Kho-Bwa languages

Kho-Bwa
Kamengic
Bugunish
Geographic
distribution:		 Arunachal Pradesh
Linguistic classification: possibly Sino-Tibetan
Glottolog: khob1235[1]

The Kho-Bwa languages, also known as Bugunish and Kamengic, are a small family of languages spoken in Arunachal Pradesh, northeast India. The name Kho-Bwa is due to Van Driem (2001). It is based on the reconstructed words *kho ("fire") and *bwa ("water"). Blench (2011) suggests the name Kamengic, from the Kameng area of Arunachal Pradesh, or alternatively Bugun–Mey, after its two main members.

Both Van Driem and Blench group the Bugun (or Khowa), the Mey (or Sherdukpen), and the Lishpa (or Lish) languages. The Puroik (or Sulung) language is included in the group by Van Driem but treated as a language isolate with no genetic relation to Kamengic by Blench.

These languages have traditionally been placed in the Tibeto-Burman group by the Linguistic Survey of India, but the justification of this is open to question. The languages have certainly been strongly influenced by the neighboring Sino-Tibetan languages, but this does not necessarily imply genetic unity and may possibly be a purely areal effect.[2]

The entire language family has about 15,000 speakers (including Puroik) or about 10,000 speakers (excluding Puroik), according to estimates made during the 2000s.

Classification

The internal structure of the Kamengic group of languages is as follows.

Vocabulary

The following table of Kho-Bwa basic vocabulary items is from Blench (2015).[3]

Gloss Mey (Shergaon) Mey (Rupa) Sartang (Jergaon) Sartang (Rahung) Lish (Khispi) Chug (Duhumbi)
Onehǎnhanhènhânhinhin
Twoɲǐtɲiknìkněɲesniʃ
Threeùŋuŋùŋùúnʔumom
Fourpʰʃìbsisìpsìpʰəhipsi
Fivekʰùkʰukʰùkʰukʰakʰa
Sixʧùkkitʧìkʨěyʧʰuʔʧyk
Sevenʃìtsitsìksǐ, sěʃishis
Eightsàʤátsarʤatsàrgèsàrʤɛ́saɾgeʔsaɾgeʔ
Ninetʰkʰídʰikʰitʰkʰìtɛ̀kʰɯ́ṱʰikʰuṱʰikʰu
Tensɔ̀ ̃sõsã̀sɔʃanʃan
Headkʰrukkʰrukkʰrǔkkʰruʔkʰoloʔkʰloʔ
Nosenupʰuŋnəfuŋnfùŋapʰuŋhempoŋheŋpʰoŋ
Eyekhibikivikábìkʰaʔbykʰumukʰum
Earkʰtùŋgtʰiŋgtʰìŋktèíŋkʰutʰuŋkʰutʰuŋ
Tonguelaphõlapon?leloiloi
Toothnuthuŋtokʧemísìŋnitʰiŋʃiŋtuŋhintuŋ
Armikikìkikhuhut
Leglàlaponlɛ̌lɛ̌leilai
Bellyʃrìŋsliŋsrìŋsriŋhiɲiŋhiliŋ
Boneskìkskikàhíkskikʃukuʃʃukuʃ
Bloodhàha(a)hɛ̀hahoihoi
Facedòŋpùbomizə̀ídoʔdoŋpa
Toothntùŋtokʧemísìŋptə̀íŋʃiŋtuŋhintuŋ
Stomachàlàkarbuʧàkphriŋhiɲiŋhiliŋ
Mouthʧàwnəʧawsoʨʨǒhoʧokkʰoʧu
Rainʧuumaniminʧʰùʧuʧubanamunamu

References

  1. ↑ Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Kho-Bwa". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
  2. ↑ Blench (2011): "Certainly, the phonology and morphology of Arunachali languages looks superficially like Tibeto-Burman, which explains their placing in the Linguistic Survey of India. Unfortunately, this is rather where matters have remained [... this paper] proposes we should take seriously the underlying presumption probably implied in Konow's statement in Linguistic Survey of India. Volume III, 1, Tibeto-Burman family, Calcutta (1909:572)], that these languages may not be Sino-Tibetan but simply have been influenced by it; that they are language isolates."
  3. ↑ Blench, Roger. 2015. The Mey languages and their classification. Presentation given at the University of Sydney.
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