Soyuz-2 (rocket)

Soyuz 2 (Soyuz-2.1a / 2.1b / ST-A / ST-B)

A MetOp spacecraft ready for the launch atop a Soyuz-2.1a rocket.
Function	Orbital carrier rocket
Manufacturer	TsSKB-Progress
Country of origin	Russia
Size
Height	46.3 m (152 ft)[1]
Diameter	2.95 m (9 ft 8 in)
Mass	312,000 kg (688,000 lb)[1]
Stages	2 or 3
Capacity
Payload to LEO[lower-alpha 1]	2.1a: 7,020 kg (15,480 lb) 2.1b: 8,200 kg (18,100 lb)[1]
Payload to SSO[lower-alpha 2]	ST-A: 4,230 kg (9,330 lb) ST-B: 4,900 kg (10,800 lb)[2]
Payload to GTO[lower-alpha 3]	ST-A: 2,810 kg (6,190 lb) ST-B: 3,250 kg (7,170 lb)[2]
Associated rockets
Family	R-7 (Soyuz)
Launch history
Status	Active
Launch sites	Baikonur Site 31/6 Plesetsk Site 43 Kourou ELS Vostochny Site 1S
Total launches	60 (2.1a: 28, 2.1b: 30, 2.1v: 2)
Successes	55 (2.1a: 26, 2.1b: 28, 2.1v: 1)
Failures	2 (2.1a: 1, 2.1b: 1, 2.1v: 0)
Partial failures	3 (2.1a: 1, 2.1b: 1, 2.1v: 1)
First flight	2.1a: 8 November 2004 2.1b: 27 December 2006 2.1v: 28 December 2013
Notable payloads	CoRoT Galileo GLONASS Progress
Boosters - Blok-B,V,G,D[3]
No. boosters	4
Length	19.6 m (64 ft)
Diameter	2.68 m (8.8 ft)
Empty mass	3,784 kg (8,342 lb)
Gross mass	44,413 kg (97,914 lb)
Propellant mass	39,160 kg (86,330 lb)
Engines	RD-107A
Thrust	Sea level: 839.48 kN (188,720 lbf) Vacuum: 1,019.93 kN (229,290 lbf)
Specific impulse	Sea level: 263.3 s (2.582 km/s) Vacuum: 320.2 s (3.140 km/s)
Burn time	118 seconds
Fuel	LOX / RG-1
First stage - Blok-A[3]
Length	27.10 m (88.9 ft)
Diameter	2.95 m (9.7 ft)
Empty mass	6,545 kg (14,429 lb)
Gross mass	99,765 kg (219,944 lb)
Propellant mass	90,100 kg (198,600 lb)
Engines	RD-108A
Thrust	Sea level: 792.41 kN (178,140 lbf) Vacuum: 921.86 kN (207,240 lbf)
Specific impulse	Sea level: 257.7 s (2.527 km/s) Vacuum: 320.6 s (3.144 km/s)
Burn time	286 seconds
Fuel	LOX / RG-1
Second stage - Blok-I[3]
Length	6.70 m (22.0 ft)
Diameter	2.66 m (8 ft 9 in)
Empty mass	2,355 kg (5,192 lb)
Gross mass	27,755 kg (61,189 lb)
Propellant mass	25,400 kg (56,000 lb)
Engines	2.1a / STA: RD-0110 2.1b / STB: RD-0124
Thrust	RD-0110: 298 kN (67,000 lbf) RD-0124: 294.3 kN (66,200 lbf)
Specific impulse	RD-0110: 326 seconds RD-0124: 359 seconds
Burn time	270 seconds
Fuel	LOX / RG-1
Upper stage (optional) - Fregat / Fregat-M / Fregat-MT[4]
Length	1.5 m (4.9 ft)
Diameter	Fregat / Fregat-M: 3.35 m (11.0 ft) Fregat-MT: 3.80 m (12.5 ft)
Empty mass	Fregat: 930 kg (2,050 lb) Fregat-M: 980 kg (2,160 lb) Fregat-MT: 1,050 kg (2,310 lb)
Propellant mass	Fregat: 5,250 kg (11,570 lb) Fregat-M: 5,600 kg (12,300 lb) Fregat-MT: 7,100 kg (15,700 lb)
Engines	S5.92
Thrust	19.85 kN (4,460 lbf)
Specific impulse	333.2 seconds
Burn time	1100 seconds
Fuel	N2O4 / UDMH
Upper stage (optional) - Volga[5]
Length	1.025 m (3.36 ft)
Diameter	3.2 m (10 ft)
Empty mass	840 kg (1,850 lb)
Propellant mass	300–900 kg (660–1,980 lb)
Engines	17D64[6]
Thrust	2.94 kN (660 lbf)
Specific impulse	307 seconds
Fuel	N2O4 / UDMH

Soyuz-2, GRAU index 14A14, is the collective designation for the new version of the Russian Soyuz rocket. In its basic form, it is a three-stage carrier rocket for placing payloads into low Earth orbit. The first-stage boosters and two core stages feature uprated engines with improved injection systems, compared to the previous versions of the Soyuz. Digital flight control and telemetry systems allow the rocket to be launched from a fixed launch platform, whereas the launch platforms for earlier Soyuz rockets had to be rotated as the rocket could not perform a roll to change its heading in flight.

Soyuz-2 is often flown with an upper stage, which allows it to lift payloads into higher orbits, such as Molniya and geosynchronous orbits. The upper stage is equipped with independent flight control and telemetry systems from those used in the rest of the rocket. The NPO Lavochkin manufactured Fregat is the most commonly used upper stage.

Soyuz-2 rockets were first launched from Site 31 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome, and Site 43 at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome, launch facilities shared with earlier R-7 derived rockets including the Soyuz-U and Molniya. Commercial Soyuz-2 flights are contracted by Starsem, and have launched from Site 31 at Baikonur and ELS (l'Ensemble de Lancement Soyouz), which has been built at the Guiana Space Centre on the northern coast of South America. The Soyuz-2 version ST-B can deliver 3,250 kg (7,170 lb) to geostationary transfer orbit from this equatorial site.^[2] In 2016 the new Vostochny Cosmodrome started operating Soyuz-2 flights as well, from its first launch pad called Site 1S.

The Soyuz-2 has replaced the Molniya-M since 2010^[7] and is taking over the missions of Soyuz-U and Soyuz-FG rockets which are gradually being phased out from 2013 to 2016 as production of Soyuz-2 ramps up.^[8][9] TsSKB-Progress has halted production of Soyuz-U in April 2015; a few units remain to be launched until the end of 2016.^[10]

Variants

Soyuz-2 family includes 2.1a, 2.1b and 2.1v. The first two variants are modifications to the Soyuz-U launcher. The latter is a "light" version without side boosters.

When launched from ELS site, the Soyuz-2 will always be mated with ST-type fairing. This version will be called Soyuz-ST or Soyuz-STK, where additional "K" indicates special measures taken for preparing and launching the rocket in hot and humid conditions.

Soyuz-2.1a

The 2.1a version includes conversion from analog to digital flight control system and uprated engines on the booster and the first stage with improved injection systems. The new digital flight control and telemetry systems allow the rocket to launch from a fixed rather than angled launch platform and adjust its heading in flight. A digital control system also enables the launch of larger commercial satellites with wider and longer payload fairings such as the ST-type fairing. These fairings introduce too much aerodynamic instability for the old analog system to handle. This stage continues to use the RD-0110 engine.

The 2.1a/ST version is sometimes called Soyuz ST-A. The first launch, from Guiana, (17 December 2011 for Pléiades-HR 1A, SSOT, ELISA (4 satellites)) was a success.

Soyuz-2.1b

The 2.1b version adds an upgraded engine (RD-0124) with improved performance to the second stage. First launch took place from Plesetsk Cosmodrome Site 43 on 26 July 2008 with classified military payload.^[11]

The 2.1b/ST version is sometimes called Soyuz ST-B. The first launch, from Guiana, was a success (21 October 2011), for the first two Galileo IOV satellites.

Soyuz-2-1v

The first draft of the 2.1v version was finished in 2009. It is a "light" version of the Soyuz-2 without the side boosters (blocks B, V, G and D). The Block A engine was replaced by the more powerful NK-33-1, which will eventually be replaced with the RD-193. The new launcher is able to deliver up to 2.8 tonnes in low Earth orbit.^[12]

Modifications for various launch sites

The Soyuz-2.1a/1b versions launched from the Vostochny Cosmodrome and the Guiana Space Centre have a series of modifications over the stock units. Some of these might later be implemented on all the Soyuz-2, while some are particular requirements to the space port design.

Modifications for the Guiana Space Centre (GSC) version includes:

• First use of a mobile service tower at the ELS that enabled vertical payload integration.^[3]
• European supplied payload adapters.^[3]
• European supplied KSE (French: Kit de Sauvegarde Européenne, lit. European Safeguard Kit), a system to locate and transmit a flight termination signal.^[3] It would activate the engine shutdown command and leave the vehicle in a ballistic trajectory.^[13]
• Adaptation of the S-Band telemetry system on all stages from the 5 TM bands available at Baikonur, and Plesetsk to the 3 allowed at the GSC range.^[3]
• Adaptation of the S-Band telemetry coding and frequency to the IRIG standard used at GSC.^[3]
• Adaptation of the oxygen purge system for directing to the outside of the mobile gantry.^[3]
• Adaptation to the tropical GSC climate including the adaptation of the air conditioning system to local specifications and protective measures to avoid icing.^[3] All holes and cavities were studied and certified to be adequately protected against intrusion of insects and rodent.^[13]
• The four boosters and the core stage were upgraded with pyrotechnic devices to breach the fuel tanks to assure that they would sink in the ocean. The other stages were shown to lose structural integrity on impact and thus proven to sink.^[13]
• At least initially, the boosters and core stage would use the pyrotechnically ignited 14D22 (RD-107A) and 14D23 (RD-108A) rather than the chemically ignited 14D22KhZ and 14D23KhZ used on the rest of the Soyuz-2.^[13]

Modifications for the Vostochny Cosmodrome version includes:^[14]

• New and upgraded computer, N.A.Semikhatov NPO Automatika's Malachite-7, with six times more performance, better obsolescence protection, reduced weight.^[15][16][17]
• The new computer enabled a significant reduction on the cable network complexity thanks to multiplexing lines and using common buses.^[14][17][18]
• New nickel-cadmium batteries that eliminate the need for a dedicated battery charging station.^[15]
• The inclusion of on-board video system, that will enable real-time views of the launch.^[15]
• Since the launch pad at Vostochny also has a mobile gantry for vertical payload integration, similar to the ELS at Guiana, it has the necessary piping to direct the oxygen purges outside of the gantry.^[14]

On 1 October 2015 it was announced that parts of the assembly complex for the Soyuz-2 at Vostochny Cosmodrome were designed for a different modification of the rocket and are too small, so that the planned first launch in December 2015 is under question.^[19] The first launch occured on 28 April 2016 at 02:01:21 UTC.^[20]

Notable missions

Suborbital test flight

On 8 November 2004, at 18:30 GMT (21:30 Moscow Time), the first Soyuz-2 carrier rocket, in the Soyuz-2.1a configuration, was launched from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in Russia. The rocket followed a sub-orbital trajectory, with the third stage and boilerplate payload re-entering over the Pacific Ocean.

Maiden launch

The first attempt at launching a Soyuz-2 to orbit, with the MetOp-A satellite, occurred on 17 July 2006. It was scrubbed two hours before the launch by an automatic sequence, after the onboard computer failed to check the launch azimuth. Fuelling of the rocket was underway at the time, and all launch complex equipment and on-board preliminary checks had proceeded without incident. The rocket was left fuelled on the launch pad, for the next attempt on 18 July. Launch was eventually conducted on 19 October.

Launch history

#	Date and Time (UTC)	Configuration	Launch site	Result	Payload	Remarks
1	8 November 2004 18:30	Soyuz-2.1a	Plesetsk Site 43	Success	Zenit-8 (boilerplate)	Suborbital test
2	19 October 2006 16:28	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success	MetOp A	Weather satellite
3	24 December 2006 08:34	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat	Plesetsk Site 43	Success	Meridian 1	Communications satellite
4	27 December 2006 14:28	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success	CoRoT	Astronomy satellite
5	26 July 2008 18:31	Soyuz-2.1b	Plesetsk Site 43	Success[21]	Kosmos 2441 (Persona)	Imaging reconnaissance satellite, failed to operate due to electrical fault
6	21 May 2009 21:53	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat	Plesetsk Site 43	Failure[22]	Meridian 2	Bulging of third-stage combustion chamber led to fuel leak and automatic deactivation, communications satellite in unusable orbit after failed correction attempt
7	17 September 2009 15:55	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success	Meteor-M No.1 Universitetsky-2 Sterkh-2 IRIS UGATUSAT SumbandilaSat BLITS	Weather satellite and small piggyback science satellites
8	19 October 2010 17:11	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success	Globalstar-2 F1 (6 satellites)	Communications satellites
9	2 November 2010 00:59	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Success	Meridian 3	Communications satellite
10	26 February 2011 03:07	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Success	GLONASS-K	Navigation satellite
11	4 May 2011 17:41	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Success	Meridian 4	Communications satellite
12	13 July 2011 02:27	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success	Globalstar-2 F2 (6 satellites)	Communications satellites
13	2 October 2011 20:15	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Success	GLONASS-M	Navigation satellite
14	21 October 2011 10:30	Soyuz STB Fregat-MT	Kourou ELS	Success[23]	Galileo IOV-1 & IOV-2	Navigation satellites - First launch from Kourou
15	28 November 2011 08:25	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43	Success[24]	GLONASS-M	Navigation satellite
16	17 December 2011 02:03	Soyuz STA Fregat-M	Kourou ELS	Success[25]	Pleiades 1A SSOT ELISA (4 satellites)	Imaging Satellite Earth observation satellite for Chile Electronic Intelligence Satellites
17	23 December 2011 12:08	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43	Failure[26]	Meridian 5	Anomaly led to premature third-stage engine deactivation followed by an explosion which caused it to veer off course. Communications satellite not deployed.
18	28 December 2011 17:09	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success[27]	Globalstar 2 (x6)	Communications satellite
19	17 September 2012 16:28	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success	MetOp B	Weather satellite
20	12 October 2012 18:15	Soyuz STB Fregat-MT	Kourou ELS	Success[28]	Galileo IOV-3 & IOV-4	Navigation satellites
21	14 November 2012 11:42	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Success	Meridian 6	Communications satellite
22	2 December 2012 02:02	Soyuz STA Fregat	Kourou ELS	Success[29]	Pleiades 1B	Imaging Satellite
23	6 February 2013 16:04:24	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success	Globalstar 2 (x6)	Communications satellite
24	19 April 2013 10:00:00	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success	Bion-M No.1 AIST2 Dove 2 Beesat(2 and 3) SOMP OSSI 1	Biological Science and small piggyback science satellites
25	26 April 2013 05:23:46	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43	Success[30]	GLONASS-M	Navigation satellite
26	7 June 2013 18:37:59	Soyuz-2.1b	Plesetsk Site 43	Success[31]	Kosmos 2486 (Persona)	Imaging reconnaissance satellite
27	25 June 2013 17:28:48	Soyuz-2.1b	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success[32]	Resurs-P No.1	Earth observation satellite
28	25 June 2013 19:27:03	Soyuz STB Fregat-MT	Kourou ELS	Success[33]	O3b-1 O3b-2 O3b-3 O3b-4	Communications satellites
29	19 December 2013 09:12:19	Soyuz STB Fregat-MT	Kourou ELS	Success[34]	Gaia	Space observatory
30	23 March 2014 22:54:03	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43	Success[35]	Kosmos 2494 (GLONASS-M)	Navigation satellite
31	28 December 2013 12:30	Soyuz-2.1v Volga	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Success[36]	Aist 1, SKRL-756 #1/2	Maiden flight of 2.1v
32	3 April 2014 21:02:26	Soyuz STA Fregat-M	Kourou ELS	Success[37]	Sentinel-1A	Earth observation
33	6 May 2014 13:49:35	Soyuz-2.1a	Plesetsk Site 43	Success[38]	Kosmos 2495 (Kobalt-M)	Film-return reconnaissance satellite
34	14 June 2014 17:16:48	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Success[39]	Kosmos 2500 (GLONASS-M)	Navigation satellite
35	8 July 2014 15:58:28	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success[40]	Meteor-M No.2 Relek (MKA-FKI (PN2)) DX-1 SkySat 2 TechDemoSat-1 UKube-1 AISSat-2	Weather satellite and six secondary satellites
36	10 July 2014 18:55:56	Soyuz STB Fregat-MT	Kourou ELS	Success[41]	O3b-5 O3b-6 O3b-7 O3b-8	Communications satellites
37	18 July 2014 20:50:00	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success	Foton-M No.4	Material Science satellite
38	22 August 2014 12:27:11	Soyuz STB Fregat-MT	Kourou ELS	Partial failure[42]	Galileo FOC-1 & FOC-2	Fregat upper stage guidance problem left the navigation satellites in an incorrect elliptical orbit. Traced to a flaw in the Fregat thermal design with a heat bridge from the coolant line to fuel line causing freezing of fuel line.
39	29 October 2014 07:09:43	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success	Progress M-25M	ISS Logistics
40	30 October 2014 01:42:52	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Success	Meridian 7	Communications satellite
41	30 November 2014 21:52:26	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Success	Kosmos 2501 (GLONASS-K)	Navigation satellite
42	18 December 2014 18:37:00	Soyuz STB Fregat-MT	Kourou ELS	Success	O3b-9 O3b-10 O3b-11 O3b-12	Communications satellites
43	25 December 2014 03:01:13	Soyuz-2.1b	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Success	Kosmos 2502 (Lotos)	Reconnaissance satellite
44	26 December 2014 18:55:50	Soyuz-2.1b	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success	Resurs-P No.2	Earth observation satellite
45	27 February 2015 11:01:35	Soyuz-2.1a	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Success	Kosmos 2503 (Bars-M)	Military reconnaissance satellite
46	27 March 2015 21:46:18	Soyuz STB Fregat-MT	Kourou ELS	Success	Galileo FOC-3 Galileo FOC-4	Navigation satellites
47	28 April 2015 07:09:50	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31/6	Partial failure	Progress M-27M	ISS logistics. Spacecraft lost communications and attitude control soon after separation after damaged by vibration issues during launch.[43] International Space Station docking attempt cancelled.[44] Mission declared a total loss.[45]
48	5 June 2015 15:23:54	Soyuz-2.1a	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Success	Kosmos 2505 (Kobal't-M)	Reconnaissance film-return satellite
49	23 June 2015 16:44:00	Soyuz-2.1b	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Success	Kosmos 2506 (Persona)	Reconnaissance satellite
50	11 September 2015 02:08:10	Soyuz STB Fregat-MT	Kourou ELS	Success	Galileo FOC-5 Galileo FOC-6[46]	Navigation satellites
51	17 November 2015 06:33:41	Soyuz-2.1b	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Success	Kosmos 2510 (EKS)	Early warning satellite
52	5 December 2015 14:09:00	Soyuz-2.1v Volga	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Partial failure[47]	Kanopus-ST 1 (Kosmos 2511) KYuA 1 (Kosmos 2512)	Soyuz-2.1v booster performed properly, however Kanopus-ST 1 satellite failed to detach from the satellite carrier atop the Volga upper stage. The KYuA-1 radar calibration sphere was mounted in the side of the satellite carrier and was able to successfully deploy.
53	17 December 2015 11:51:56	Soyuz STB Fregat-MT	Kourou ELS	Success[48]	Galileo FM08 Galileo FM09	Navigation satellites
54	21 December 2015 08:44:39	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success	Progress MS-1	ISS Logistics
55	7 February 2016 00:21:07	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Success	Kosmos 2514 (GLONASS-M)	Navigation satellite
56	13 March 2016 18:56:00	Soyuz-2.1b	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success	Resurs-P No.3	Earth observation satellite
57	24 March 2016 09:42	Soyuz-2.1a	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Success	Kosmos 2515 (Bars-M)	Military reconnaissance satellite
58	31 March 2016 16:23:57	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31/6	Success	Progress MS-2	ISS Logistics
59	25 April 2016 21:02:13	Soyuz STA Fregat-M	Kourou ELS	Success[49]	Sentinel-1B[50] MICROSCOPE[51] + 3 CubeSats	Earth observation Astrophysics research Technology
60	28 April 2016 02:01:21	Soyuz-2.1a Volga	Vostochny Site 1S	Success[52]	Mikhailo Lomonosov[53] Aist-2D[54] SamSat 218	Gamma-ray astronomy + technology demonstrations

See also

• Soyuz programme

Notes

1. 200 km (110 nmi) circular LEO 51.8° inclination from Baikonur
2. 820 km (440 nmi) SSO (with Fregat from Kourou)
3. 1,500 m/s (4,900 ft/s) ΔV deficit GTO (with Fregat from Kourou)

References

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5. "Volga upper stage". Russianspaceweb.com. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
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External links

• Encyclopedia Astronautica article on Soyuz 2.1
• Encyclopedia Astronautica article on Soyuz 2.1/Fregat
• European Space Agency about Soyuz-ST (Russian name Soyuz-STK)
• Soyuz User's Manual, from Starsem
• Soyuz-2 launch vehicle, Russian Federal Space Agency