Manado Malay
| Manado Malay | |
|---|---|
| Bahasa Manado | |
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | North Sulawesi |
Native speakers | 850,000 (2001)[1] |
|
Malay Creole
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 |
xmm |
| Glottolog |
mala1481[2] |
Manado Language is a language spoken in Manado and the surrounding area. The local name of the language is Bahasa Manado, and the name Minahasa Malay is also used, after the main ethnic group speaking the language. Since Manado Malay is used only for spoken communication, there is no standard orthography.
Manado Malay is actually a creole of the Malay language. It differs from Malay in having a large number of Portuguese and Dutch loan words and in traits like for example its use of "kita" as a first person singular pronoun, while "kita" is a first person inclusive plural pronoun in Malay.
Word stress
Most words have stress on the pre-final syllable:
| kadéra | 'chair' |
| sténga | 'half' |
| dói | 'money' |
But there are also many words with final stress:
| butúl | 'right, correct, true' |
| tolór | 'egg; testicle' |
| sabóng | 'soap' |
Pronouns
Personal
| Standard Indonesian | Manado Malay | |
| First singular | saya | kita |
| First plural | kami / kita | torang |
| Second singular | anda | ngana |
| Second plural | kalian | ngoni |
| Third singular | dia | dia |
| Third plural | mereka | dorang |
Possessives
Possessives are built by adding "pe" to the personal pronoun or name or noun, then followed by the 'possessed' noun. Thus "pe" has the function similar to English "'s" as in "the doctor's uniform".
| English | Manado Malay |
| My friend | kita pe tamang / ta pe tamang |
| Your (sing.) friend | ngana pe tamang / nga pe tamang |
| His/her book | dia pe buku / de pe buku |
| This book is yours (pl.) | ini ngana pe buku |
The W-Words
why = kyápa?
where = di mána?
who = sápa?
which one(s) = tu mána?
Grammatical aspect
Ada ('to be') can be used in Manadonese Malay to indicate the perfective aspect e.g. :
- Dorang ada turung pigi Wenang = "They already went down to Wenang"
- Torang so makang = "We ate already", or "We have eaten already".
- kita- me, myself, i or we, us
- torang- we, us
Nasal finals
The final nasals /m/ and /n/ in Indonesian are replaced by the "-ng" group in Manado Malay, similar with Terengganu dialect of Malaysia, e.g. :
- makang (Indonesian makan) = "to eat",
- jalang (Indonesian jalan) = "to walk",
- sirang (Indonesian siram) = "to shower" etc.
Prefix
"ba-" prefix
The ber- prefix in Indonesian, which serves a function similar to the English -ing, is modified into ba- in Manado Malay. E.g.: bajalang (berjalan, walking), batobo (berenang, swimming), batolor (bertelur, laying eggs)
"ma(°)-" prefix
° = ng, n, or m depending on phonological context.
The me(°)- prefix in standard Indonesian, which also serves a function to make a verb active, is modified into ma(°)- in Manado Malay. E.g.: mangael (mengail, hooking fish), manari (menari, dancing), mancari (mencari, searching), mamasa (memasak, cooking), manangis (menangis, crying).
Other words
Several words in standard Indonesian are shortened in Manado Malay. For example:
pi (standard Indonesian: pergi, to go)
- mo pi mana ngoni? (where are you people going?)
co (standard Indonesian: coba, to try)
- co lia ini oto (try have a look at this car)
so (standard Indonesian: sudah, have/has done)
- so klar? (have you finished?), "so maleleh?" (has it molten?), so kanyang?" (are your stomachs full yet?)
ta (standard Indonesian: awalan ter, passive prefix)
- tasono? (fallen asleep) , tajatung? (fallen), tagoso (being rubbed)
Indonesian loanwards from Manado Malay
Several words in Manado Malay are loaned to the standard Indonesian:
- baku (which indicates reciprocality) e.g. : baku hantam (to punch each other), baku ajar (to hit each other), baku veto (to debate one another), baku sedu (to laugh oneselves off), baku dapa (to meet each other).
Manado Malay loanwords from other languages
Due to the past colonisation by the Dutch and the Portuguese in Sulawesi, several words of Manado Malay originate from their languages.
| Standard Indonesian | Manado Malay loanword | Language of Origin | English meaning |
| topi | capéo | Portuguese (chapéu) | cap, hat |
| bosan | fastíu | Portuguese (fastio) | bored |
| untuk | for | Dutch (voor) | for |
| garpu | fork | Dutch (vork) | fork |
| tenggorokan | gargántang | Portuguese (garganta) | throat |
| kursi | kadéra | Portuguese (cadeira) | chair |
| bendera | bandéra | Portuguese (bandeira) | flag |
| saputangan | lénso | Portuguese (lenço) | handkerchief |
| tapi | mar | Dutch (maar) | but |
| jagung | mílu | Portuguese (milho) | corn, maize |
| paman | om | Dutch (oom) | uncle |
| nenek | oma | Dutch (oma) | grandmother |
| kakek | opa | Dutch (opa) | grandfather |
| berteduh | sómbar | Portuguese (sombra) | shadow |
| keringat | suár | Portuguese (suar) | sweat |
| bibi | tánte | Dutch (tante) | aunt |
| dahi | tésta | Portuguese (testa) | forehead, temple |
| penyu | tuturúga | Portuguese (tartaruga) | turtle |
| sepatu | chapátu | Portuguese (sapato) | shoe(s) |
| kebun | kintál | Portuguese (quintal) | (agricultural) field or garden |
References
- ↑ Manado Malay at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- ↑ Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Manado Malay". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
