Diamant

For other uses, see Diamant (disambiguation).

**Diamant**
Size

Function	Small launch vehicle
Manufacturer	SEREB
Country of origin	France
Height	A: 18.95 m B: 23.5 m BP4: 21.6 m (A: 62.17 ft B: 77 ft BP4: 70.7 ft)
Diameter	1.34 m (4.39 ft)
Mass	18,400 kg (40,500 lb)
Stages	3
Capacity
Payload to LEO	160 kg (350 lb)
Launch history
Status	Retired
Launch sites	A: Hammaguir B/BP4: Kourou
Total launches	12 (A :4, B: 5, BP4: 3)
Successes	9 (A: 3, B: 3, BP4: 3)
Failures	3 (A: 1, B: 2)
First flight	A: 26 November 1965 B:10 March 1970 BP4:6 February 1975
Last flight	A: 15 February 1967 B:21 May 1973 BP4: 27 September 1975
First stage (Diamant A) - Emeraude
Engines	4 Vexin B
Thrust	301.55 kN (67,791 lb_f)
Specific impulse	221 sec
Burn time	93 seconds
Fuel	N2O4/UDMH
First stage (Diamant B/BP4) - L-17
Engines	4 Vexin C
Thrust	396.52 kN (89,142 lb_f)
Specific impulse	221 sec
Burn time	110 seconds
Fuel	N2O4/UDMH
Second stage (Diamant A/B) - Topaze
Engines	1 Solid
Thrust	120.082 kN (26,996 lb_f)
Specific impulse	255 sec
Burn time	39 seconds
Fuel	Solid
Second stage (Diamant BP4) - P-4
Engines	1 Solid
Thrust	176 kN (39,566 lb_f)
Specific impulse	273 sec
Burn time	55 seconds
Fuel	Solid
Third stage (Diamant A) - P-6
Engines	1 Solid
Thrust	29.4 kN (6,609 lb_f)
Specific impulse	211 sec
Burn time	39 seconds
Fuel	Solid
Third stage (Diamant B/BP4) - P-6
Engines	1 Solid
Thrust	50 kN (11,240 lb_f)
Specific impulse	211 sec
Burn time	46 seconds
Fuel	Solid

The Diamant rocket (Diamant is French for "diamond") was the first exclusively French expendable launch system and at the same time the first satellite launcher not built by either the USA or USSR. As such it is the main predecessor of all subsequent European launcher projects. It was derived from the military program Pierres précieuses (fr.: gemstones) that included the five prototypes Agate, Topaze, Emeraude, Rubis and Saphir (Agate, Topaz, Emerald, Ruby and Sapphire).

Design of the Diamant began in 1962, as the inaugural spacecraft project of France's space agency, the CNES. Out of 12 launch attempts between 1965 and 1975, 9 were successful. Most notably, the Diamant was used to put the first French satellite, Astérix, into orbit on November 26, 1965. Despite the success, France abandoned its national launcher program in favor of the European Ariane launcher in 1975.

Three successive versions of the Diamant rocket were developed, designated A, B and BP4. All versions had three stages and a payload of approximately 150 kg for a 200 km orbit.

Variants

Diamant A

Diamant A seen from the fairing in Musée de l'Air

This was the first version of the Diamant rocket. It was used to launch the Astérix and subsequently three other small satellites during 1965-67 from the base at Hammaguir in Algeria. Remarkably for a newly developed system, all four attempted launched were partly successful, the only failure occurring on the second launch when the payload was inserted into a lower orbit than planned. It possessed a first stage of 10 m, 1.4 metres in diameter, and a weight of 14.7 metric tons. Their engines of the type LRBA Vexin supplied a thrust of 269 kN for 93 seconds. The second stage was 4.7 metres long and had a diameter of 80 centimetres. It weighed 2.9 metric tons and developed a thrust of 165 kN for a duration of 44 seconds. The third stage of 2.65 m in diameter. Its weight amounted to 709 kilograms. It burned for 45 seconds and developed a thrust of 27 kN to 53 kN. Completely installed, a Diamond A was 18.95 metres high and weighed 18.4 metric tons.

Diamant B

An improved version of the Diamant A with a more powerful first stage. Five satellite launches were attempted between 1970 and 1973, of which the last two failed. All launches took place from Kourou in French Guyana.

Its first stage was 14.2 meters long, had a diameter of 1.4 meters and weighed 20.1 metric tons. Its engine developed a thrust of 316 kN to 400 kN (as a function of the flight altitude) for 116 seconds. The second stage the Diamond B corresponded to that the Diamond A. The third stage was 1.67 meters long and had a diameter of 80 centimeters. It developed a thrust of 24 kN for 46 seconds. Completely assembled a Diamond B was 23.5 meters high and weighed 24.6 metric tons.

Diamant BP4

This version incorporated a new second stage, while carrying the first and third stages over from its predecessor. It performed three successful launches in 1975, putting a total of four satellites into orbit. Its second stage, which was derived from the MSBS rocket, was 2.28 metres long and 1.5 metres in diameter and developed a thrust of 180 kN for 55 seconds.

Launch history

Diamant flights
Date	Variant	Payload	Launch Site	Remarks	Notes
November 26, 1965	Diamant A	Asterix	Hammaguir	Success
February 17, 1966	Diamant A	Diapason	Hammaguir	Success
February 8, 1967	Diamant A	Diadème 1	Hammaguir	Partial Failure	Orbit too low
February 15, 1967	Diamant A	Diadème 2	Hammaguir	Success
March 10, 1970	Diamant B	Mika / Wika	Kourou	Success
December 12, 1970	Diamant B	Péole	Kourou	Success
April 15, 1971	Diamant B	Tournesol	Kourou	Success
December 6, 1971	Diamant B	Polaire	Kourou	Failed to orbit	Second stage failed
May 21, 1973	Diamant B	Castor / Pollux	Kourou	Failed to orbit	Fairing not separated
February 6, 1975	Diamant BP4	Starlette	Kourou	Success
May 17, 1975	Diamant BP4	Castor / Pollux	Kourou	Success
September 27, 1975	Diamant BP4	Aura	Kourou	Success

External links

Capcom eSpace (French language page with history on French/ESA rockets)
Encyclopedia Astronautica (Diamant)
Encyclopedia Astronautica (Precious Stones series of French rockets built in the 1950s-1960s)

Orbital launch systems

Current	Angara 1.2 A5 Antares Ariane 5 Atlas V Delta II IV Dnepr-1 Epsilon Falcon 9 full thrust GSLV GSLV Mk III H-IIA H-IIB Kuaizhou Long March 2C 2D 2F 3A 3B 3C 4B 4C 6 11 Minotaur I IV V C Pegasus Proton-M PSLV Rokot Safir Shavit Strela Soyuz U FG 2 2.1a 2.1b 2-1v Unha Vega Zenit 2M 3SL 3SLB 3F

In development	Angara A5P A5V Ariane 6 Athena Ic IIc III Ausroc IV Electron Falcon Heavy Firefly α FT-1 H3 Haas KZ-11 Long March 5 7 8 9 LauncherOne Mayak Naga-1 Naro-2 OREL RPS (420, 550) Simorgh SLS Southern Cross Soyuz-5 SPARK Tronador II ULV VLM Vulcan

Retired	Ariane 1 2 3 4 ASLV Athena I II Atlas B D E/F G H I II III LV-3B SLV-3 Able Agena Centaur Black Arrow Conestoga Delta A B C D E G J L M N 0100 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 III Diamant Energia Europa Falcon 1 Falcon 9 v1.0 v1.1 Feng Bao 1 H-I H-II Juno I Juno II Kaituozhe-1 Kosmos 1 2I 3 3M Lambda 4S Long March 1 2A 2E 3 4A Mu 4S 3C 3H 3S 3SII V N1 N-I N-II Naro-1 Paektusan Pilot Proton UR-500 K R-7 Luna Molniya M L Polyot Soyuz L M U2 Soyuz/Vostok Sputnik Voskhod Vostok L K 2 2M R-29 Shtil' Volna Saturn I IB V INT-21 Scout SLV Space Shuttle Sparta Start-1 Thor Able Ablestar Agena Burner Delta DSV-2U Thorad-Agena Titan II GLV IIIA IIIB IIIC IIID IIIE 34D 23G CT-3 IV Tsyklon 2 3 Vanguard Zenit-2

European orbital launch systems

Active	Ariane 5 Vega

In development	Ariane 6 Bloon Bloostar North Star Skylon SOAR microsatellite launcher

Retired	Ariane 1 2 3 4 Black Arrow Diamant Europa

Cancelled	Aldebaran Ariane 5 ME Ariane M Capricornio Hopper HOTOL Hyperion SSTO Liquid Fly-back Booster Derivatives MUSTARD OTRAG

Other: Haas rockets (USA, formerly Romania, in development), Liberty (USA-Europe concept, cancelled)

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