syrian production as high as US$3 million per day.^[364] In 2014, the majority of the group's funding came from the production and sale of energy; it controlled around 300 oil wells in Iraq alone. At its peak, it operated 350 oil wells in Iraq, but lost 45 to foreign airstrikes. It had captured 60% of Syria's total production capacity. About one fifth of its total capacity had been in operation. ISIL earned US$2.5 million a day by selling 50,000 to 60,000 barrels (7,900 to 9,500 cubic metres) of oil daily.^[363][365] Foreign sales rely on a long-standing black market to export via Turkey. Many of the smugglers and corrupt Turkish border guards who helped Saddam Hussein to evade sanctions are helping ISIL to export oil and import cash.^{[356][365][366]} Other energy sales include selling electric power from captured power plants in northern Syria; some of this electricity is reportedly sold back to the Syrian government.^[367]

Sale of antiques and artifacts

Sales of artifacts may be the second largest source of funding for ISIL.^[365] More than a third of Iraq's important sites are under ISIL's control. It looted the 9th century BC grand palace of the Assyrian king Ashurnasirpal II at Kalhu (Nimrud). Tablets, manuscripts and cuneiforms were sold, worth hundreds of millions of dollars. Stolen artifacts are smuggled into Turkey and Jordan. Abdulamir al-Hamdani, an archaeologist from State University of New York at Stony Brook, has said that ISIL is "looting... the very roots of humanity, artifacts from the oldest civilizations in the world".^[365]

Taxation and extortion

ISIL extracts wealth through taxation and extortion.^[363] Regarding taxation, Christians and foreigners are at times required to pay a tax known as jizya. In addition, the group routinely practices extortion, by demanding money from truck drivers and threatening to blow up businesses, for example. Robbing banks and gold shops has been another source of income.^[368] The Iraq government indirectly finances ISIL, as it continues to pay the salaries of the thousands of government employees who continue to work in areas controlled by ISIL, which then confiscates as much as half of those Iraqi government employees' pay.^[369] Policemen, teachers, and soldiers who had worked for religiously inappropriate regimes are reportedly allowed to continue work if they pay for a repentance ID card that has to be annually renewed.^[370]

Illegal drug trade

According to Victor Ivanov, head of the Russian anti-drug agency, ISIL, like Boko Haram, makes money through trafficking Afghan heroin through its territory.^[371] The annual value of this business may be up to US$1 billion.^[371]

Farming

The land between the Tigris and Euphrates in Iraq has produced half of Syria's annual wheat crop and a third of Iraq's, and is able to produce crops worth possibly US$200 million per year, if properly managed.^[370]

Donations by Saudi Arabia and Gulf states

Website The Daily Beast in June 2014 accused Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Qatar of having funded ISIL in the past.^[372][373] Iran and Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki have also accused Saudi Arabia and Qatar of funding the group.^{[372][374][375]} Ahead of the pro-Iraq, anti-ISIL conference held in Paris on 15 September 2014, France's Foreign Minister acknowledged that a number of countries at the table (Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Kuwait were represented) had "very probably" financed ISIL's advances.^[376] According to The Atlantic, ISIL may have been a major part of Saudi Arabian Bandar bin Sultan's covert-ops strategy in Syria.^[377]

Unregistered charity organisations act as fronts to pass funds to ISIL, disguising funding as donations for "humanitarian charity". In order to stop such funding, Saudi Arabia has imposed a blanket ban on unauthorised donations destined for Syria.^[365]

There are sources, however, which stress that there is no evidence that ISIL has direct support from these countries.^{[143][375][378]}

Supporters

Iraq and Syria nationals

According to a Reuters report that cited "jihadist ideologues" as a source, 90% of ISIL's fighters in Iraq are Iraqi, and 70% of its fighters in Syria are Syrian. The article stated that the group has 40,000 fighters and 60,000 supporters across its two primary strongholds in Iraq and Syria.^[27]

Muslim support

According to a poll by Pew Research Center, Muslim populations of various countries have overwhelmingly negative views of ISIS. However, in some countries, such as Pakistan, there are significant minorities of the population with favorable or uncertain views.^[379][380]

Foreign nationals

According to a report to the UN Security Council filed in late March 2015, 22,000 foreign fighters from 100 nations have travelled to Syria and Iraq, most to support ISIL. It warned that Syria and Iraq had become a "finishing school for extremists".^[381] In mid-2014, ISIL's leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi had issued a call, "Rush O Muslims to your state ...".^[382]

A UN report from May 2015 shows that 25,000 "foreign terrorist fighters" from 100 countries have joined "Islamist" groups, many of them working for ISIL or al-Qaeda.^[383]

A 2015 report by the Program on Extremism at George Washington University found in the United States 71 individuals charged with supporting ISIL, 250 traveling or attempting to travel to Syria or Iraq to join ISIL, and about 900 active domestic ISIL-related investigations.^[384]

Groups expressing support for ISIL

The Terrorism Research and Analysis Consortium (TRAC) has identified 60 jihadist groups in 30 countries that have pledged allegiance to or support for ISIL as of mid-November 2014. That many of these groups were previously affiliated with al-Qaeda suggests a shift in global jihadist leadership toward ISIL.^[385]

Members of the following groups have declared support for ISIL, either fully or in part:

• Boko Haram^[386]
• Ansar al-Sharia (Tunisia)^[387][388]
• Jund al-Khilafah^[389]
• Mujahideen Shura Council in the Environs of Jerusalem^[390]
• Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid^[391] – (pledged support to ISIL; the majority of the group split off after its leader pledged allegiance to ISIL)^[391][392]
• Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan^[393][394]
• Jundallah (Pakistan)^[45]
• Caucasus Emirate (Multiple Caucasus Emirate commanders switched allegiance to ISIL)^{[395][396][397]}
• Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade^[255]
• Khalifa Islamiyah Mindanao
  • Jemaah Islamiyah^[398]
  • Abu Sayyaf^[46][399]
  • Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters^[400]
  • Ansar Khalifah Philippines

Allegations of Turkish support

A carnival float depicts Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi and Turkish President Erdoğan, 2016

Turkey has long been accused by experts, Syrian Kurds, and even U.S. Vice-President Joe Biden of supporting or colluding with ISIL.^{[401][402][403]} According to journalist Patrick Cockburn, there is "strong evidence for a degree of collaboration" between the Turkish intelligence services and ISIL, although the "exact nature of the relationship ... remains cloudy".^[404] In July 2014, Cockburn stated that "Saudi Arabia has created a Frankenstein's monster over which it is rapidly losing control. The same is true of its allies such as Turkey which has been a vital back-base for Isis and Jabhat al-Nusra by keeping the 510-mile-long Turkish-Syrian border open."^[405] David L. Phillips of Columbia University's Institute for the Study of Human Rights, who compiled a list of allegations and claims accusing Turkey of assisting ISIL, writes that these allegations "range from military cooperation and weapons transfers to logistical support, financial assistance, and the provision of medical services".^[406] Several ISIL fighters and commanders have claimed that Turkey supports ISIL.^{[407][408][409]} Within Turkey itself, ISIL is believed to have caused increasing political polarisation between secularists and Islamists.^[410]

In July 2015, a raid by US special forces on a compound housing the Islamic State's "chief financial officer", Abu Sayyaf, produced evidence that Turkish officials directly dealt with ranking ISIL members. According to a senior Western official, documents and flash drives seized during the Sayyaf raid revealed links "so clear" and "undeniable" between Turkey and ISIL "that they could end up having profound policy implications for the relationship between us and Ankara".^[401]

Turkey has been further criticised for allowing individuals from outside the region to enter its territory and join ISIL in Syria.^[411][412] With many Islamist fighters passing through Turkey to fight in Syria, Turkey has been accused of becoming a transit country for such fighters and has been labelled the "Gateway to Jihad".^[413] Turkish border patrol officers are reported to have deliberately overlooked those entering Syria, upon payment of a small bribe.^[413] A report by Sky News exposed documents showing that passports of foreign Islamists wanting to join ISIL by crossing into Syria had been stamped by the Turkish government.^[414] An ISIL commander stated that "most of the fighters who joined us in the beginning of the war came via Turkey, and so did our equipment and supplies",^[406][409] adding that ISIL fighters received treatment in Turkish hospitals.^[409]

Allegations of Qatari support

The State of Qatar has long been accused of acting as a conduit for the flow of funds to ISIL. While there is no proof that the Qatari government is behind the movement of funds from the gas-rich nation to ISIL, it has been criticized for not doing enough to stem the flow of financing. Private donors within Qatar, sympathetic to the aims of radical groups such as al-Nusra Front and ISIL, are believed to be channeling their resources to support these organisations.^[415][416] According to the U.S. Treasury Department, a number of terrorist financiers have been operating in Qatar. Qatari citizen Abd al Rahman al Nuaymi has served as an interlocutor between Qatari donors and leaders of al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI). Nuaymi reportedly oversaw the transfer of US$2 million per month to AQI over a period of time. Nuaymi is also one of several of Qatar-based al-Qaeda financiers sanctioned by the U.S.Treasury in recent years. According to some reports, U.S. officials believe that the largest portion of private donations supporting ISIS and al-Qaeda-linked groups now comes from Qatar rather than Saudi Arabia.^[417]

In August 2014, a German minister Gerd Müller accused Qatar of having links to ISIL, stating: "You have to ask who is arming, who is financing ISIS troops. The keyword there is Qatar". Qatari Foreign Minister Khalid bin Mohammad Al Attiyah rejected this statement, saying: "Qatar does not support extremist groups, including [ISIL], in any way. We are repelled by their views, their violent methods and their ambitions."^{[418][419][420][421]}

Allegations of Saudi Arabian support

Although Saudi Arabia's government rejected the claims,^[378] former Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki accused Saudi Arabia of funding ISIL.^[374] Some media outlets, such as NBC, the BBC and The New York Times, and the U.S.-based think tank Washington Institute for Near East Policy have written about individual Saudi donations to the group and the Saudi state's decade-long sponsorship of Wahhabism around the world, but have concluded that there is no evidence of direct Saudi state support for ISIL.^[422][423]

Richard Dearlove, former head of Britain's Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), said that the Saudis were "deeply attracted to any militancy that can effectively challenge Shia-dom [Shia version of Islam]."^[405] He also said: "How much Saudi and Qatari money ... is being channeled towards ISIS, and reaching it? For ISIS to be able to surge into the Sunni areas of Iraq in the way that it has done recently has to be the consequence of substantial and sustained funding. Such things simply do not happen spontaneously."^[424]

Allegations of Syrian support

During the ongoing Syrian Civil War, even though ISIL has repeatedly massacred Alawite civilians and executed captured Syrian Army Alawite soldiers,^{[425][426][427]} with most Alawites supporting President Bashar al-Assad, himself an Alawite,^[428] many opposition and anti-Assad parties in the conflict have accused the Syrian leadership of Bashar Assad of some form of collusion with ISIL,^[429][430] whose dominance in the opposition against the Bashar al-Assad government would give that government a basis for its claim to being under attack by "terrorists" and "a secular bulwark against al-Qaida and jihadi fanaticism".^[431] Several sources have claimed that Islamist prisoners were strategically released from Syrian prisons at the beginning of the Syrian Civil War in 2011.^[432] The Syrian government has bought oil directly from ISIL,^[433] and in March 2015 a European Union report brought to light that the Syrian government and ISIL jointly run a HESCO gas plant in Tabqa, central Syria; the facility continues to supply government-held areas, and electricity continues to be supplied to ISIL-held areas from government-run power plants.^[434] United States Secretary of State John Kerry has stated that the Syrian government has tactically avoided ISIL forces in order to weaken opposition such as the Free Syrian Army (FSA),^[430] as well as "even purposely ceding some territory to them [ISIL] in order to make them more of a problem so he can make the argument that he is somehow the protector against them".^[435] An IHS Jane's Terrorism and Insurgency Center database analysis confirmed that only 6% of Syrian government forces attacks were targeted at ISIL from 1 Jan to 21 November 2014, while in the same period only 13% of all ISIL attacks targeted government forces.^[436] The National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces has stated that the Syrian government has operatives inside ISIL,^[437] as has the leadership of Ahrar ash-Sham.^[438]

On 1 June 2015, the United States embassy Twitter page stated that the Syrian government was "making air-strikes in support" of an ISIL advance on Syrian opposition positions north of Aleppo.^[439] The president of the Syrian National Coalition Khaled Koja accused Assad of acting "as an air force for [ISIL]",^[440] with the Defense Minister of the SNC Salim Idris stating that approximately 180 Syrian government officers were serving in ISIL and coordinating the group's attacks with the Syrian Arab Army.^[441]

A report on 25 June 2015 said that ISIL kept gas flowing to Assad regime-controlled power stations. Furthermore, ISIL allowed grain to pass from the Kurdish-held north-east to regime controlled areas at the cost of a 25% levy.^[442]

Turkish Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu has blamed the rise of ISIL on the international community's inaction towards the Assad regime, which left a vacuum of power in which ISIL was able to grow.^[443]

Human rights abuse and war crime findings

In July 2014, the BBC reported the United Nations' chief investigator as stating: "Fighters from the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) may be added to a list of war crimes suspects in Syria."^[444] By June 2014, according to United Nations reports, ISIL had killed hundreds of prisoners of war^[445] and over 1,000 civilians.

In November 2014, the UN Commission of Inquiry on Syria said that ISIL was committing crimes against humanity.^[446][447] A report by Human Rights Watch in November 2014 accused ISIL groups in control of Derna, Libya of war crimes and human rights abuses and of terrorizing residents. Human Rights Watch documented three apparent summary executions and at least ten public floggings by the Islamic Youth Shura Council, which joined ISIL in November. It also documented the beheading of three Derna residents and dozens of seemingly politically motivated assassinations of judges, public officials, members of the security forces and others. Sarah Leah Watson, Director of HRW Middle East and North Africa, said: "Commanders should understand that they may face domestic or international prosecution for the grave rights abuses their forces are committing."^[448]

Speaking of ISIL's methods, the United Nations Commission on Human Rights has stated that the group "seeks to subjugate civilians under its control and dominate every aspect of their lives through terror, indoctrination, and the provision of services to those who obey".^[449]

Religious and minority group persecution

Yazidi refugees on Mount Sinjar in August 2014

ISIL compels people in the areas that it controls to live according to its interpretation of sharia law.^[450][451] There have been many reports of the group's use of death threats, torture and mutilation to compel conversion to Islam,^[450][451] and of clerics being killed for refusal to pledge allegiance to the so-called "Islamic State".^[452] ISIL directs violence against Shia Muslims, Alawites, Assyrian, Chaldean, Syriac and Armenian Christians, Yazidis, Druze, Shabaks and Mandeans in particular.^[453]

ISIL fighters are targeting Syria's minority Alawite sect.^[425][428] The Islamic State and affiliated jihadist groups reportedly took the lead in an offensive on Alawite villages in Latakia Governorate of Syria in August 2013.^[426][454]

Amnesty International has held ISIL responsible for the ethnic cleansing of ethnic and religious minority groups in northern Iraq on a "historic scale", putting entire communities "at risk of being wiped off the map of Iraq". In a special report released on 2 September 2014, it described how ISIL had "systematically targeted non-Arab and non-Sunni Muslim communities, killing or abducting hundreds, possibly thousands, of individuals and forcing more than 830,000 others to flee the areas it has captured since 10 June 2014". Among these people were Assyrian Christians, Turkmen Shia, Shabak Shia, Kaka'i, Yazidis and Sabean Mandeans, who have lived together for centuries in Nineveh province, large parts of which have come under ISIL's control.^[53][455]

Among the known killings of religious and minority group civilians carried out by ISIL are those in the villages and towns of Quiniyeh (70–90 Yazidis killed), Hardan (60 Yazidis killed), Sinjar (500–2,000 Yazidis killed), Ramadi Jabal (60–70 Yazidis killed), Dhola (50 Yazidis killed), Khana Sor (100 Yazidis killed), Hardan (250–300 Yazidis killed), al-Shimal (dozens of Yazidis killed), Khocho (400 Yazidis killed and 1,000 abducted), Jadala (14 Yazidis killed)^[456] and Beshir (700 Shia Turkmen killed),^[457] and others committed near Mosul (670 Shia inmates of the Badush prison killed),^[457] and in Tal Afar prison, Iraq (200 Yazidis killed for refusing conversion).^[456] The UN estimated that 5,000 Yazidis were killed by ISIL during the takeover of parts of northern Iraq in August 2014.^[458] In late May 2014, 150 Kurdish boys from Kobani aged 14–16 were abducted and subjected to torture and abuse, according to Human Rights Watch.^[459] In the Syrian towns of Ghraneij, Abu Haman and Kashkiyeh 700 members of the Sunni Al-Shaitat tribe were killed for attempting an uprising against ISIL control.^[460][461] The UN reported that in June 2014 ISIL had killed a number of Sunni Islamic clerics who refused to pledge allegiance to it.^[452]

Christians living in areas under ISIL control who want to remain in the "caliphate" face three options: converting to Islam, paying a religious levy—jizya—or death.^[462][463] "We offer them three choices: Islam; the dhimma contract – involving payment of jizya; if they refuse this they will have nothing but the sword", ISIL said.^[464] ISIL had already set similar rules for Christians in Al-Raqqah, once one of Syria's more liberal cities.^[465][466]

On 23 February 2015, in response to a major Kurdish offensive in the Al-Hasakah Governorate, ISIL abducted 150 Assyrian Christians from villages near Tal Tamr (Tell Tamer) in northeastern Syria, after launching a large offensive in the region.^[467][468]

Kurdish officials have claimed that ISIL's campaign against Kurdish and Yezidi enclaves, such as Sinjar, are part of an organised Arabization plan.^[469]

Treatment of civilians

During the Iraqi conflict in 2014, ISIL released dozens of videos showing its ill treatment of civilians, many of whom had apparently been targeted on the basis of their religion or ethnicity. Navi Pillay, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, warned of war crimes being committed in the Iraqi war zone, and disclosed a UN report of ISIL militants murdering Iraqi Army soldiers and 17 civilians in a single street in Mosul. The UN reported that in the 17 days from 5 to 22 June, ISIL killed more than 1,000 Iraqi civilians and injured more than 1,000.^{[470][471][472]} After ISIL released photographs of its fighters shooting scores of young men, the UN declared that cold-blooded "executions" by militants in northern Iraq almost certainly amounted to war crimes.^[473]

ISIL's advance in Iraq in mid-2014 was accompanied by continuing violence in Syria. On 29 May, ISIL raided a village in Syria and at least 15 civilians were killed, including, according to Human Rights Watch, at least six children.^[474] A hospital in the area confirmed that it had received 15 bodies on the same day.^[475] The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that on 1 June, a 102-year-old man was killed along with his whole family in a village in Hama province.^[476] According to Reuters, 1,878 people were killed in Syria by ISIL during the last six months of 2014, most of them civilians.^[477]

In Mosul, ISIL has implemented a sharia school curriculum which bans the teaching of art, music, national history, literature and Christianity. Although Charles Darwin's theory of evolution has never been taught in Iraqi schools, the subject has been banned from the school curriculum. Patriotic songs have been declared blasphemous, and orders have been given to remove certain pictures from school textbooks.^{[478][479][480][481]} Iraqi parents have largely boycotted schools in which the new curriculum has been introduced.^[482]

After capturing cities in Iraq, ISIL issued guidelines on how to wear clothes and veils. ISIL warned women in the city of Mosul to wear full-face veils or face severe punishment.^[483] A cleric told Reuters in Mosul that ISIL gunmen had ordered him to read out the warning in his mosque when worshippers gathered. ISIL ordered the faces of both male and female mannequins to be covered, in an order which also banned the use of naked mannequins.^[484] In Al-Raqqah the group uses its two battalions of female fighters in the city to enforce compliance by women with its strict laws on individual conduct.^[485]

ISIL released 16 notes labelled "Contract of the City", a set of rules aimed at civilians in Nineveh. One rule stipulated that women should stay at home and not go outside unless necessary. Another rule said that stealing would be punished by amputation.^[273][486] In addition to the Muslim custom of banning the sale and use of alcohol, ISIL has banned the sale and use of cigarettes and hookah pipes. It has also banned "music and songs in cars, at parties, in shops and in public, as well as photographs of people in shop windows".^[487]

According to The Economist, Saudi practices also followed by the group include the establishment of religious police to root out "vice" and enforce attendance at salat prayers, the widespread use of capital punishment, and the destruction of Christian churches and non-Sunni mosques or their conversion to other uses.^[180]

ISIL carried out executions on both men and women who were accused of various acts and found guilty of crimes against Islam such as sodomy, adultery, usage and possession of contraband, rape, blasphemy, witchcraft,^[488] renouncing Islam and murder. Before the accused are executed their charges are read to them and the spectators. Executions take various forms, including stoning to death, crucifixions, beheadings, burning people alive, and throwing people from tall buildings.^{[489][490][491][492]}

The Islamic State militants were accused of using civilian residents of towns as human shields.^[493] The Telegraph reported that "Extremist fighters are deliberately hiding among civilian buildings and residents to try to prevent strikes."^[494][495] Civil rights activist told ARA News that "ISIS militants prevent the people of Manbij and Jarablus from leaving their hometowns despite the fierce airstrikes by Russian warplanes".^[496]

Child soldiers

According to a report by the magazine Foreign Policy, children as young as six are recruited or kidnapped and sent to military and religious training camps, where they practice beheading with dolls and are indoctrinated with the religious views of ISIL. Children are used as human shields on front lines and to provide blood transfusions for Islamic State soldiers, according to Shelly Whitman of the Roméo Dallaire Child Soldiers Initiative. The second installment of a Vice News documentary about ISIL focused on how the group is specifically grooming children for the future. A spokesman told VICE News that those under the age of 15 go to sharia camp to learn about religion, while those older than 16 can go to military training camp. Children are also used for propaganda. According to a UN report, "In mid-August, ISIL entered a cancer hospital in Mosul, forced at least two sick children to hold the ISIL flag and posted the pictures on the internet." Misty Buswell, a Save the Children representative working with refugees in Jordan, said, "It's not an exaggeration to say we could lose a whole generation of children to trauma."^[497] A UN report indicated that at least 89 children, mostly from the ages of 12 to 16 had been killed fighting for the Islamic State in 2015, 39% of which died in suicide bombing attacks.^[498]

Sexual violence and slavery

Sexual violence perpetrated by ISIL includes using rape as a weapon of war;^[499] instituting forced marriages to its fighters;^[500] and trading women and girls as sex slaves.^[501]

There are many reports of sexual abuse and enslavement in ISIL-controlled areas of women and girls, predominantly from the minority Christian and Yazidi communities.^[502][503] Fighters are told that they are free to have sex with or rape non-Muslim captive women.^[504] Haleh Esfandiari from the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars has highlighted the abuse of local women by ISIL militants after they have captured an area. "They usually take the older women to a makeshift slave market and try to sell them. The younger girls ... are raped or married off to fighters", she said, adding, "It's based on temporary marriages, and once these fighters have had sex with these young girls, they just pass them on to other fighters."^[505]

The capture of Iraqi cities by the group in June 2014 was accompanied by an upsurge in crimes against women, including kidnap and rape.^{[506][507][508]} According to Martin Williams in The Citizen, some hard-line Salafists apparently regard extramarital sex with multiple partners as a legitimate form of holy war and it is "difficult to reconcile this with a religion where some adherents insist that women must be covered from head to toe, with only a narrow slit for the eyes".^[509]

As of August 2015, the trade in sex slaves appeared to remain restricted to Yazidi women and girls.^[501] It has reportedly become a recruiting technique to attract men from conservative Muslim societies, where dating and casual sex are not allowed.^[501] Nazand Begikhani said of the Yazidi victims, "These women have been treated like cattle ... They have been subjected to physical and sexual violence, including systematic rape and sex slavery. They've been exposed in markets in Mosul and in Raqqa, Syria, carrying price tags."^[510] According to UN Reports the price list for IS sex slaves range from 40 to 160 US dollars. The younger the slave the more expensive. Girls and boys between the age 1–9 are referred to as the most expensive, with the cheapest being women between 40 and 50 years old.^[511] According to another source the price of a slave equals the price of an AK-47.^[512]

A United Nations report issued on 2 October 2014, based on 500 interviews with witnesses, said that ISIL took 450–500 women and girls to Iraq's Nineveh region in August, where "150 unmarried girls and women, predominantly from the Yazidi and Christian communities, were reportedly transported to Syria, either to be given to ISIL fighters as a reward or to be sold as sex slaves".^[503] In mid-October, the UN confirmed that 5,000–7,000 Yazidi women and children had been abducted by ISIL and sold into slavery.^[458][513] In November 2014 The New York Times reported on the accounts given by five who escaped ISIL of their captivity and abuse.^[514] In December 2014, the Iraqi Ministry of Human Rights announced that ISIL had killed over 150 women and girls in Fallujah who refused to participate in sexual jihad.^[515][516] Non-Muslim women have reportedly been married off to fighters against their will. ISIL claims the women provide the new converts and children necessary to spread ISIL's control.^[517]

Shortly after the death of US hostage Kayla Mueller was confirmed on 10 February 2015,^[518] several media outlets reported that the US intelligence community believed she may have been given as a wife to an ISIL fighter.^{[519][520][521]} In August 2015 it was confirmed that she had been forced into marriage^[522] to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, who raped her repeatedly.^{[523][524][525]} The Mueller family was informed by the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) that Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi had sexually abused Ms. Mueller, and that Ms. Mueller had also been tortured.^[525] Abu Sayyaf's widow, Umm Sayyaf, confirmed that it was her husband who had been Mueller's primary abuser.^[526]

In its digital magazine Dabiq, ISIL explicitly claimed religious justification for enslaving Yazidi women.^{[527][528][529]} According to The Wall Street Journal, ISIL appeals to apocalyptic beliefs and claims "justification by a Hadith that they interpret as portraying the revival of slavery as a precursor to the end of the world".^[530] ISIL appeals to the Hadith and Qur'an when claiming the right to enslave and rape captive non-Muslim women.^{[527][531][532]} According to Dabiq, "enslaving the families of the kuffar and taking their women as concubines is a firmly established aspect of the Sharia's that if one were to deny or mock, he would be denying or mocking the verses of the Qur'an and the narration of the Prophet ... and thereby apostatizing from Islam." Captured Yazidi women and children are divided among the fighters who captured them, with one fifth taken as a tax.^[532][533] ISIL has received widespread criticism from Muslim scholars and others in the Muslim world for using part of the Qur'an to derive a ruling in isolation, rather than considering the entire Qur'an and Hadith.^{[527][531][532]} According to Mona Siddiqui, ISIL's "narrative may well be wrapped up in the familiar language of jihad and 'fighting in the cause of Allah', but it amounts to little more than destruction of anything and anyone who doesn't agree with them"; she describes ISIL as reflecting a "lethal mix of violence and sexual power" and a "deeply flawed view of manhood".^[517] Dabiq describes "this large-scale enslavement" of non-Muslims as "probably the first since the abandonment of Shariah law".^[532][533]

YJÊ are women fighters trained by the Kurdish Workers Party guerillas to defend themselves against Islamist extremists.

In late 2014, ISIL released a pamphlet that focused on the treatment of female slaves.^[534][535] It claims that the Quran allows fighters to have sex with captives, including adolescent girls, and to beat slaves as discipline. The pamphlet's guidelines also allow fighters to trade slaves, including for sex, as long as they have not been impregnated by their owners.^{[534][535][536]} Charlie Winter, a researcher at the counter-extremist think tank Quilliam, described the pamphlet as "abhorrent".^[536][537] In response to this document Abbas Barzegar, a religion professor at Georgia State University, said Muslims around the world find ISIL's "alien interpretation of Islam grotesque and abhorrent".^[538] Muslim leaders and scholars from around the world have rejected the validity of ISIL's claims, claiming that the reintroduction of slavery is un-Islamic, that they are required to protect "People of the Scripture" including Christians, Jews, Muslims and Yazidis, and that ISIL's fatwas are invalid due to their lack of religious authority and the fatwas' inconsistency with Islam.^[539][540]

The Independent reported in 2015 that the usage of Yazidi sex slaves had created ongoing friction among fighters within ISIL. Sajad Jiyad, a Research Fellow and Associate Member at the Iraqi Institute for Economic Reform, told the newspaper that many ISIL supporters and fighters had been in denial about the trafficking of kidnapped Yazidi women until a Dabiq article justifying the practice was published.^[541][542] The New York Times said in August 2015 that "[t]he systematic rape of women and girls from the Yazidi religious minority has become deeply enmeshed in the organization and the radical theology of the Islamic State in the year since the group announced it was reviving slavery as an institution."^[501] The article claims that ISIL is not merely exonerating but sacralising rape, and illustrated this with the testimony of escapees. One 15-year-old victim said that, while she was being assaulted, her rapist "kept telling me this is ibadah"; a 12-year-old victim related how her assailant claimed that, "by raping me, he is drawing closer to God";^[501] and one adult prisoner told how, when she challenged her captor about repeatedly raping a 12 year old, she was met with the retort, "No, she's not a little girl, she's a slave and she knows exactly how to have sex and having sex with her pleases God."^[501]

Attacks on members of the press

The Committee to Protect Journalists states: "Without a free press, few other human rights are attainable."^[543] ISIL has tortured and murdered local journalists,^[544][545] creating what Reporters Without Borders calls "news blackholes" in areas controlled by ISIL. ISIL fighters have reportedly been given written directions to kill or capture journalists.^[546]

In December 2013, two suicide bombers stormed the headquarters of TV station Salaheddin and killed five journalists, after accusing the station of "distorting the image of Iraq's Sunni community". Reporters Without Borders reported that on 7 September 2014, ISIL seized and on 11 October publicly beheaded Raad al-Azzawi, a TV Salaheddin cameraman from the village of Samra, east of Tikrit.^[547] As of October 2014, according to the Journalistic Freedoms Observatory, ISIL is holding nine journalists and has nine others under close observation in Mosul and Salahuddin province.^[546]

During 2013 and part of 2014, an ISIL unit nicknamed the Beatles acquired and held 12 Western journalists hostage, along with aid workers and other foreign hostages, totalling 23 or 24 known hostages. A Polish journalist Marcin Suder was captured in July 2013 but escaped four months later.^[548] The unit executed American journalists James Foley and Steven Sotloff and released beheading videos. Eight of the other journalists were released for ransom: Danish journalist Daniel Rye Ottosen, French journalists Didier François, Edouard Elias, Nicolas Hénin, and Pierre Torres, and Spanish journalists Marc Marginedas, Javier Espinosa, and Ricardo García Vilanova. The unit continues to hold hostage British journalist John Cantlie and a female aid worker.^[549]

Cyber-security group the Citizen Lab released a report finding a possible link between ISIL and a digital attack on the Syrian citizen media group Raqqa Is Being Slaughtered Silently (RSS). Supporters of the media group received an emailed link to an image of supposed airstrikes, but clicking on the link introduced malware to the user's computer that sends details of the user's IP address and system each time it restarts. That information has been enough to allow ISIL to locate RSS supporters. "The group has been targeted for kidnappings, house raids, and at least one alleged targeted killing. At the time of that writing, ISIL was allegedly holding several citizen journalists in Raqqa", according to the Citizen Lab report.^[550]

On 8 January 2015, ISIL members in Libya claimed to have executed Tunisian journalists Sofiene Chourabi and Nadhir Ktari who disappeared in September 2014.^[551] Also in January 2015, Japanese journalist Kenji Goto was kidnapped and beheaded, after a demand for a $200 million ransom payment was not met.^[552]

Beheadings and mass executions

An unknown number of Syrians and Iraqis, several Lebanese soldiers, male and female Kurdish fighters near Kobanî, two American journalists, one American and two British aid workers, 30 Ethiopian Christians^[553] and 21 Egyptian Coptic Christians in Libya^[554] have been beheaded by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. ISIL uses beheadings to intimidate local populations and has released a series of propaganda videos aimed at Western countries.^[51] ISIL was reported to have beheaded about 100 foreign fighters as deserters who tried to leave Raqqa.^[555]

They also engage in public and mass executions of Syrian and Iraqi soldiers and civilians,^[428] sometimes forcing prisoners to dig their own graves before shooting lines of prisoners and pushing them in.^[556][557] Among the known mass executions of captured soldiers carried out by ISIL are those in Tikrit (ISIS executed up to 1,700 Shia Iraqi Air Force cadets from Camp Speicher near Tikrit on 12 June 2014),^[558][559] Al-Thawrah (ISIS executed 250 Syrian soldiers captured at the Al-Tabqa air base between 27 and 28 August 2014),^[560] Palmyra (up to 280 Syrian soldiers and government loyalists were shot in the head or beheaded in a public square on 22 May 2015),^[561] and Deir ez-Zor (ISIS killed at least 300 Syrian soldiers, pro-government militiamen and their families on 16 January 2016).^[562]

ISIS executed 600 Shia prisoners in Mosul in June 2014.^[563] In November 2014, there were reports that ISIS fighters massacred more than 630 members of the Albu Nimr tribe in Iraq. Albu Nimr was one of the Sunni Arab tribes that fiercely opposed the Islamic State.^[564] On 17 December 2014, it was reported by Turkish media, that the ISIS had executed at least 150 women from the Albu Nimr tribe in Falluja for refusing to marry ISIS militants.^[565]

Use of chemical weapons

Kurds in northern Iraq reported being attacked by ISIS with chemical weapons in August 2015,^[566] which was later confirmed to be mustard gas.^[567] At Kobanî, it is highly likely that ISIS used chlorine gas. These chemical weapons may be from a chemical weapons storage site at Al-Muthanna, which contained 2,500 chemical rockets. Although the rockets' chemical contents were deteriorated, ISIS may have used them in a concentrated manner.^[568]

Destruction of cultural and religious heritage

UNESCO's Director-General Irina Bokova has warned that ISIL is destroying Iraq's cultural heritage, in what she has called "cultural cleansing". "We don't have time to lose because extremists are trying to erase the identity, because they know that if there is no identity, there is no memory, there is no history", she said. Referring to the ancient cultures of Christians, Yazidis and other minorities, she said, "This is a way to destroy identity. You deprive them of their culture, you deprive them of their history, their heritage, and that is why it goes hand in hand with genocide. Along with the physical persecution they want to eliminate – to delete – the memory of these different cultures. ... we think this is appalling, and this is not acceptable."^[569] Saad Eskander, head of Iraq's National Archives said, "For the first time you have cultural cleansing... For the Yazidis, religion is oral, nothing is written. By destroying their places of worship ... you are killing cultural memory. It is the same with the Christians – it really is a threat beyond belief."^[570]

The mosque dedicated to Jonah in Mosul prior to its July 2014 demolition by ISIL

To finance its activities, ISIL is stealing artifacts from Syria^[571] and Iraq and sending them to Europe to be sold. It is estimated that ISIL raises US$200 million a year from cultural looting. UNESCO has asked for United Nations Security Council controls on the sale of antiquities, similar to those imposed after the 2003 Iraq War. UNESCO is working with Interpol, national customs authorities, museums, and major auction houses in attempts to prevent looted items from being sold.^[570] ISIL occupied Mosul Museum, the second most important museum in Iraq, as it was about to reopen after years of rebuilding following the Iraq War, saying that the statues were against Islam and threatening to destroy the museum's contents.^[572][573]

ISIL considers worshipping at graves tantamount to idolatry, and seeks to purify the community of unbelievers. It has used bulldozers to crush buildings and archaeological sites.^[573] Bernard Haykel has described al-Baghdadi's creed as "a kind of untamed Wahhabism", saying, "For Al Qaeda, violence is a means to an ends; for ISIS, it is an end in itself".^[12] The destruction by ISIL in July 2014 of the tomb and shrine of the prophet Yunus—Jonah in Christianity—the 13th-century mosque of Imam Yahya Abu al-Qassimin, the 14th-century shrine of prophet Jerjis—St George to Christians—and the attempted destruction of the Hadba minaret at the 12th-century Great Mosque of Al-Nuri have been described as "an unchecked outburst of extreme Wahhabism".^[574] "There were explosions that destroyed buildings dating back to the Assyrian era", said National Museum of Iraq director Qais Rashid, referring to the destruction of the shrine of Yunus. He cited another case where "Daesh (ISIL) gathered over 1,500 manuscripts from convents and other holy places and burnt all of them in the middle of the city square".^[575] In March 2015, ISIL reportedly bulldozed the 13th-century BC Assyrian city of Nimrud, believing its sculptures to be idolatrous. UNESCO head, Irina Bokova, deemed this to be a war crime.^[576]

ISIL has burned or stolen collections of books and papers from the various locations including the Central Library of Mosul (which they rigged with explosives and burned down),^[577] the library at the University of Mosul, a Sunni Muslim library, a 265-year-old Latin Church and Monastery of the Dominican Fathers, and the Mosul Museum Library. Some destroyed or stolen works date back to 5000 BC and include "Iraq newspapers dating to the early 20th century, maps and books from the Ottoman Empire, and book collections contributed by about 100 of Mosul’s establishment families." The stated goal is to destroy all non-Islamic books.^[578]

Classification

Designation as a terrorist organisation

Organisation	Date	Body	References
Multinational organisations
United Nations	18 October 2004 (as al-Qaeda in Iraq) 30 May 2013 (after separation from al‑Qaeda)	United Nations Security Council	[579][580][581]
European Union	2004	EU Council (via adoption of UN al-Qaeda Sanctions List)	[582]
Nations
United Kingdom	March 2001 (as part of al-Qaeda) 20 June 2014 (after separation from al‑Qaeda)	Home Secretary of the Home Office	[583]
United States	17 December 2004 (as al-Qaeda in Iraq)	United States Department of State	[584]
Australia	2 March 2005 (as al-Qaeda in Iraq) 14 December 2013 (after separation from al‑Qaeda)	Attorney-General for Australia	[585]
Canada	20 August 2012	Parliament of Canada	[586]
Turkey	30 October 2013	Grand National Assembly of Turkey	[587][588]
Saudi Arabia	7 March 2014	Royal decree of the King of Saudi Arabia	[589]
Indonesia	1 August 2014	National Counter-terrorism Agency BNPT	[590]
United Arab Emirates	20 August 2014	United Arab Emirates Cabinet	[591]
Malaysia	24 September 2014	Ministry of Foreign Affairs	[592]
Egypt	30 November 2014	The Cairo Court for Urgent Matters	[593][594]
India	16 December 2014	Ministry of Home Affairs	[595][596]
Russia	29 December 2014	Supreme Court of Russia	[597]
Kyrgyzstan	25 March 2015	Kyrgyz State Committee of National Security	[598]
Syria			[599]
Jordan			[600]
Pakistan	29 August 2015	Ministry of Interior	[601]

The United Nations Security Council in its Resolution 1267 (1999) described Osama bin Laden and his al-Qaeda associates as operators of a network of terrorist training camps.^[602] The UN's Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee first listed ISIL in its Sanctions List under the name "Al-Qaida in Iraq" on 18 October 2004, as an entity/group associated with al-Qaeda. On 2 June 2014, the group was added to its listing under the name "Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant". The European Union adopted the UN Sanctions List in 2002.^[582]

People lay flowers outside the French embassy in Moscow in memory of the victims of the November 2015 Paris attacks.

Many world leaders and government spokespeople have called ISIL a terrorist group or banned it, without their countries having formally designated it as such. The following are examples:

The Government of Germany banned ISIL in September 2014. Activities banned include donations to the group, recruiting fighters, holding ISIL meetings and distributing its propaganda, flying ISIL flags,^[603] wearing ISIL symbols and all ISIL activities. "The terror organisation Islamic State is a threat to public safety in Germany as well", said German politician Thomas de Maizière. He added, "Today’s ban is directed solely against terrorists who abuse religion for their criminal goals."^[604] Being a member of ISIL is also illegal in accordance with §129a and §129b of the German criminal code.^[605]

In October 2014, Switzerland banned ISIL's activities in the country, including propaganda and financial support of the fighters, with prison sentences as potential penalties.^[606]

In mid-December 2014, India banned ISIL after the arrest of an operator of a pro-ISIL Twitter account.^[607]

Pakistan designated ISIL as a banned organisation in late August 2015, under which all elements expressing sympathy for the group would be blacklisted and sanctioned.^[601]

Media sources worldwide have described ISIL as a terrorist organisation.^{[32][115][324][368][450][590]}

Terrorist group, militia, or territorial authority

By 2014, ISIL was increasingly being viewed as a militia rather than a terrorist group.^[608] As major Iraqi cities fell to ISIL in June 2014, Jessica Lewis, a former U.S. Army intelligence officer at the Institute for the Study of War, described ISIL at that time as

not a terrorism problem anymore, [but rather] an army on the move in Iraq and Syria, and they are taking terrain. They have shadow governments in and around Baghdad, and they have an aspirational goal to govern. I don't know whether they want to control Baghdad, or if they want to destroy the functions of the Iraqi state, but either way the outcome will be disastrous for Iraq.^[608]

Supporters of the Turkish Labour Party protesting in London following the 2015 Ankara bombings

Lewis has called ISIL

an advanced military leadership. They have incredible command and control and they have a sophisticated reporting mechanism from the field that can relay tactics and directives up and down the line. They are well-financed, and they have big sources of manpower, not just the foreign fighters, but also prisoner escapees.^[608]

Former U.S. Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel saw an "imminent threat to every interest we have", but former top counter-terrorism adviser Daniel Benjamin has derided such alarmist talk as a "farce" that panics the public.^[609]

Former British Foreign Secretary David Miliband concluded that the 2003 invasion of Iraq caused the creation of ISIL.^[610]

Some news commentators, such as international newspaper columnist Gwynne Dyer,^[611] and samples of American public opinion, such as surveys by NPR,^[612] have advocated a strong but measured response to ISIL's recent provocative acts. Writing for The Guardian, Pankaj Mishra rejects the idea that the group is a resurgence of medieval Islam, saying instead:

In actuality, Isis is the canniest of all traders in the flourishing international economy of disaffection: the most resourceful among all those who offer the security of collective identity to isolated and fearful individuals. It promises, along with others who retail racial, national and religious supremacy, to release the anxiety and frustrations of the private life into the violence of the global.^[613]

Criticism and controversy

Islamic criticism

Extremism within Islam goes back to the 7th century, to the Kharijites. From their essentially political position, the Kharijites developed extreme doctrines which set them apart from both mainstream Sunni and Shia Muslims. They were particularly noted for adopting a radical approach to takfir, whereby they declared other Muslims to be unbelievers and therefore deemed worthy of death.^{[614][615][616][617]}

ISIL has received severe criticism from other Muslims, especially religious scholars and theologians. In late August 2014, the Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia, Abdul-Aziz ibn Abdullah Al ash-Sheikh, condemned ISIL and al-Qaeda saying, "Extremist and militant ideas and terrorism which spread decay on Earth, destroying human civilization, are not in any way part of Islam, but are enemy number one of Islam, and Muslims are their first victims".^[618] In late September 2014, 126 Sunni imams and Islamic scholars—primarily Sufi^[619]—from around the Muslim world signed an open letter to the Islamic State's leader al-Baghdadi, explicitly rejecting and refuting his group's interpretations of Islamic scriptures, the Quran and hadith, used by it to justify its actions.^[540][620] "[You] have misinterpreted Islam into a religion of harshness, brutality, torture and murder ... this is a great wrong and an offence to Islam, to Muslims and to the entire world", the letter states.^[539] It rebukes the Islamic State for its killing of prisoners, describing the killings as "heinous war crimes" and its persecution of the Yazidis of Iraq as "abominable". Referring to the "self-described 'Islamic State'", the letter censures the group for carrying out killings and acts of brutality under the guise of jihad—holy struggle—saying that its "sacrifice" without legitimate cause, goals and intention "is not jihad at all, but rather, warmongering and criminality".^[539][621] It also accuses the group of instigating fitna—sedition—by instituting slavery under its rule in contravention of the anti-slavery consensus of the Islamic scholarly community.^[539] Other scholars have described the group as not Sunnis, but Khawarij.^[615][622]

Kurdish demonstration against ISIL in Vienna, Austria, 10 October 2014

According to The New York Times, "All of the most influential jihadist theorists are criticizing the Islamic State as deviant, calling its self-proclaimed caliphate null and void" and have denounced it for its beheading of journalists and aid workers.^[12] ISIL is widely denounced by a broad range of Islamic clerics, including al-Qaeda-oriented and Saudi clerics.^[11][12] Muhammad al-Yaqoubi states, "It is enough of a proof of the extreme ideology of ISIS that the top leaders of Salafi-Jihadism have disclaimed it."^[623]

Sunni critics, including Salafi and jihadist muftis such as Adnan al-Aroor and Abu Basir al-Tartusi, say that ISIL and related terrorist groups are not Sunnis, but modern-day Kharijites (Muslims who have stepped outside the mainstream of Islam) serving an imperial anti-Islamic agenda.^[624][625] Other critics of ISIL's brand of Sunni Islam include Salafists who previously publicly supported jihadist groups such as al-Qaeda: for example, the Saudi government official Saleh Al-Fawzan, known for his extremist views, who claims that ISIL is a creation of "Zionists, Crusaders and Safavids", and the Jordanian-Palestinian writer Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi, the former spiritual mentor to Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, who was released from prison in Jordan in June 2014 and accused ISIL of driving a wedge between Muslims.^[625]

The group's declaration of a caliphate has been criticised and its legitimacy disputed by Middle Eastern governments, other jihadist groups,^[626] and Sunni Muslim theologians and historians. Qatar-based TV broadcaster and theologian Yusuf al-Qaradawi stated: "[The] declaration issued by the Islamic State is void under sharia and has dangerous consequences for the Sunnis in Iraq and for the revolt in Syria", adding that the title of caliph can "only be given by the entire Muslim nation", not by a single group.^[627] The group's execution of Muslims for breach of traditional sharia law while violating it itself (encouraging women to emigrate to its territory, traveling without a Wali—male guardian—and in violation of his wishes) has been criticized;^[628] as has its love of archaic imagery (horsemen and swords) while engaging in bid‘ah (religious innovation) in establishing female religious police (known as Al-Khansaa Brigade).^[629] In a similar vein, the Syrian Islamic scholar Muhammad al-Yaqoubi says, "[t]he followers of ISIS do not want to adhere to Islamic law but rather they want to twist Islamic law to conform to their fantasies. To this end, they pick and choose the evidences that corroborate their misguidance, despite being weak or abrogated."^[630]

Two days after the beheading of Hervé Gourdel, hundreds of Muslims gathered in the Grand Mosque of Paris to show solidarity against the beheading. The protest was led by the leader of the French Council of the Muslim Faith, Dalil Boubakeur, and was joined by thousands of other Muslims around the country under the slogan "Not in my name".^[631][632] French president François Hollande said Gourdel's beheading was "cowardly" and "cruel", and confirmed that airstrikes would continue against ISIL in Iraq. Hollande also called for three days of national mourning, with flags flown at half-mast throughout the country and said that security would be increased throughout Paris.^[631]

Kurdish youth activists killed by a suicide attack in Suruç. Protests erupted across Turkey.

An Islamic Front Sharia Court Judge in Aleppo Mohamed Najeeb Bannan stated "The legal reference is the Islamic Sharia. The cases are different, from robberies to drug use, to moral crimes. It's our duty to look at any crime that comes to us. . . After the regime has fallen, we believe that the Muslim majority in Syria will ask for an Islamic state. Of course, it's very important to point out that some say the Islamic Sharia will cut off people's hands and heads, but it only applies to criminals. And to start off by killing, crucifying etc. That is not correct at all." In response to being asked what the difference between the Islamic Front's and ISIL's version of sharia would be, he said "One of their mistakes is before the regime has fallen, and before they've established what in Sharia is called Tamkeen [having a stable state], they started applying Sharia, thinking God gave them permission to control the land and establish a Caliphate. This goes against the beliefs of religious scholars around the world. This is what [IS] did wrong. This is going to cause a lot of trouble. Anyone who opposes [IS] will be considered against Sharia and will be severely punished."^[633][634]

Al-Qaeda & Al-Nusra have been trying to take advantage of ISIL's rise by trying to present itself as "moderate" compared to "extremist" ISIL while it has the same aim of establishing sharia and a caliphate but doing it in a more gradual manner.^{[635][636][637][638][639]} Al-Nusra criticized the way ISIL fully and immediately instituted Sharia since it alienated people too much, with a gradual, slower approach favored by Al-Qaeda by preparing society to accept it and indoctrinating people through education before implementing the hudud aspects of Sharia like tossing gays off buildings, chopping limbs off, and public stoning.^[189] Nusra and ISIL are both hostile towards the Druze, however while Nusra has typically destroyed Druze shrines and pressured them to convert to Sunni Islam, ISIL regards the entire community as a valid target for violence like they do with the Yazidis.^[640]

Ayman al-Zawahiri called for the use of consultation (shura) within the "prophetic method" to be used when establishing the caliphate, criticizing Baghdadi for not following the required steps, Zawahiri called upon ISIL members to close ranks and join Al-Qaeda to fight against Assad, Shia, Russia, Europe, and America and stop the infighting between jihadist groups, calling for jihadists to establish Islamic entities in Egypt and the Levant, slowly implementing Sharia before establishing a caliphate and calling for violent assaults against America and the West.^[641]

Great Pyramid of Giza lit up by images of the flags of France, Lebanon and Russia in solidarity with victims of recent terrorist attacks, 16 November 2015

The Jaysh al-Islam group within the Islamic Front criticized ISIL, saying: "They killed the people of Islam and leave the idol worshippers" and "They use the verses talking about the disbelievers and implement it on the Muslims".^[642] The main criticism of defectors from ISIL has been that the group is fighting and killing other Sunni Muslims,^[643] as opposed to just non-Sunnis being brutalized.^[644][645] Some defectors from ISIL are in fact spies and operatives who continue working for ISIL and faking their defections.^[646]

The current Grand Imam of al-Azhar and former president of al-Azhar University, Ahmed el-Tayeb has strongly condemned the Islamic State stating that is acting "under the guise of this holy religion and have given themselves the name 'Islamic State' in an attempt to export their false Islam"^[647][648] and (citing the Quran) that: "The punishment for those who wage war against God and his Prophet and who strive to sow corruption on earth is death, crucifixion, the severing of hands and feet on opposite sides or banishment from the land. This is the disgrace for them in this world and in the hereafter they will receive grievous torment." Although el-Tayeb has been criticized for not expressly stating that the Islamic State is heretical,^[649][650] the Ash'ari school of Islamic theology, to which el-Tayeb belongs, does not allow calling a person who follows the shahada an apostate.^[649] El-Tayeb has strongly come out against the practice of takfirism (declaring a Muslim an apostate) which is used by the Islamic State to "judge and accuse anyone who doesn’t tow their line with apostasy and outside the realm of the faith" declaring "Jihad on peaceful Muslims" using "flawed interpretations of some Qur’anic texts, the prophet’s Sunna, and the Imams’ views believing incorrectly, that they are leaders of Muslim armies fighting infidel peoples, in unbelieving lands".^[651]

In late December 2015, nearly 70,000 Indian Muslim clerics associated with the Indian Barelvi movement issued a fatwa condemning ISIL and similar organizations, saying they are "not Islamic organizations". Approximately 1.5 million Sunni Muslim followers of this movement have formally decried violent extremists.^{[652][653][654]}

Mehdi Hasan, a political journalist in the UK, said in the New Statesman,

Whether Sunni or Shia, Salafi or Sufi, conservative or liberal, Muslims – and Muslim leaders – have almost unanimously condemned and denounced ISIL not merely as un-Islamic but actively anti-Islamic.^[655]

Hassan Hassan, an analyst at the Delma Institute, wrote in The Guardian that because the Islamic State "bases its teachings on religious texts that mainstream Muslim clerics do not want to deal with head on, new recruits leave the camp feeling that they have stumbled on the true message of Islam".^[175] In mid-February 2015, Graeme Wood, a lecturer in political science at Yale University, said in The Atlantic, "The religion preached by its most ardent followers derives from coherent and even learned interpretations of Islam."^[183]

International criticism

The group has attracted widespread criticism internationally for its extremism, from governments and international bodies such as the United Nations and Amnesty International. On 24 September 2014, United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon stated: "As Muslim leaders around the world have said, groups like ISIL – or Da’ish – have nothing to do with Islam, and they certainly do not represent a state. They should more fittingly be called the 'Un-Islamic Non-State'."^[656] The group was described as a cult in a Huffington Post column by notable cult authority Steven Hassan.^[657]

Criticism of the name "Islamic State" and "caliphate" declaration

The group's declaration of a new caliphate in June 2014 and its adoption of the name "Islamic State" have been criticised and ridiculed by Muslim scholars and rival Islamists both inside and outside the territory it controls.^{[73][74][75][658]} In a speech in September 2014, President Obama said that ISIL is not "Islamic" on the basis that no religion condones the killing of innocents and that no government recognises the group as a state,^[79] while many object to using the name "Islamic State" owing to the far-reaching religious and political claims to authority which that name implies. The United Nations Security Council, the United States, Canada, Turkey, Australia, Russia, the United Kingdom^{[76][77][78][79][659][660][661]} and other countries generally call the group "ISIL", while much of the Arab world uses the Arabic acronym "Dāʻish". France's Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius said "This is a terrorist group and not a state. I do not recommend using the term Islamic State because it blurs the lines between Islam, Muslims, and Islamists. The Arabs call it 'Daesh' and I will be calling them the 'Daesh cutthroats.'"^[662] Retired general John Allen, the U.S. envoy appointed to co-ordinate the coalition, U.S. military Lieutenant General James Terry, head of operations against the group, and Secretary of State John Kerry had all shifted toward use of the term DAESH by December 2014.^[663]

The Battle of Kobanî

In late August 2014, a leading Islamic educational institution, Dar al-Ifta al-Misriyyah in Egypt, advised Muslims to stop calling the group "Islamic State" and instead refer to it as "Al-Qaeda Separatists in Iraq and Syria" or "QSIS", because of the militant group's "un-Islamic character".^[664][665] When addressing the United Nations Security Council in September 2014, Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott summarised the widespread objections to the name "Islamic State" thus: "To use this term [Islamic State] is to dignify a death cult; a death cult that, in declaring itself a caliphate, has declared war on the world".^[666] The group is very sensitive about its name. "They will cut your tongue out even if you call them ISIS – you have to say 'Islamic State'", said a woman in ISIL-controlled Mosul.^[667]

In mid-October 2014, representatives of the Islamic Society of Britain, the Association of British Muslims and the UK's Association of Muslim Lawyers proposed that "'Un-Islamic State' (UIS) could be an accurate and fair alternative name to describe this group and its agenda", further stating, "We need to work together and make sure that these fanatics don't get the propaganda that they feed off."^[668][669] The "Islamic State" is mocked on social media websites such as Twitter and YouTube, with the use of hashtags, mock recruiting ads, fake news articles and YouTube videos.^[670]

Conspiracy theories

Conspiracy theorists in the Arab world have advanced rumours that the U.S.A. is secretly behind the existence and emboldening of ISIL, as part of an attempt to further destabilize the Middle East. After such rumors became widespread, the U.S. embassy in Lebanon issued an official statement denying the allegations, calling them a complete fabrication.^[671] The rumours claim that ISIL leader al-Baghdadi is an Israeli Mossad agent and actor called Simon Elliot and that NSA documents leaked by Edward Snowden reveal this connection. Snowden's lawyer has called the story "a hoax."^[672]

According to The New York Times, many in the Middle East believe that an alliance of the United States, Israel, and Saudi Arabia is directly responsible for the creation of ISIL. Egyptian, Tunisian, Palestinian, Jordanian and Lebanese news organisations have reported on the conspiracy theory.^[673][674]

Countries and groups at war with ISIL

A map of all state-based opponents of ISIL
     Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve
     Other state based opponents
     Territories held by ISIL

ISIL's expanding claims to territory have brought it into armed conflict with many governments, militias and other armed groups. International rejection of ISIL as a terrorist entity and rejection of its claim to even exist have placed it in conflict with countries around the world.

Opposition within Asia and Africa

Iraq and the Levant		Africa	Other Asia
	Iraq-based opponents Iraqi Armed Forces Iraqi Army Iraqi Air Force Special Operations Forces Iraqi Police Service Iraqi Kurdistan Peshmerga Protection Force of Sinjar (HPŞ)[675] Nineveh Plain Protection Units (NPU) Dwekh Nawsha Koma Civakên Kurdistan People's Defence Forces (PKK)[676][677] Free Women's Units (PKK) Sinjar Resistance Units (YBŞ)[675] Popular Mobilization Forces Badr Organisation Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq Peace Companies Kata'ib Hezbollah Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada Kata'ib al-Imam Ali Abu al-Fadl al-Abbas Forces Iraqi Turkmen Front[678] Shabak Militia[679] Other Levant-based opponents Hezbollah[680] Lebanese Armed Forces[681] Lebanese Army Internal Security Forces Jordanian Armed Forces[682] Turkish Armed Forces[683] Israel Defense Forces[684][685][686][687] Hamas[688]	Syria-based opponents Syrian Armed Forces[689] Syrian Army Syrian Air Force National Defence Force Ba'ath Brigades Syrian Resistance Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command Palestine Liberation Army Fatah al-Intifada Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas Sootoro Syrian Opposition[690][691][692] Free Syrian Army[691] Islamic Front Army of Mujahedeen Islamic Union of the Soldiers of the Levant Sham Legion Criterion Brigades[693] Syrian Turkmen Brigades Syrian Kurdistan[694] People's Protection Units (YPG) Women's Protection Units (YPJ) Syriac Military Council[695] Sutoro[696] Local guerrillas[697] al-Qaeda al-Nusra Front[698] with localised truces and co-operation at times[699]	North Africa-based opponents Egyptian Armed Forces[700] Egyptian Air Force Egyptian Rapid Deployment Forces Libyan Armed Forces Libyan Air Force[701] Libyan Ground Forces[702] Abu Salim Martyrs Brigade (Libyan militia)[703] Fajr Libya battalion (Libyan militia)[704] Algerian Armed Forces[705] West Africa-based opponents Nigerian Armed Forces[161] Niger Armed Forces[706] Chadian Armed Forces[707] Cameroonian Armed Forces[706] Benin Armed Forces[706]	Arabian peninsula-based opponents Yemeni Armed Forces[153] Armed Forces of Saudi Arabia[708] Bahrain Defence Force Kuwaiti Armed Forces Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces Union Defence Force (UAE)[709] al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula[153] Houthis[710] South Asia-based opponents Afghan Armed Forces[154] Indian Armed Forces[711] Taliban[156][712][713] Pakistan Armed Forces[714][715] Southeast Asia-based opponents Indonesian National Armed Forces[716] Malaysian Armed Forces[716] Tatmadaw[716] Armed Forces of the Philippines[148][717][718] Singapore Armed Forces[716] Royal Thai Armed Forces[716]

The Global Coalition to Counter the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

Airstrikes in Syria by 24 September 2014

The Global Coalition to Counter the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), also referred to as the Counter-ISIL Coalition or Counter-DAESH Coalition,^[719] is a US-led group of nations and non-state actors that have committed to "work together under a common, multifaceted, and long-term strategy to degrade and defeat ISIL/Daesh". According to a joint statement issued by 59 national governments and the European Union on 3 December 2014, participants in the Counter-ISIL Coalition are focused on multiple lines of effort:^[720]

1. Supporting military operations, capacity building, and training;
2. Stopping the flow of foreign terrorist fighters;
3. Cutting off ISIL/Daesh's access to financing and funding;
4. Addressing associated humanitarian relief and crises; and
5. Exposing ISIL/Daesh's true nature (ideological delegitimisation).

Operation Inherent Resolve is the operational name given by the US to military operations against ISIL and Syrian al-Qaeda affiliates. Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve (CJTF–OIR) is co-ordinating the military portion of the response.

The following multi-national organisations are part of the Counter-ISIL Coalition:^[720]
Arab League — coordinating member response^[721]
European Union – declared to be part, 27 members are participating, Malta not participating;^[720]
NATO – all 28 members are taking part;
Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf or GCC – all six current members and the two pending members, Jordan and Morocco, are taking part.

Military operations in or over Iraq and/or Syria airstrikes, air support, and ground forces performing training	Supplying military equipment to opposition forces within Iraq and/or Syria in co-operation with EU/NATO/partners	Humanitarian and other contributions to identified coalition objectives
	NATO members: United States[722][723][724] Belgium[722] Canada[722] (humanitarian aid and Iraqi Army training)[725] Denmark[722] France[722] Germany[722][726] Italy[722] Netherlands[727] Norway[728] Portugal[720][729] Spain[730] Turkey[722][731][732] United Kingdom[722][733] CCASG members and pending members: Bahrain[726] Jordan (pending CCASG member)[682][726] Morocco[734][735][720] (pending CCASG member) Saudi Arabia[146] United Arab Emirates[726] Other: Australia[722] New Zealand[720][736] (humanitarian aid and Iraqi Army training)[726][737][738] Singapore[739] (announced) Part of the anti-ISIL coalition engaged in anti-ISIL military operations within their own borders[720] Iraq[726] Lebanon[726] Egypt[726] Note: Listed countries in this box may also be supplying military and humanitarian aid, and contributing to group objectives in other ways.	NATO members: (also EU members except Albania) Albania[740] Bulgaria[741] Croatia[742] Czech Republic[726][727] Estonia[726][727] Greece[743] Hungary[726][727] Poland[722] Bosnia and Herzegovina[744] Note: These countries may also be supplying humanitarian aid and contributing to group objectives in other ways.	NATO members: (who are also EU members, except Iceland) Czech Republic[720] Iceland[720] Latvia[720] Lithuania[720] Luxembourg[720] (humanitarian aid)[726] Romania[720] Slovakia[720] (humanitarian aid)[726] Slovenia[720] European Union members (not in NATO) Austria[720] (humanitarian aid) Finland[745][746] Ireland[720] (humanitarian aid) Sweden[720] (humanitarian aid)[726] CCASG members: Kuwait[720] (humanitarian aid,[726] airbase use) Oman[720] Other Georgia[720][726] Japan[720] (humanitarian aid)[726] South Korea[720] (humanitarian aid)[726] Macedonia[720] Republic of Moldova[720] Montenegro[720] Serbia[720] Somalia[720] Switzerland (humanitarian aid)[726] Taiwan[720] Ukraine[720]

Other state opponents not part of the Counter-ISIL Coalition

Iran^[747][748] – ground troops, training and air power (see Iranian intervention in Iraq)

Russian Sukhoi Su-34 in Syria

Russia^[749][750] – arms supplier to Iraqi and Syrian governments. In June 2014, the Iraqi army received Russian Sukhoi Su-25 and Sukhoi Su-30 fighter aircraft to combat the ISIL.^[751] Security operations within state borders in 2015.^[752][753] Airstrikes in Syria (see Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War).^{[754][755][756]}

Azerbaijan^[757][758] – security operations within state borders

Pakistan – Military deployment over Saudi Arabia-Iraq border. Arresting ISIL figures in Pakistan.^{[759][760][761]}

Other non-state opponents

al-Qaeda^[762]

• al-Nusra Front^[698]—with localised truces and co-operation at times
• al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula^[153]
  

  Syriac Military Council logo
• al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb^[763]
• Al-Shabaab^[764]

Taliban^[712][765]

Peshmerga soldiers in Sinjar (2015)

Hamas^[766]
Kurdistan Workers' Party—ground troops in Iraqi Kurdistan and in Syrian Kurdistan^[767]
Hezbollah^[680]
Houthis—Shia faction in Yemen, fighting for control of the country^[710]

Al-Qaeda

Al-Nusra Front is a branch of al-Qaeda operating in Syria. Al-Nusra has launched many attacks and bombings, mostly against targets affiliated with or supportive of the Syrian government.^[768] There have been media reports that many of al-Nusra's foreign fighters have left to join al-Baghdadi's ISIL.^[769]

In February 2014, after continued tensions, al-Qaeda publicly disavowed any relations with ISIL.^[56] However, ISIL and al-Nusra Front still cooperate with each other occasionally when they fight against the Syrian government.^{[770][771][772]}

The two groups [ISIL and al-Nusra] share a nihilistic worldview, a loathing for modernity, and for the West. They subscribe to the same perverted interpretations of Islam. Other common traits include a penchant for suicide attacks, and sophisticated exploitation of the internet and social media. Like ISIL, several Al Qaeda franchises are interested in taking and holding territory; AQAP has been much less successful at it. The main differences between Al Qaeda and ISIL are largely political—and personal. Over the past decade, Al Qaeda has twice embraced ISIL (and its previous manifestations) as brothers-in-arms.

— Bobby Ghosh, "ISIL and Al Qaeda: Terror’s frenemies", Quartz^[773]

On 10 September 2015, an audio message was released by al-Qaeda's leader Ayman al-Zawahiri criticizing ISIL's self-proclaimed caliphate and accusing it of "sedition". This was described by some media outlets as a "declaration of war".^[774] However, although al-Zawahiri denied ISIL's legitimacy, he suggested that there was still room for cooperation against common enemies, and said that if he were in Iraq, he would fight alongside ISIL.^[775]

Timeline of events

2013 events.

Index 2014 events: January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December.

Index 2015 events: January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December.

Index 2016 events: January, February, March, April, May

See also

• 2014 American rescue mission in Syria
• List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War
• List of wars and battles involving ISIL
• Management of Savagery
• Operation Inherent Resolve

Notes

1. or Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham

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Bibliography

• Gerhard Böwering, ed. (2013). The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13484-0.
• Abass, Ademola (2014). Complete International Law: Text, Cases and Materials (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Al-Yaqoubi, Muhammad (2015). Refuting ISIS: A Rebuttal Of Its Religious And Ideological Foundations. Sacred Knowledge. ISBN 978-1908224125.
• Fishman, Brian (2008). "Using the Mistakes of al Qaeda's Franchises to Undermine Its Strategies". Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 618: 46–54. doi:10.1177/0002716208316650. JSTOR 40375774.
• Simon, Steven (2008). "The Price of the Surge: How U.S. Strategy Is Hastening Iraq's Demise". Foreign Affairs 87 (3): 57–72, 74–76. JSTOR 20032651.
• Isis: the inside story. "One of the Islamic State's senior commanders reveals details of the terror group's origins inside an Iraqi prison." The Guardian
• Wood, Graeme (March 2015). What ISIS Really Wants. "The Islamic State is no mere collection of psychopaths. It is a religious group with carefully considered beliefs, among them that it is a key agent of the coming apocalypse. Here's what that means for its strategy—and for how to stop it." The Atlantic
• Fraile Ordonez, Siobhan. "The Non-Islamic Non-State". St Andrews Foreign Affairs Review.
• Boffey, Daniel. "'Islamic State' is a slur on our faith, say leading Muslims". The Guardian.

External links

• The Islamic State. The Council on Foreign Relations
• Islamic State group: The full story. BBC News
• This Is the Promise of Allah (PDF) (declaration), The Islamic State, 29 June 2014.
• Frontline: Losing Iraq (July 2014), The Rise of ISIS (October 2014), Obama at War (May 2015), Escaping ISIS (July 2015), documentaries by PBS
• The Islamic State - Full Length, documentary by Vice News (August 2014)
• "ISIS: Portrait of a Jihadi Terrorist Organization" – Report by the Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center.
• From Chechnya To Syria & Analysis of Russian-speaking Foreign Fighters in Syria
• Operation Inherent Resolve updates
• ISIL frontline maps (Iraq and Syria)
• The Islamic State – Jihadology Research project by Aaron Zelin