Green Line (MBTA)

GREEN LINE
Green Line train built by AnsaldoBreda on the "C" Branch
Overview
Type	Light rail
System	Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority
Locale	Boston, Massachusetts
Termini	East terminals: Lechmere (E) North Station (C) Government Center (D) Park Street (B) West terminals: Boston College (B) Cleveland Circle (C) Riverside (D) Heath Street (E)
Stations	66 (total)
Services	"B" Branch (Commonwealth Ave) (Boston College) "C" Branch (Beacon Street) (Cleveland Circle) "D" Branch (Highland) (Riverside) "E" Branch (Huntington Avenue) (Heath Street)
Daily ridership	232,000 (Q2 2015)[1]
Operation
Opened	September 1, 1897 (Tremont Street Subway)
Owner	MBTA
Operator(s)	MBTA
Character	Subway, grade-separated ROW, street running
Rolling stock	Kinki Sharyo Type 7 AnsaldoBreda Type 8
Technical
Line length	23 miles (37 km)[2]
Track gauge	4 ft 8 ^1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
Minimum radius	10 m (32.808 ft)[3]
Electrification	600 V DC Overhead catenary
Route map Legend Future extension Route 16 (proposed) College Avenue Ball Square Lowell Street Gilman Square ↑ (2020) Washington Street Union Square Green Line Extension (2017) Lechmere (new site) Lechmere Lechmere Viaduct over Charles River Science Park Causeway Street Elevated ( closed 2004 )  Orange Line  North Station Canal Street Incline ( closed 2004 ) Tremont Street Subway Haymarket  Orange Line  Government Center  Blue  Park Street  Red  Orange  Silver  Boylston  Silver  Boylston Street Subway Copley Copley Junction "E" branch "E" branch Prudential Symphony Northeastern Portal Northeastern University Museum of Fine Arts Longwood Medical Area Brigham Circle Fenwood Road Mission Park Riverway Back of the Hill Heath Street to Arborway (closed 1985) VA Medical Center Evergreen Street Bynner Street Perkins Street Moraine Street Robinwood Avenue Lakeville Road Pond Street Seaverns Avenue Monument Carolina Avenue Child Street Saint Rose Street Arborway Hynes Convention Center Kenmore "B" branch "B" branch Blandford Street Portal Blandford Street Boston University East Boston University Central Boston University West St. Paul Street Pleasant Street Babcock Street "A" branch (closed 1969) "A" branch (closed 1969) Packards Corner Street-running stops Union Square Street-running stops Oak Square Street-running stops Newton Corner Street-running stops Watertown Carhouse "B" branch "B" branch Packards Corner Harvard Avenue Griggs Street / Long Avenue Allston Street Warren Street Washington Street Sutherland Street Chiswick Road Chestnut Hill Avenue South Street Boston College "C" branch "C" branch St. Mary's Street Portal St. Marys Street Hawes Street Kent Street St. Paul Street Coolidge Corner Summit Avenue Brandon Hall Fairbanks Washington Square Tappan Street Dean Road Englewood Avenue "D" branch "D" branch Fenway Portal Fenway Longwood Brookline Village Brookline Hills Beaconsfield Cleveland Circle Reservoir "D" branch "D" branch Chestnut Hill Newton Centre Newton Highlands Eliot Waban Woodland Riverside  Framingham/Worcester Line

The Green Line is a light rail system run by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) in the Boston, Massachusetts, metropolitan area. It is the oldest Boston subway line, with tunnel sections dating from 1897, the oldest in America.^[4] It runs underground through downtown Boston, and on the surface on several radial boulevards and into inner suburbs. With a daily weekday ridership of over 232,000 in 2015, it is the most heavily-used light rail system in the country.^[1] The line was assigned the green color in 1967 during a systemwide rebranding because several branches pass through sections of the Emerald Necklace of Boston.^[5][6][7]

The four branches are the remnants of a large streetcar system, which began in 1856 with the Cambridge Horse Railroad and was consolidated into the Boston Elevated Railway several decades later. The Tremont Street Subway—the oldest subway tunnel in North America—opened its first section on September 1, 1897, to take streetcars off overcrowded downtown streets; it was extended five times over the next five decades. The streetcar system peaked in size around 1930 and was gradually replaced with trackless trolleys and buses, with cuts as late as 1985. A new branch opened on a converted commuter rail line in 1959; the Green Line Extension project will add two new branches into Somerville and Medford in 2017 and 2020.^[8]

Route description

Haymarket, a typical station on the Green Line subway

"B" Branch along Commonwealth Avenue

A train at Science Park station on the Lechmere Viaduct

The line has its northern terminus at Lechmere in eastern Cambridge with connections to numerous bus routes serving Cambridge and Somerville. From there it runs south over the Lechmere Viaduct and into an extension of the Tremont Street Subway under downtown Boston to the Boston Common. It continues west in the Boylston Street Subway to Kenmore Square. The Green Line tunnels through Downtown Boston and the Back Bay are collectively referred to as the Central Subway.^[9]

The "E" Branch serves Lechmere and splits just west of Copley, running southwest through the Huntington Avenue Subway, ramping up to the surface at Northeastern University near Boston's Symphony Hall. It continues along Huntington Avenue, and terminating at Heath Street near V.A. Medical Center. Until 1985, the line continued though Jamaica Plain to Arborway.^[5]

The "B", "C", and "D" Branches diverge west of Kenmore Square. From south to north, they are as follows:

The "D" Branch surfaces onto the grade-separated Highland Branch, a branch of the Boston and Albany Railroad until 1958. It runs about ten and a half miles to Riverside, the primary light rail maintenance facility and major park and ride facility, on the banks of the Charles River and half a mile from the interchange of I-90 (Massachusetts Turnpike) and I-95 (Route 128 Circumferential Highway).

The "C" Branch surfaces onto Beacon Street, running to Cleveland Circle at the Chestnut Hill Reservoir.

The "B" Branch surfaces onto Commonwealth Avenue. It runs past Boston University, passes within a quarter mile of Cleveland Circle, where a connection to the latter runs down Chestnut Hill Ave., and continues to Boston College.

The "A" Branch diverged from Commonwealth Ave. west of Boston University and ran to Watertown, across the Charles River from Watertown Square, until 1969. Although the route-letter scheme had been introduced two years prior to its closure, the "A" designation was never signed on streetcars to Watertown. It was, however, included in the destination signs on the Boeing-Vertol LRVs ordered in the mid-1970s, when reopening service to Watertown was under consideration. The A line tracks remained in non-revenue service to access maintenance facilities at Watertown until 1994. Not only was there community opposition to restoration, but the tracks would have required a complete rehabilitation.

The Lechmere Viaduct originally connected to the Central Subway via the Causeway Street Elevated, a half-mile-long structure running in front of North Station and the Boston Garden sports complex. A new tunnel, running behind North Station and the new TD Garden (which replaced the Boston Garden) and connecting to a new underground Green Line and Orange Line transfer station, was built to replace it. Bus shuttle service ran from Government Center (Scollay Square) to Lechmere from June 2004 until November 12, 2005 during the final stages of construction.^[10]

The original Tremont Street Subway south of Boylston station has been closed since 1962, when the last streetcar line feeding into it was replaced by bus service, and Pleasant Street Portal at its southern end has been covered over. Reuse of part of the tunnel for the Silver Line Phase III was briefly considered, but the narrow bore was found too small for the Silver Line buses which (unlike trolleys) are not fixed to their guideway.^[11] Plans for the Phase III tunnel were shifted further west to new alignments, then canceled due to questions over the project's cost-effectiveness.^[12]

Branches

The "D" Branch is fully grade-separated

The branches were given letters in 1967, two years after the green color was assigned to the line on August 26, 1965. The letters were assigned increasing from north to south, to the five remaining branches. No branches had used the Canal Street Portal except as a terminal since 1949 with the 93 or the Pleasant Street Portal since 1961 with the 43, and a shuttle until 1962. All trains stop at Government Center, Park Street, Boylston, Arlington, and Copley. All trains except "E" also stop at Hynes Convention Center and Kenmore. Only "E" trains stop at Prudential and Symphony. On the eastern end, only "C" and "E" trains go past Government Center to Haymarket and North Station; the only train that services Science Park and Lechmere is the "E" Branch (although the "D" Branch will service these stations once the Medford extension is built). A red line through the letter on a sign means that the train goes only part way on that branch (for example, a D-line car only going as far as Reservoir).

A train running in mixed traffic on the outer "E" Branch

The "B", "Boston College" or "Commonwealth Avenue" Branch is the northernmost of the three lines that split west of Kenmore. It travels west down the middle of Commonwealth Avenue, ending at Boston College. As of 2015, regular B service turns around at Park Street. It is the most criticized line in the Green Line, primarily due to its high frequency of densely located stops.

The "C", "Cleveland Circle" or "Beacon Street" Branch is the middle one of the three branches heading west from Kenmore, and the straightest, running down the middle of Beacon Street through Brookline to Cleveland Circle. As of 2015, regular "C" service turns around at North Station.

The "D" or "Highland" Branch is the southernmost of the three lines that separate west of Kenmore. It is the longest branch, ending in Newton at Riverside. It is the most recent branch, opening in 1959 along the former right-of-way of the Highland Branch of the Boston and Albany Railroad, and has full grade separation, entering the subway at the Fenway Portal. As of 2015, regular "D" service turns around at Park Street at rush hour and North Station at other times.

The "E" or "Heath Street" (formerly "Arborway") Branch diverges from the other three lines just west of Copley. It travels mainly on the surface of Huntington Avenue, emerging from the Huntington Avenue Subway at the Northeastern Portal. Since 1985, service has been truncated to Heath Street, with continuing service to Arborway provided by the 39 bus. In 2008, the tracks from Heath Street to Arborway were paved over. The "E" is the only branch to have a regularly used street-running section. As of 2015, regular "E" service turns around at Lechmere. Passengers must board "E" Branch trains to get to Lechmere and Science Park.

Former branches

An "A" Branch car in Brighton in 1968

The Green Line "A" Branch was the northernmost of the branches, running from the Blandford Street Portal (still used by the "B" Branch), west to Watertown, mostly street-running. The 57 bus replaced the streetcar line in 1969.

The Pleasant Street Portal hosted two services in its final days. The 9 to City Point ended in 1953, and the 43 to Egleston was cut back to Lenox Street in 1956, cut back to the portal in 1961, and ended operation in 1962. Prior to that, the 48 ran out Tremont Street to Dover Street and Washington Street, ending at Dudley, and last running in 1938.

The last two routes to continue beyond the Canal Street Portal both ran to Sullivan. The 92 ran via Main Street, last running in 1948, and the 93 via Bunker Hill Street last ran in 1949. Until 1997 trains continued to use the portal and its North Station surface station as a terminal.

In addition to the lines that later became the "E" Branch, the predecessors to the 58 and 60 split in Brookline, one branch running into the current "E" tracks and into the Boylston Street Portal, and the other running up Brookline Street to end at Massachusetts Avenue station. These were truncated in 1932 into a shorter route from Brookline Village to the subway via the Boylston Street Portal, which itself stopped running in 1938 (being cut back to Brigham Circle short-turn trips), three years before the closure of that portal.

The last "foreign" cars to operate in the subway were those of the Eastern Massachusetts Street Railway, running from the Canal Street Portal to the Brattle Loop at Scollay Square until 1935. It was then that the old Mystic River Bridge to Chelsea was closed to streetcars and the lines were replaced by bus service; the next year the BERy bought the Eastern Mass Chelsea Division and through-routed it with its lines connecting to the East Boston Tunnel at Maverick.

From the Lechmere terminal opening on July 10, 1922 to February 6, 1931, special service ran from Lechmere to various points on the subway. These trips were replaced on February 7, 1931 by extensions of the various branches from the west, which had terminated at Park Street, through to Lechmere.

Portals

Cars entered the subway from the surface at a number of portals or inclines, listed here from north to south/east to west.

Lechmere

Lechmere is the north end of the Green Line. From the opening of the Lechmere Viaduct leading to it in 1912 until 1922, streetcar lines simply fed onto the viaduct from Cambridge Street and Bridge Street (now Monsignor O'Brien Highway). In 1922 a prepayment station was opened, with a new loop for subway trains to turn around and a separate loop for surface cars, and no intermingling between the two. The surface lines have since been replaced with buses, but the Green Line still turns around at Lechmere.

Canal Street

Canal Street Portal in 1901

The Canal Street Portal (also Haymarket Portal, North Station Portal or Causeway Street Portal, often referred to in revenue service as the Canal Street Loop) was part of the transition between subway and elevated railway on the Green Line, as it transitioned from the Tremont Street Subway to the Causeway Street Elevated towards the Lechmere Viaduct until 2004, when the Green Line north of North Station was closed for building of a new tunnel and portal. Certain trains turned at Canal Street, while others emerged from the subway to a viaduct to Lechmere. It was, however, possible for a passenger to alight from a train at Canal Street and proceed up a series of stairways to the Lechmere Viaduct. However, most passengers desiring to continue to Science Park or Lechmere would have changed to a Lechmere signed car from a North Station signed car prior to the emergence from the central subway.

Flying junction on the Tremont Street Subway approaching the Pleasant Street Incline

The original four-track portal opened in 1898 at the north end of the first subway; cars could turn east or west on Causeway Street. In 1901 the Charlestown Elevated was connected to the outer tracks, and streetcars only operated via the inner tracks. The Washington Street Tunnel opened in 1908, connecting to the Elevated via a new portal just east of the streetcar one, and all four tracks were once again open for streetcar use until 1975. In 1912 the Lechmere Viaduct opened, again using the two outer tracks for an elevated line. The inner tracks continued to serve the surface, including a surface station at North Station, until 1997, when they were closed for construction of the new tunnel and the Green Line was shifted to the old Orange Line (Charlestown Elevated) portal along the way. The 93 was the last service to continue onto surface streets from the portal, last running in 1949.

Pleasant Street

The Pleasant Street Portal was the south end of the Tremont Street Subway, opened one month after the original subway in 1897. It split from the Boylston Street Subway at a flying junction at Boylston, and another flying junction split the tunnel into two side-by-side tunnels to the four-track portal. The two west tracks rose onto Tremont Street and the two east ones onto Pleasant Street, later part of Broadway. From 1901 to 1908 the portal was only used by Washington Street Elevated trains, after which streetcar service was restored—though much of it had been cut back to Dudley for transfer to the Elevated. Until 1953 service ran to City Point at eastern end of South Boston as part of 9. The last cars ran through the portal in 1961 as part of the 43, and in 1962 a shuttle service from Boylston to the portal was ended. The portal has since been covered.

Public Garden and Boylston Street

Trams using the Public Garden Portal in 1898

The first portal to open, on September 1, 1897, was the Public Garden Portal, providing an outlet for the subway on the north side of Boylston Street in the Public Garden. When the Boylston Street Subway opened in 1914, extending the subway west, the incline and portal were relocated to the center of Boylston Street as the Boylston Street Portal. The last cars to use the portal ran in 1941 from Huntington Avenue, when the Huntington Avenue Subway opened as a branch off the main subway and the portal was closed.

Northeastern

The Northeastern Portal lies in the median of Huntington Avenue at the end of the Huntington Avenue Subway, just east of Northeastern University. It opened in 1941 and carries "E" Branch trains.

The incline was built as a wooden trestle to the street atop a level grade, as the original plans called for eventual extension of the subway; in the mid 1980s the trestle was replaced with fill (which greatly quieted the sound).

Kenmore

Top of the filled-in Kenmore Portal

The Kenmore Portal or Kenmore Square Portal opened in 1914 with the extension of the Boylston Street Subway westward to the east side of Kenmore Square, in the median of Commonwealth Avenue. It closed in 1932 when the subway station at Kenmore was built and two new portals were opened to the west.

Blandford Street, St. Marys Street, and Fenway

The Blandford Street Portal and St. Marys Street Portal, in the medians of Commonwealth Avenue and Beacon Street respectively, opened in 1932 as part of the extension of the Boylston Street Subway under Kenmore Square and the opening of the new Kenmore station. They are currently used by the "B" and "C" Branches respectively. The Fenway Portal opened in 1959 along with the opening of the Highland Branch, and provides a third exit from Kenmore, south of the St. Marys Street Portal. It carries trains of the "D" Branch.

Rolling stock

Like the three other MBTA subway lines, the line uses standard gauge tracks. However, instead of heavy rail metro rolling stock, the Green Line uses modern streetcars (light rail vehicles) as heavy rail stock would be inappropriate for the surface branches with their numerous grade crossings.

Listing

Active fleet

Rolling stock As of November 2014:^[2][13]

Year Built	Make	Model	Length ft ( mm)	Width in ( mm)	Gauge	Road Numbers
1986–1988	Kinki-Sharyo	Type 7 LRV	72 ft (21,946 mm)	104 in (2,642 mm)	4 ft 8 ^1⁄2 in (1,435 mm)	(36xx): 3600–3699 (91 active)
1997	Kinki-Sharyo	Type 7 LRV	72 ft (21,946 mm)	104 in (2,642 mm)	4 ft 8 ^1⁄2 in (1,435 mm)	(37xx): 3700–3719 (19 active)
1998–2007	AnsaldoBreda	Type 8 LRV	74 ft (22,555 mm)	104 in (2,642 mm)	4 ft 8 ^1⁄2 in (1,435 mm)	(38xx): 3800–3894

Retired fleet

Only MBTA operated vehicles are included here, not cars from the Boston Elevated Railway era.

Years in Service	Make	Model	Length ft ( mm)	Width in ( mm)	Gauge	Total Number of Cars
1976–2007	Boeing Vertol	US Standard Light Rail Vehicle	71 ft (21,641 mm)	104 in (2,642 mm)	4 ft 8 ^1⁄2 in (1,435 mm)	144 (31 units cancelled)
1937–1985^1	Pullman Standard	Presidents' Conference Committee streetcar	48 ft (14,630 mm)	100 in (2,540 mm)	4 ft 8 ^1⁄2 in (1,435 mm)	344 (2 cars scrapped before 1964)

^1 Ten PCC streetcars are currently in revenue service on the Ashmont-Mattapan line.

Future fleet

Twenty-four new Type 9 Green Line cars are due to be delivered starting in 2017, with all cars delivered by 2019. The Type 9 cars will provide additional rolling stock to allow for Green Line Extension operations, and will not replace any of the existing fleet.^[14] The cars will be made by CAF USA, Inc.; the shells will be made in Spain, while final assembly and testing will be done at their plant in Elmira, New York.^[15]

Year Built	Make	Model	Length ft ( mm)	Width in ( mm)	Gauge	Road Numbers
2017–2019	CAF USA, Inc.	Type 9 LRV	72 ft (21,946 mm)	Unknown	4 ft 8 ^1⁄2 in (1,435 mm)	(39xx): 3900-3924 (24 Planned)

History

Early rolling stock

When it opened at the end of the 19th century, the Tremont Street Subway was not intended as a full-scale rapid transit line (though it was built to pre-metro standards), but to allow ordinary streetcars to bypass the worst street congestion in downtown Boston.^[4][16] Operations by several different companies were eventually consolidated into the Boston Elevated Railway, which ran a mixture of car types. After receiving a test unit in 1937, the BERy began to standardize on PCC streetcars, acquiring 320 units between 1941 and 1951 plus an additional 25 in 1959 to phase out the last older cars.^[13]

Boeing LRV

Front view of a Boeing-Vertol LRV near the end of its life in 2005

In the early 1970s, light rail—which had largely disappeared from North America after the slow decline of streetcar systems from the 1920s to the 1950s—was reintroduced as a method of urban renewal less expensive than conventional metro systems.^[17] In 1971, as part of a program to supply further work to defense contractors as the Vietnam War wound down, the Urban Mass Transit Administration selected Boeing-Vertol as systems manager for a project to design a new generation of generic light rail vehicle.^[18]

After a 1972 report by Vukan Vuchic, Boston (with its older streetcar tunnel) and San Francisco (with a new Muni Metro streetcar tunnel being built as part of BART construction) were chosen as the testbeds for this new rolling stock, intended to jumpstart similar systems in other cities.^[17] The US Standard Light Rail Vehicle was designed as the largest rolling stock that would fit through the Tremont Street Tunnel, the Muni Metro's Twin Peaks Tunnel, and SEPTA's Subway-Surface Lines tunnel.^[16] The new cars were faster—a top speed of 50 miles per hour (80 km/h) versus the PCC's 36 miles per hour (58 km/h)—and had an articulated middle section for higher capacity.^[16] Boeing began construction of 175 cars for the MBTA in May 1973.^[18]

The first LRVs entered service on the "D" Branch in December 1976 but were immediately beset with problems. Certain cars frequently derailed on tight turns in the Riverside, Boston College and Lechmere yards. Battery trays, air conditioners, and air compressors suffered numerous failures; the plug-style doors had trouble sealing properly; and traction motors failed sooner than expected.^[19] Desperate for reliable rolling stock, the MBTA launched an overhaul program to extend the availability of its older PCC cars. A total of 15 cars, primarily out-of-service wrecks and parts cars, were rebuilt to as-new condition.^[19]

As of 2013, ten of the rebuilt PCC cars still run on the Ashmont-Mattapan section of the Red Line, because maintaining the small PCC fleet is less expensive than rebuilding the rail line for modern light rail or heavy rail stock.^[13][19] Because these heritage streetcars operate exclusively on a dedicated right of way which has only 2 grade crossings (instead of using street running), they are less exposed to collisions in mixed road traffic.

Modern fleet

Type 7 (left) and Type 8 streetcars at Tappan Street in 2012

In 1986–88, 100 second generation (Type 7) LRVs were delivered from the Japanese firm Kinki Sharyo, with an additional 20 cars ordered and delivered in 1997.^[20] The first low-floor Green Line streetcars, allowing for handicapped-accessible boarding directly from slightly raised platforms, were the Type 8 cars from AnsaldoBreda which began arriving in 1998.^[13] The first Type 8s entered revenue service in March 1999, but they were prone to derailment at higher speeds as well as brake problems; not until 2008 did they assume full service on the "D" Branch (where they reach full speed).^[5] After many delays and issues with the Type 8 car order, the last cars were not assembled and delivered until late 2007, with five spare shells retained (95 cars in service).

As the final Type 8s were delivered, the last of the Boeing-Vertol cars were retired in March 2007 and all except ten of the cars were scrapped.^[21] Of the remaining cars, six were sold to the US Government and are now in Pueblo, Colorado for testing purposes, one was given to the Seashore Trolley Museum, and three were retained by the MBTA for work service. As of 2015, the Kinki Sharyo cars make up the bulk of rolling stock, alongside the newer Breda cars.

As of 2015, 86 of the 120 Type 7 cars are being overhauled by Alstom in Hornell, New York. The work, scheduled to be complete by October 2016, includes new propulsion systems, climate control systems and interiors as well as exterior work. The pilot car for the program, #3614, left in October 2012 and was returned to the MBTA in November 2014.^[22]

As part of the Green Line Extension project, 24 third-generation Type 9 LRVs will be acquired to increase the fleet size to allow for service on the expanded network. The cars will not replace any existing rolling stock, but will instead supplement the existing fleet on the extension.

Display cars

3295 and 5734 on display at Boylston station

Two older streetcars are on display on the unused outer inbound track at Boylston station, which formerly carried cars coming from the Pleasant Street Portal. Car #5734, a Type 5 A-1 car built in 1924 and retired in 1959, is owned by the Seashore Trolley Museum, but resides semipermanently in Boston. PCC #3295, built in 1951 and retired in 1986, is owned by the MBTA.^[13] The cars were formerly used for fantrips, the most recent in 1997, but are no longer functional. The cars were heavily vandalized on January 14, 2014, but the vandalism was fully removed the next day.^[23]

The San Francisco Municipal Railway runs a variety of PCC cars in various paint schemes on its F Market heritage line. #1059 is painted in Boston Elevated Railway colors, but that individual car never ran in Boston.^[24]

Accessibility

A low-floor Type 8 car at Longwood station, which has slightly raised platforms for accessible boarding

Ramp at Newton Centre station to allow level boarding on older high-floor streetcars

The Red Line, Blue Line, and Orange Line run rapid transit cars and use stations with high platforms level with the car floor providing easy access for the disabled. The Green Line is a trolley/streetcar line and has used a variety of streetcars.

Originally all the Green Line stations had platforms at track level, and passengers had to ascend several steps up into the vehicles. This limited accessibility for persons with disabilities. To address this issue and comply with changing federal and state laws, additional facilities have been added:^[25]

• Wheelchair lifts have been provided at some stops. They are rolled up to the car door and the lift mechanism is operated using a hand crank. They are quite time-consuming to operate, causing significant delays when used during peak periods.
• Short platforms level with car floors, accessed by ramps, were installed just before or after selected stations. Because the car door arrangement required a large gap between the platform and the car, a bridge plate attached to the raised platform had to be positioned after the train stopped with a door at that platform.
• The MBTA has followed the worldwide trend of operating low-floor streetcars. As an ongoing project, not complete in 2012, platforms are being raised slightly to about the height of a street curb. Low-floor cars have remotely controlled bridge plates at the center doors to allow wheelchairs and strollers to reach the car floor a few inches higher.

One hundred low-floor cars were purchased from the Italian company AnsaldoBreda, with styling by Pininfarina. They were initially problematic and difficult to maintain: the first cars failed every 400 miles (640 km), far less than the 9,000 miles (14,500 km) specified by the MBTA, and were prone to derailments. The MBTA has been forced to spend an additional US$9.5 million to modify tracks to prevent the derailments, echoing early problems with the Boeing stock. The MBTA has been criticized for their failure to assess Bredas' reliability before entering into the deal, and during delivery.

In December 2004, the MBTA canceled orders for the cars still to be delivered as part of the authority's nine-year, US$225 million-dollar deal with Breda.^[26] One year later, in December 2005 the MBTA announced that it had entered into a restructuring of the deal, reducing the order to 85 cars (with spare parts to be provided in lieu of the 15 remaining cars), and providing for the remaining payment under the original deal only if the cars meet performance requirements.^[27] Construction of the last car under the order was completed on December 14, 2006;^[28] though in late 2007 the MBTA announced it had contracted with Breda to deliver another 10 cars, bringing the total order to 95 production cars and 5 car shells for parts.^[29]

After several years of modifications to "D" Branch tracks, the Breda cars returned to service on that line, and now provide service on every branch of the Green Line.

The MBTA typically runs single cars and two- or three-car trains. Occasional four-car trains have been seen on special occasions such as after a baseball game at Fenway Park. As of December 2011, single-car trips are rare on weekdays. Two-car trains now run from the start to end of service Monday through Friday, with three-car trains on some rush-hour trips on all branches.^[30] The MBTA has promised that each two- and three-car train will contain at least one Type 8 low-floor car to facilitate access for disabled persons.

History

Beginning in the 1850s, Boston sprouted a large network of horsecar lines, the first public transit in the city. The West End Street Railway was created by the state legislature in 1887 to build a single line, but soon consolidated many of the existing lines into a single privately owned system with consistent fares and route designations. The Allston – Park Square line (which served the general area of the "A" Branch) was the first section to be converted to electric traction in 1889. It used modified existing horsecars outfitted with Frank J. Sprague's revolutionary electrical equipment, which had first been demonstrated the previous year in Richmond, Virginia.^[31]:9–10 In 1897, the West End Street Railway property was handed over to the Boston Elevated Railway (BERy) in the form of a 24-year lease, and the companies were ultimately combined.

By the early 1890s, the sheer quantity of streetcars during peak periods was clogging the streets of downtown Boston. The Tremont Street Subway, the first passenger subway in North America, was opened in stages in 1897 and 1898, with underground stations at Boylston, Park Street, Scollay Square, Adams Square, and Haymarket. The Main Line Elevated was run through the tunnel from 1901, displacing through-running streetcars,^[31]:19–21 until it was rerouted to its own Washington Street Tunnel in 1908, and the streetcars were returned to the Tremont tunnel.^[31]:27

Though initially intended merely to clear streetcars from the busiest sections of downtown streets, the Tremont Street Subway became useful as a rapid transit service in its own right. The 1912 completion of the Causeway Street Elevated and Lechmere Viaduct extended grade-separated service to Lechmere Square in Cambridge, and in 1922 the Lechmere transfer station was built. In 1914, the Boylston Street Subway opened as a westward extension to just short of Kenmore Square, and in 1933 Kenmore station and short tunnel extensions towards two surface lines were added. In 1941, the Huntington Avenue Subway and its two additional underground stations removed the last surface streetcars from downtown Boston.

Beginning in the 1930s, the massive surface streetcar system was "bustituted" with buses and trackless trolleys which had lower operating costs and more flexible routes. As the 1950s closed out, the only remaining streetcar lines were the Watertown Line, Commonwealth Avenue Line, Beacon Street Line, Arborway Line, and the Lenox Street Line plus several short turn services. In 1959, the Boston and Albany Railroad's Highland Branch was converted to the Riverside Line, a fully grade-separated suburban service. In 1961, the last through service to Lenox Street via the Pleasant Street Portal ended, though a Pleasant Street – Boylston shuttle continued for one more year. In 1963, part of the original subway was rebuilt under Government Center, abandoning and partially demolishing Adams Square station.

In 1947, the now-bankrupt BERy was replaced by the public Metropolitan Transit Authority (M.T.A.). The new agency was unpopular, even spawning a popular protest song; in 1964, it was replaced with the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority which had an expanded funding area to preserve suburban commuter rail lines. In 1967, as part of a systemwide rebranding that included new station names and color names for the transit lines, the remaining streetcar services were designated the "Green Line" because several of them traveled near the Emerald Necklace park system. The streetcar lines were given letter designations: "A" to the Watertown Line, "B" to the Commonwealth Avenue Line, "C" to the Beacon Street Line, "D" to the Riverside Line, and "E" to the Arborway Line.

The Watertown Line ran mostly in mixed traffic after diverging from Commonwealth Avenue; it was permanently replaced with buses in 1969. The section of the Arborway Line past Heath Street was "temporarily" – ultimately permanently – bustituted in 1985. In 2001, with new low-floor streetcars entering service, the MBTA began retrofitting underground stations and major surface stops with low raised platforms for handicapped accessibility. In 2004, the Causeway Street Elevated was replaced with a new tunnel under the Boston Garden, which consolidated the Orange Line and Green Line at a new North Station "superstation", while continuing to connect to Commuter Rail service north of Boston.

The name "Green Line" was assigned in 1967 as part of a major reorganization of the MBTA system's branding.^[5] In the 1970s, the Green Line and all other MBTA lines were re-evaluated by the Boston Transportation Planning Review for region-wide efficacy and future modernization alternatives initiated as far as physical plant and operating measures.

Operations and signalling

Trains on the "D" Branch operate using wayside signals.

Unlike the MBTA heavy rail subway lines, the Green Line has only limited central control and monitoring. This also means that it has lagged behind the other three rail lines in the availability of countdown signs and "next train" arrival information.

The line is signalled with advisory wayside signals, except on surface portions in street medians or in-street running. Wayside signal territory stretches from Lechmere to the surface portals at Kenmore, and along the entire length of the D–Riverside branch. There are no automatic protection devices, but the cars have track brakes, giving the ability to stop quickly under control of the operator. Interlockings are controlled through a wayside Automatic Vehicle Identification (AVI) system that relies on the operator properly entering the destination manually on a roto-wheel in the train cab at the beginning of a run.

The line is monitored from the Operations Control Center (OCC). Responsibility for controlling service is shared by the control room and field personnel along the right of way. Track circuit and signal indications are not transmitted to the operational personnel sites. In lieu of track circuit indications, the AVI system is displayed in the control room to provide a periodic update to train position wherever AVI detectors exist. The AVI system user interface was solely text based until the current control room was opened, in which a new schematic display based on AVI data was instituted. Track circuit indications are available digitally in signal houses at the Park Street interlocking, at the new North Station interlocking, and at the new Kenmore interlocking, but are not transmitted to OCC. In January 2013, the MBTA announced plans to add full vehicle location tracking on the Green Line for countdown signs and smartphone applications, including using AVI data in the tunnels and GPS receivers on the surface lines.^[32] The first real-time data—location data on the surface lines—became available in October 2014. Full tracking is expected by early 2015.^[33]

Turnarounds

Loop track (left) at Kenmore station

Trains can reverse direction at a number of stations where a turnaround loop is installed. In addition, there are a number of crossover switches where a train can cross to the opposite track and reverse its direction. Listed below are locations where cars routinely reverse direction or at least can reverse direction without the need for flagpersons to supervise the movement.

• Lechmere is currently the northern terminus of the Green Line, and consists of a balloon-shaped turnaround, actually two concentric turning loops allowing complex staging of cars and trains.
• At North Station, trains heading westbound/outbound toward Lechmere can reverse direction using stub tracks just north of the station. No turnaround is available in the eastbound/inbound direction.
• At Government Center, Green Line trains entering from either the north or the west can turn around. Trains from the north reversing direction must switch onto the loop track prior to entering the station.
• At Park Street, trains can turn around from one direction only. Trains headed toward Lechmere may instead enter Park Street on the inside track, often referred to as the "fence rail", and turn around on a tight loop after discharging passengers. As of 2015, the inside loading platform usually served trains bound for Boston College ("B") and Riverside ("D").
• Kenmore is where inbound trains coming from the Cleveland Circle ("C") or the Riverside ("D") Branches can turn around to the corresponding outbound track. No turnaround is available for the Boston College/Commonwealth Avenue "B" Branch heading inbound. Outbound, trains can reverse direction using a storage track between the two service tracks just past Kenmore (on Commonwealth Ave. at Blandford St.) and return to the subway.

Plans to reinstitute a crossover for through movements from the terminating (inner) northbound platform at Park Street to continue onwards towards Government Center are expected to increase capacity and reliability.^[34]

Plans

Somerville/Medford extension (Green Line Extension Project)

Map of the Green Line Extension. Nearby parts of the Red Line and Orange Line are also shown.

To settle a lawsuit with the Conservation Law Foundation to mitigate increased automobile emissions from the Big Dig, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts agreed to extend the line from its northern terminus at Lechmere to Medford Hillside through Somerville and Medford, two suburbs underserved by the MBTA relative to their population densities, commercial importance, and proximity to Boston. The line would use railroad rights-of-way that serve the Lowell Line (which also carries Amtrak's Downeaster) and the Fitchburg Line of MBTA Commuter Rail. The extension is projected to have a total weekday ridership of about 52,000.^[35]

The Green Line Extension (GLX) is planned to have two branches, which will split just past a relocated Lechmere station. The Medford Branch, which will become an extension of the "D" Branch,^[36] will run along the Lowell Line right of way with stops at Washington Street, Gilman Square, Lowell Street, Ball Square, and a terminus at College Avenue in Medford, on the edge of the Tufts University campus. Earlier plans called for further extension to Route 16 or even West Medford station, but extension beyond College Avenue was placed on hold due to cost issues. GLX as built will not preclude further extension to Route 16 if funding becomes available.

The Union Square branch will follow the Fitchburg Line right-of-way from Lechmere to Union Square station just south of Union Square in Somerville. It will operate as an extension of the "E" Branch.^[36]

In 2010, the Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT) announced that the new service was expected to be operational in October 2015; interim air quality offset measures would need to be taken if the project missed December 2014 deadline as expected. In August 2011, MassDOT announced that opening of the Extension would be postponed to Fall (Q3 or Q4) 2018 at the earliest, with some stations not opening until 2019. The stated reason was difficulties in land acquisition, plus implied concerns about cost controls and financing.^[37] Interim air-quality improvement measures will be necessary due to the project delays. Possibilities include extending Green Line branches to Lechmere, increased bus service in Somerville and Medford, and temporary or permanent commuter rail stops along the GLX corridor.^[38] In September 2014, the target date for start of service was pushed back to 2020.^[39]

On June 11, 2012, the Federal Transit Administration approved the Extensions for entry into the Preliminary Engineering phase as part of the New Starts program. This approval was a necessary step in MassDOT's application for $557.06 million in New Starts funding.^[40]

A groundbreaking was held at the Medford Street bridge on December 11, 2012.^[41] A Notice to Proceed was issued to the contractor, Barletta Heavy Division, Inc., on January 31, 2013.^[42]

As of December 2015, the future of the project is in doubt due to a substantial increase in costs; it will likely be further delayed or cancelled.^[43]

Arborway restoration (canceled)

Green Line signage Forest Hills for a restored Arborway service (now cancelled)

Another mitigation project in the initial lawsuit settlement was restoration of service on the "E" Branch between Heath Street and Arborway/Forest Hills. A revised settlement agreement resulted in the substitution of other projects with similar air-quality benefits. In lieu of the rail project,^[44] the state undertook to speed the Route 39 bus by improvements such as consolidating bus stops, lengthening stops, and re-timing traffic lights, funded by the federal American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 and expected to be completed in 2010.^[45] The last lawsuit mandating the return of rail service on this route was defeated in court in January 2011.^[46]

Light Rail Accessibility Project (LRAP)

Government Center under reconstruction in September 2014

All of the pre-pay stations on the line opened between 1897 and 1959, long before the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act. (However, the underground platforms at North Station were entirely new construction; they replaced the former elevated station in 2004.) Since the late 1980s, the MBTA has been adding elevators and rebuilding stations for ADA compliance. Most of the pre-pay stations are now handicapped accessible, and the MBTA is planning to renovate the remainder. "Key stations" on the surface branches were also made accessible around 2002 by raising platforms to match the new low-floor trains.

The following pre-pay stations have been made fully accessible:

• Science Park: 2011^[47]
• North Station: 2004 (2004-built underground station)^[48]
• Haymarket: 2000 (1971-built station)^[48]
• Government Center: 2016^[49]
• Park Street: 1993^[48]
• Arlington: 2009^[50]
• Copley: 2010^[51]
• Kenmore: 2010^[52]
• Prudential: 2003^[48]
• Riverside: 2000

Accessibility renovations at Symphony and Hynes Convention Center are currently in preliminary design.^[53] Lechmere station will be replaced with an accessible elevated station opening in 2017 as part of the Green Line Extension project.

Location tracking

Activated countdown signs at Kenmore station in August 2015

The Red, Orange, and Blue lines have block signalling systems that make tracking the location of trains easier. Signs in most station on those lines began to display real-time train information in late 2012 and early 2013, while data feeds have been available for smartphone applications since 2010.^[32] However, the wayside signalling system used in the Green Line's tunnels and the D Branch does not provide for that level of tracking, nor do the basic stop/go signals used on the street-level branch lines. In January 2013, the MBTA announced plans to provide full tracking data for the Green Line by 2015, allowing use of smartphone applications and in-station countdown signs.^[32] The $13.4 million system is funded by MassDOT; it uses existing Automatic Vehicle Identification (AVI) systems plus additional sensors in the tunnels, and GPS receivers on the surface sections.^[54]

In September 2013, the MBTA announced that "Next Train" signs would be unveiled at Kenmore that month.^[55] On October 23, 2014, location tracking data became available for Green Line trains above ground. Arrival predictions for surface stations – including the activation of countdown signs along the "D" Branch – and underground tracking and predictions were to be rolled out in two phases by early 2015.^[33] In March 2015, the MBTA announced that enough AVI equipment had been installed to allow the release of some underground data by April 2015, though some equipment would not be completed until July.^[54] Most underground location data went live in August 2015, with trains near Park Street and Boylston waiting until September.

The first predictive countdown signs on the Green Line were activated at Newton Centre and Newton Highlands on April 24, 2015, followed shortly by other "D" Branch stations.^[56] Countdown signs at Kenmore and Hynes were activated in August 2015. Signs at Copley and Arlington plus eastbound-only signs from Boylston through Science Park were activated in October 2015.^[57] The final set of signs – those on the westbound platforms of Science Park through Boylston – were activated in January 2016. Because holding and short-turning trains at the downtown terminals makes time-based predictions unreliable, the signs instead show how many stops away a train is.^[58]

Station consolidation and rebuilding

Consolidation of four stations into two on Commonwealth Avenue along the "B" branch (to Boston College) is being studied, as part of a longterm plan to speed service and provide improved access on that line. The proposed new stations are expected to be fully compliant with ADA guidelines for handicapped accessibility, and to provide other amenities for all passengers.^[59]

Fare prepaid station listing

The following stations have prepaid fare areas (also called fare control), to allow quick boarding and exiting through front and rear doors. At all other stations, passengers must stand in line and use the front door to pay fares, slowing travel times especially during peak periods. At non fare control stops, an MBTA policy of forcing exiting passengers to also use the front doors (to prevent other riders from entering without paying) causes further congestion and delays.

Station	Location	Time to Park Street[60]	Opened	Transfers and notes
Main line: Lechmere Viaduct, Tremont Street Subway, and Boylston Street Subway
Lechmere	Cambridge Street, (Cambridge) Lechmere Square	13 minutes (sign said 12)	July 10, 1922	"E" Branch terminus Viaduct to Lechmere opened June 1, 1912, with tracks running directly onto streets through July 9, 1922
Science Park	Charles River Dam Bridge (Boston) Museum of Science	8 minutes	August 20, 1955	Located on Lechmere Viaduct Only surviving elevated station on the Green Line
North Station	Canal Street (Boston) TD Garden sports arena		June 28, 2004	"C" Branch terminates here Orange Line and Commuter Rail north side lines Surface station opened September 3, 1898 and closed March 27, 1997 Elevated station opened June 1, 1912 and closed June 24, 2004
Haymarket	Congress and New Sudbury Streets (Boston)		May 10, 1971	Orange Line Original station opened September 3, 1898
Government Center	Tremont, Court, and Cambridge Streets (Boston) Boston City Hall, Faneuil Hall/Quincy Market area	2 minutes	September 3, 1898	"D" Branch terminates here Blue Line Formerly "Scollay Square" until October 27, 1963 Closed March 22, 2014 - March 21, 2016 for reconstruction
Park Street	Tremont, Park, and Winter Streets (Boston) Boston Common	0 minutes	September 1, 1897	"B" Branch terminates here Red Line, Orange Line, and Silver Line (must exit fare control area for Silver Line)
Boylston	Tremont and Boylston Streets (Boston) Boston Common	1 minute	September 1, 1897	Silver Line (must exit fare control area) Abandoned tracks split off at Boylston to the Pleasant Street Incline
Arlington	Boylston and Arlington Streets (Boston) Boston Public Garden	3 minutes	November 13, 1921	Free crossover allowed at mezzanine level, to reverse direction of travel
Copley	Boylston Street (Boston) Copley Square	4 minutes	October 3, 1914	"E" Branch splits off after Copley No crossover between directions at Copley; use Arlington to reverse direction
Hynes Convention Center	Massachusetts Avenue and Newbury Street (Boston) Hynes Convention Center		October 3, 1914	Formerly "Massachusetts" until February 17, 1965, then "Auditorium" until March 27, 1990, then "Hynes Convention Center/ICA" until November 2006.
Kenmore	Kenmore Square (Boston) Fenway Park	12 minutes	October 23, 1932	"B", "C", and "D" Branches split here
E Branch (splits off after Copley): Huntington Avenue Subway
Prudential	Huntington Avenue (Boston) Prudential Center		February 16, 1941	"E" Branch Formerly "Mechanics" until 1964
Symphony	Massachusetts Avenue and Huntington Avenue (Boston) Boston Symphony Hall		February 16, 1941	"E" Branch
D Branch: Highland Branch
Riverside	Auburndale in Newton, Massachusetts		July 4, 1959	"D" Branch terminus

Incidents and accidents

Type 7 car wrecked in the May 2008 accident

On May 28, 2008, two "D" Branch trains collided in Newton (see Newton, Massachusetts, train collision). The operator of one of the trains was killed and numerous riders were taken to area hospitals with injuries of varying degrees of seriousness. While it was originally thought that cell phone use was responsible for the accident, the cause was officially determined to be an episode of micro-sleep caused by the driver's sleep apnea.^[61]

On May 8, 2009, two trolleys rear-end collided underground between Park Street and Government Center when the driver of one of the trolleys, 24-year-old Aiden Quinn, was text messaging his girlfriend while driving.^[62] Quinn had run through a red light before the crash, which injured 46 people. MBTA officials estimated that the cost of the crash was $9.6 million.^[63] A strict ban on cell phone usage by MBTA operators was later enacted.^[64]

On October 8, 2012, two "E" Branch trolleys collided in the 700 block of Huntington Avenue near Brigham Circle when one derailed into the other, injuring three people including a train operator.^[65] The next month on November 29, two trolleys collided at low speed at Boylston, injuring several dozen passengers.^[66]

On March 10, 2014, a "D" Branch trolley with passengers aboard derailed in the tunnel just west of Kenmore Station, near the flat junction between the "D" and "C" branches. A second train had to brake suddenly to avoid hitting the derailed train.^[67] Ten people were treated for moderate injuries.^[68]

On August 18, 2014, a "B" Branch train partially derailed near Kenmore station causing major delays, though no people were injured.^[69][70]

Art and architecture

The MBTA maintains an online catalog of the over 90 artworks installed along its six major transit lines. Each downloadable guide is illustrated with full-color photographs, titles, artists, locations, and descriptions of individual artworks.^[71]

See also

• Boston Street Railway Association — historical organization

References

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57. Roberts, Sarah (6 October 2015). "Green Line to get countdown clocks in downtown stations". Boston Globe. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
58. Levenson, Eric (20 January 2016). "Why the Green Line’s new countdown clocks measure ‘stops away’ instead of time". Boston Globe. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
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61. Archived October 16, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
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External links

• MBTA—Green Line
• Jamaica Plain Historical Society—Streetcars in Jamaica Plain: A History
• Green Line Extension project page