LGBT rights by country or territory

This article is about current LGBT rights around the world. For historical and current movements to further LGBT rights, see LGBT social movements.

Worldwide laws regarding homosexual relationships and expression
  
 Marriage
  
 Restricted freedom of expression
  
 Civil union, registered partnership or unregistered cohabitation
  
 Unenforced penalty
  
 Marriage recognized but not performed
  
 Imprisonment
  
 Same-sex unions not recognized
  
 Up to life in prison
  
 Death penalty
Click on map to view an enlarged version where rings in various locations become visible. These indicate places with local or case-by-case applications of law. Some laws reflected in the map have not gone into effect yet.
LGBT rights at the United Nations
  
 Support Countries which have signed a General Assembly declaration of LGBT rights and/or sponsored the Human Rights Council's 2011 resolution on LGBT rights (94 members).
  
 Oppose Countries which signed a 2008 statement opposing LGBT rights (initially 57 members, now 54 members).
  
 Neither Countries which, as regards the UN, have expressed neither official support nor opposition to LGBT rights (46 members).

Laws affecting lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people vary greatly by country or territory—everything from legal recognition of same-sex marriage or other types of partnerships, to the death penalty as punishment for same-sex romantic/sexual activity or identity.

LGBT rights are considered human rights by the Amnesty International[1] and civil rights by some.[2] LGBT rights laws include, but are not limited to, the following:

As of April 2016, nineteen countries, most of them located in North America, the Southern Cone and Western Europe,[lower-alpha 1] recognize same-sex marriage and grant most of (if not all) the other rights listed above to its LGBT citizens.

Anti-LGBT laws include, but are not limited to, the following: sodomy laws penalizing consensual same-sex sexual activity with fines, jail terms, or the death penalty; anti-"lesbianism" laws; and higher ages of consent for same-sex activity.

In 2011, the United Nations Human Rights Council passed its first resolution recognizing LGBT rights, which was followed up with a report from the UN Human Rights Commission documenting violations of the rights of LGBT people, including hate crime, criminalization of homosexuality, and discrimination. Following up on the report, the UN Human Rights Commission urged all countries which had not yet done so to enact laws protecting basic LGBT rights.[3][4]

As of July 2015, seventy two countries[lower-alpha 7] as well as five sub-national jurisdictions[lower-alpha 8] have laws criminalizing homosexuality, with most of them located in Asia and Africa.

History of LGBT-related laws

Ancient Celts

According to Aristotle, although most "belligerent nations" were strongly influenced by their women, the Celts were unusual because their men openly preferred male lovers (Politics II 1269b).[5] H. D. Rankin in Celts and the Classical World notes that "Athenaeus echoes this comment (603a) and so does Ammianus (30.9). It seems to be the general opinion of antiquity."[6] In book XIII of his Deipnosophists, the Roman Greek rhetorician and grammarian Athenaeus, repeating assertions made by Diodorus Siculus in the 1st century BC (Bibliotheca historica 5:32), wrote that Celtic women were beautiful but that the men preferred to sleep together. Diodorus went further, stating that "the young men will offer themselves to strangers and are insulted if the offer is refused". Rankin argues that the ultimate source of these assertions is likely to be Poseidonius and speculates that these authors may be recording male "bonding rituals".[7]

Ancient India

Throughout Hindu and Vedic texts there are many descriptions of saints, demigods, and even the Supreme Lord transcending gender norms and manifesting multiple combinations of sex and gender.[8] There are several instances in ancient Indian epic poetry of same sex depictions and unions by gods and goddesses. There are several stories of depicting love between same sexes especially among kings and queens. Kamasutra, the ancient Indian treatise on love talks about feelings for same sexes. Transsexuals are also venerated e.g. Lord Vishnu as Mohini and Lord Shiva as Ardhanarishwara (which means half woman).[9]

Ancient West Asia

Ancient Israel

The ancient Law of Moses (the Torah) forbids men lying with men (intercourse) in Leviticus 18 and gives a story of attempted homosexual rape in Genesis in the story of Sodom and Gomorrah, the cities being soon destroyed after that. The death penalty was prescribed. In Deuteronomy 22:5, cross-dressing is condemned as being "abominable".

Ancient Persia

In Persia homosexuality and homoerotic expressions were tolerated in numerous public places, from monasteries and seminaries to taverns, military camps, bathhouses, and coffee houses. In the early Safavid era (1501–1723), male houses of prostitution (amrad khane) were legally recognized and paid taxes. Persian poets, such as Sa’di (d. 1291), Hafiz (d. 1389), and Jami (d. 1492), wrote poems replete with homoerotic allusions. The two most commonly documented forms were commercial sex with transgender young males or males enacting transgender roles exemplified by the köçeks and Sufi spiritual practices in which the practitioner admired the form of a beautiful boy in order to enter ecstatic states and glimpse the beauty of God.

Ancient Mesopotamia

Middle Assyrian Law Codes dating 1075 BC states: "If a man have(sic) intercourse with his brother-in-arms, they shall turn him into a eunuch."[10]

Ancient Rome

The "conquest mentality" of the ancient Romans shaped Roman homosexual practices.[11] In the Roman Republic, a citizen's political liberty was defined in part by the right to preserve his body from physical compulsion or use by others;[12] for the male citizen to submit his body to the giving of pleasure was considered servile.[13] As long as a man played the penetrative role, it was socially acceptable and considered natural for him to have same-sex relations, without a perceived loss of his masculinity or social standing.[14] The bodies of citizen youths were strictly off-limits, and the Lex Scantinia imposed penalites on those who committed a sex crime (stuprum) against a freeborn male minor.[15] Acceptable same-sex partners were males excluded from legal protections as citizens: slaves, male prostitutes, and the infames, entertainers or others who might be technically free but whose lifestyles set them outside the law.

"Homosexual" and "heterosexual" were thus not categories of Roman sexuality, and no words exist in Latin that would precisely translate these concepts.[16] A male citizen who willingly performed oral sex or received anal sex was disparaged, but there is only limited evidence of legal penalties against these men, who were presumably "homosexual" in the modern sense.[17] In courtroom and political rhetoric, charges of effeminacy and passive sexual behaviors were directed particularly at "democratic" politicians (populares) such as Julius Caesar and Mark Antony.[18]

Roman law addressed the rape of a male citizen as early as the 2nd century BC, when a ruling was issued in a case that may have involved a man of same-sex orientation. It was ruled that even a man who was "disreputable and questionable" had the same right as other citizens not to have his body subjected to forced sex.[19] A law probably dating to the dictatorship of Julius Caesar defined rape as forced sex against "boy, woman, or anyone"; the rapist was subject to execution, a rare penalty in Roman law.[20] A male classified as infamis, such as a prostitute or actor, could not as a matter of law be raped, nor could a slave, who was legally classified as property; the slave's owner, however, could prosecute the rapist for property damage.[21]

In the Roman army of the Republic, sex among fellow soldiers violated the decorum against intercourse with citizens and was subject to harsh penalties, including death,[22] as a violation of military discipline.[23] The Greek historian Polybius (2nd century BC) lists deserters, thieves, perjurers, and "those who in youth have abused their persons" as subject to the fustuarium, clubbing to death.[24] Ancient sources are most concerned with the effects of sexual harassment by officers, but the young soldier who brought an accusation against his superior needed to show that he had not willingly taken the passive role or prostituted himself.[25] Soldiers were free to have relations with their male slaves;[26] the use of a fellow citizen-soldier's body was prohibited, not homosexual behaviors per se.[27] By the late Republic and throughout the Imperial period, there is increasing evidence that men whose lifestyle marked them as "homosexual" in the modern sense served openly.[28]

Although Roman law did not recognize marriage between men, and in general Romans regarded marriage as a heterosexual union with the primary purpose of producing children, in the early Imperial period some male couples were celebrating traditional marriage rites. Juvenal remarks with disapproval that his friends often attended such ceremonies.[29] The emperor Nero had two marriages to men, once as the bride (with a freedman Pythagoras) and once as the groom. His consort Sporus appeared in public as Nero's wife wearing the regalia that was customary for the Roman empress.[30]

Apart from measures to protect the prerogatives of citizens, the prosecution of homosexuality as a general crime began in the 3rd century of the Christian era when male prostitution was banned by Philip the Arab. By the end of the 4th century, after the Roman Empire had come under Christian rule, passive homosexuality was punishable by burning.[31] "Death by sword" was the punishment for a "man coupling like a woman" under the Theodosian Code.[32] Under Justinian, all same-sex acts, passive or active, no matter who the partners, were declared contrary to nature and punishable by death.[33]

Congo

E. E. Evans-Pritchard recorded that in the past male Azande warriors in the northern Congo routinely took on young male lovers between the ages of twelve and twenty, who helped with household tasks and participated in intercrural sex with their older husbands. The practice had died out by the early 20th century, after Europeans had gained control of African countries, but was recounted to Evans-Pritchard by the elders to whom he spoke.[34]

Feudal Japan

In feudal Japan, homosexuality was recognized, between equals (bi-do), in terms of pederasty (wakashudo), and in terms of prostitution. The younger partner in a pederastic relationship often was expected to make the first move; the opposite was true in ancient Greece. In religious circles, same-sex love spread to the warrior (samurai) class, where it was customary for a boy in the wakashū age category to undergo training in the martial arts by apprenticing to a more experienced adult man. The man was permitted, if the boy agreed, to take the boy as his lover until he came of age; this relationship, often formalized in a "brotherhood contract",[35] was expected to be exclusive, with both partners swearing to take no other (male) lovers. The Samurai period was one in which homosexuality was seen as particularly positive. Later when Japanese society became pacified, the middle classes adopted many of the practices of the warrior class.

Lesotho

Anthropologists Stephen Murray and Will Roscoe reported that women in Lesotho engaged in socially sanctioned "long term, erotic relationships" called motsoalle.[36]

Papua New Guinea

In Papua New Guinea, same-sex relationships were an integral part of the culture until the middle of the last century. The Etoro and Marind-anim for example, even viewed heterosexuality as wasteful and celebrated homosexuality instead. They believed that in sharing semen, they are sharing their life force, yet women simply wasted this force any time they didn't get pregnant after sex. In many traditional Melanesian cultures a prepubertal boy would be paired with an older adolescent who would become his mentor and who would "inseminate" him (orally, anally, or topically, depending on the tribe) over a number of years in order for the younger to also reach puberty.[37]

Global LGBT Rights Maps

LGBT-related laws by country or territory

Africa

Americas

Asia

Europe

Oceania

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Countries with same-sex marriage recognized nationwide are: Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Denmark,[lower-alpha 2] France, Iceland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands,[lower-alpha 3] New Zealand,[lower-alpha 4] Norway, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom,[lower-alpha 5] the United States [lower-alpha 6] and Uruguay.
  2. ↑ Excluding the Faroe Islands
  3. ↑ Excluding Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten
  4. ↑ Excluding Niue, Tokelau and the Cook Islands
  5. ↑ Excluding Northern Ireland, the Crown dependencies and most British Overseas Territories. (Same-sex marriage is legal in the Pitcairn Islands).
  6. ↑ Excluding most Native American tribes. (Same-sex marriage is legal in at least 24 of them). Application to American Samoa unclear.
  7. ↑ Countries with laws criminalizing homosexuality are: Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuada, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Bhutan, Botswana, Brunei, Burundi, Cameroon, Comoros, Dominica, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guinea, Guyana, India, Iran, Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Liberia, Libya, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritania, Morocco, Myanmar, Namibia, Nauru, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Qatar, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Sudan, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Yemen, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
  8. ↑ These five sub-national jurisdictions are: the provinces of Aceh and South Sumatra (Indonesia), the Cook Islands (New Zealand), Gaza (Palestine) and Marawi City (the Philippines).

References

  1. ↑ "About LGBT Human Rights". Amnesty International. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
  2. ↑ Becker, John (23 March 2012). "LGBT Rights Are Civil Rights". Huffington Post. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
  3. ↑ Jordans, Frank (17 June 2011). "U.N. Gay Rights Protection Resolution Passes, Hailed As 'Historic Moment'". Associated Press.
  4. ↑ "UN issues first report on human rights of gay and lesbian people". United Nations. 15 December 2011.
  5. ↑ Percy, William A. (1996). Pederasty and Pedagogy in Archaic Greece. University of Illinois Press. p. 18. ISBN 0-252-06740-1. Retrieved 2009-09-18.; Rankin, H.D. Celts and the Classical World, p.55
  6. ↑ Rankin, p. 55
  7. ↑ Rankin, p.78
  8. ↑ ritiya-Prakriti: People of the Third Sex, p. 40
  9. ↑ "Gay and Lesbian Vaishnava Association, Inc". Galva108.org. Retrieved 2013-11-02.
  10. ↑ Halsall, Paul. "The Code of the Assura". Internet History Sourcebooks Project. Fordham University. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
  11. ↑ Eva Cantarella, Bisexuality in the Ancient World (Yale University Press, 1992, 2002, originally published 1988 in Italian), p. xi; Marilyn B. Skinner, introduction to Roman Sexualities (Princeton University Press, 1997), p. 11.
  12. ↑ Thomas A.J. McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome (Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 326.
  13. ↑ Catharine Edwards, "Unspeakable Professions: Public Performance and Prostitution in Ancient Rome," in Roman Sexualities, pp. 67–68.
  14. ↑ Amy Richlin, The Garden of Priapus: Sexuality and Aggression in Roman Humor (Oxford University Press, 1983, 1992), p. 225, and "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men," Journal of the History of Sexuality 3.4 (1993), p. 525.
  15. ↑ Plutarch, Moralia 288a; Thomas Habinek, "The Invention of Sexuality in the World-City of Rome," in The Roman Cultural Revolution (Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 39; Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," pp. 545–546. Scholars disagree as to whether the Lex Scantinia imposed the death penalty or a hefty fine.
  16. ↑ Craig Williams, Roman Homosexuality (Oxford University Press, 1999, 2010), p. 304, citing Saara Lilja, Homosexuality in Republican and Augustan Rome (Societas Scientiarum Fennica, 1983), p. 122.
  17. ↑ Williams, Roman Homosexuality, pp. 214–215; Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," passim.
  18. ↑ Catharine Edwards, The Politics of Immorality in Ancient Rome (Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 63–64.
  19. ↑ As recorded in a fragment of the speech De Re Floria by Cato the Elder (frg. 57 Jordan = Aulus Gellius 9.12.7), noted and discussed by Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 561.
  20. ↑ Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," pp. 562–563. See also Digest 48.5.35 [34] on legal definitions of rape that included boys.
  21. ↑ Under the Lex Aquilia. See McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality, and the Law in Ancient Rome, p. 314.
  22. ↑ McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome, p. 40.
  23. ↑ Sara Elise Phang, Roman Military Service: Ideologies of Discipline in the Late Republic and Early Principate (Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 93.
  24. ↑ Polybius, Histories 6.37.9 (translated as bastinado).
  25. ↑ Phang, The Marriage of Roman Soldiers, pp. 280–285.
  26. ↑ Phang, The Marriage of Roman Soldiers, p. 3.
  27. ↑ Williams, Roman Homosexuality, p. 112 et passim.
  28. ↑ Phang, The Marriage of Roman Soldiers, pp. 285–292.
  29. ↑ Juvenal, Satire 2; Williams, Roman Homosexuality, p. 28.
  30. ↑ Suetonius Life of Nero 28–29; Williams, Roman Homosexuality, p. 279ff.
  31. ↑ Michael Groneberg, "Reasons for Homophobia: Three Types of Explanation," in Combatting Homophobia: Experiences and Analyses Pertinent to Education (LIT Verlag, 2011), p. 193.
  32. ↑ Codex Theodosianus 9.7.3 (4 December 342), introduced by the sons of Constantine in 342.
  33. ↑ Groneberg, "Reasons for Homophobia," p. 193.
  34. ↑ Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (December, 1970). Sexual Inversion among the Azande. American Anthropologist, New Series, 72(6), 1428–1434.
  35. ↑ Leupp, Gary P. (1999). Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan. University of California Press. pp. 53–54. ISBN 0-520-20909-5.
  36. ↑ Murray, Stephen (ed.); Roscoe, Will (ed.) (1998). Boy Wives and Female Husbands: Studies of African Homosexualities. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-23829-0. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  37. ↑ Herdt, Gilbert H. (1984), Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia, University of California Press, pp. 128–136, ISBN 0-520-08096-3
  38. 1 2 3 4 5 Aengus Carroll; Lucas Paoli Itaborahy (May 2015). "State-Sponsored Homophobia: A World Survey of Laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition of same-sex love" (PDF). International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex association. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  39. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 "Where is it illegal to be gay? - BBC News". Bbc.com. Retrieved 2015-09-29.
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  41. ↑ (Spanish) Reglamento regulador del Registro de Uniones de Hecho
  42. 1 2 "Spain approves liberal gay marriage law". St. Petersburg Times. 2005-07-01. Retrieved 2007-01-08.
  43. 1 2 "Adoption in Spain". Intercountry Adoption. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  44. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 {{cite web|url=http://ilga-europe.org/
  45. 1 2 (Spanish) Ley 3/2007, de 15 de marzo, reguladora de la rectificación registral de la mención relativa al sexo de las personas
  46. ↑ "Egypt (Law) - ILGA". ilga.org. ILGA. Archived from the original on 11 July 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  47. ↑ Littauer, Dan (25 November 2012). "Twelve men to be executed by Libyan militia for allegedly being gay". Gay Star News. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  48. ↑ (Spanish) REGLAMENTO REGULADOR DEL REGISTRO DE PAREJAS DE HECHO DE LA CIUDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MELILLA
  49. ↑ "Morocco (Law)". ilga.org. ILGA. Archived from the original on 24 July 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  50. ↑ "Tunisia (Law)". ilga.org. ILGA. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  51. ↑ "Benin (Law)". ilga.org. ILGA. Archived from the original on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  52. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Ilga : State-Sponsored Homophobia" (PDF). Old.ilga.org. May 2013. Retrieved 2015-09-29.
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  69. ↑ {{|date=January2015}}
  70. ↑ http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/06/2013630131245411453.html
  71. ↑
  72. ↑ Johnson, Ayo (June 15, 2013). "MPs approve historic Human Rights Act changes". The Royal Gazette. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
  73. ↑ "Criminal Code (R.S., 1985, c. C-46), Section 159, Subsection (1)". Department of Justice Canada. 21 May 2010.
  74. ↑ Law Reform (2000) Act
  75. ↑ An Act instituting civil unions and establishing new rules of filiation
  76. ↑ "Alberta: Adult Interdependent Relationships". Legal Resource Center of Alberta. 2006. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  77. ↑ THE COMMON-LAW PARTNERS' PROPERTY AND RELATED AMENDMENTS ACT
  78. ↑ LOI CONCERNANT CERTAINES CONDITIONS DE FOND DU MARIAGE CIVIL
  79. ↑ Status differs in provinces and territories:
  80. ↑ "Canadian Armed Forces". The Canadian Lesbian & Gay Archives. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
  81. ↑ Northwest Territories Human Rights Act, S.N.W.T. 2002, c.18. Section 5.
  82. ↑ "Ontario passes law to protect transgender people". CBC News. June 13, 2012. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
  83. ↑ http://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/topic.page?id=C53953157EE344A681EFD28325B526F4
  84. ↑ http://vitalstats.gov.mb.ca/change_of_sex_designation.html
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  89. ↑ (Spanish) Pedro Zamora Briseño (29 July 2013). "Aprueba Colima "enlace conyugal" entre parejas del mismo sexo". Proceso. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  90. ↑ http://www.sdpnoticias.com/gay/2013/12/23/legalizan-bodas-gays-en-campeche
  91. ↑ (Spanish) "Jalisco avala Ley de Libre Convivencia para regular parejas del mismo sexo". CNN México. 31 October 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  92. ↑ https://www.quadratin.com.mx/politica/Aprueban-Codigo-Familiar-en-Michoacan-no-incluye-matrimonios-gay
  93. 1 2 David Agren (10 August 2010). "Mexican States Ordered to Honor Gay Marriages". New York Times. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
  94. ↑ (Spanish) Varillas, Adriana (3 May 2012). "Revocan anulación de bodas gay en QRoo". El Universal. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  95. ↑ (Spanish) Mauricio Torres (14 November 2013). "Senadores proponen legalizar el matrimonio gay en todo México". CNN México. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  96. ↑ (Spanish) "Propone Fernando Mayans Canabal reconocer el matrimonio sin distinción de preferencia sexual". Senado de México. 20 November 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  97. ↑ Summers, Claude (6 June 2015). "Mexico's Supreme Court Effectively Legalizes Same-Sex Marriage Nationwide". Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  98. ↑ "SCJN abre la puerta a matrimonio gay en todo el país" (in Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico: La Journada. 12 June 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  99. ↑ "Suprema Corte ampara matrimonio igualitario" (in Spanish). Mexico: Animal Politico. 13 June 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  100. ↑ Associated Press (4 March 2010). "Mexico City's gay marriage law takes effect". MSNBC. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
  101. ↑ (Spanish) Jesús Castro (12 February 2014). "Ya pueden parejas gay adoptar en Coahuila; PAN vota en contra". Vanguardia. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
  102. ↑ "Intercountry Adoption: Mexico". Office of Children Issues, U.S. Dept. of State. November 2009.
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  105. ↑ International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA) Trans (29 August 2008). "Mexico City extends official rights to transgender individuals". Retrieved 27 November 2009.
  106. ↑ Mexico, Protocol of Action for Those Who Impart Justice in Cases that Involve Sexual Orientation or Gender Identity (PDF) (in Spanish). Mexico City: Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation. August 2014. ISBN 978-607-96207-3-8. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  107. 1 2 3 4 5 6 (French) Loi n° 99-944 du 15 novembre 1999 relative au pacte civil de solidarité
  108. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Vignal, Francois (April 15, 2013). "Mariage pour tous : le détail du vote au Sénat" (in French). Public Senat. Retrieved October 27, 2013.
  109. 1 2 3 4 5 6 http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/france.html
  110. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 "France: Transsexualism will no longer be classified as a mental illness in France / News / Welcome to the ILGA Trans Secretariat / Trans / ilga - ILGA". Trans.ilga.org. 2009-05-16. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
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  112. ↑ [http://www.citizenlink.org/CLNews/A000004948.cfm CitizenLink: Amendment Would Mean No Money to D.C. Domestic-Partner Registry
  113. ↑ Summary of LD 1579
  114. ↑ "Oregon Registered Domestic Partners" (PDF). State of Oregon. Retrieved December 11, 2012.
  115. ↑ "Senate Bill 566".
  116. ↑ Burroway, Jim (June 17, 2009). "Wisconsin Senate Approves Domestic Partnerships". Box Turtle Bulletin. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
  117. ↑ "Nevada legalizing domestic partnerships". CNN. May 31, 2009. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
  118. ↑ "New Jersey Public Law 2006, c.103" (PDF). New Jersey Legislature. 2006. Retrieved July 31, 2007.
  119. ↑ Illinois House passes civil unions legislation in historic vote
  120. ↑ Huffington Post: Mark Niesse, "Hawaii Governor Neil Abercrombie Signs Same-Sex Civil Unions Into Law," February 23, 2011, accessed April 13, 2011
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  158. ↑ (Spanish) LEY Nº 3736 CONVIVENCIA HOMOSEXUAL
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  180. ↑ Homosexuality is not deviant - Federal Council of Psychologists of Brazil (Portuguese)
  181. ↑ Psychiatrist Jairo Bouer talks about the "collateral effects" of "gay cure" bill (Portuguese)
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  185. ↑ Ley 20830 CREA EL ACUERDO DE UNIÓN CIVIL
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  200. ↑ LEY REFORMATORIA AL CÓDIGO CIVIL
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  363. ↑ (Icelandic)Lög um breytingu á lagaákvæðum er varða réttarstöðu samkynhneigðra (sambúð, ættleiðingar, tæknifrjóvgun)
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  365. ↑ "Iceland parliament votes for gay marriage". IceNews. June 11, 2010. Retrieved September 12, 2012.
  366. ↑ "New gay marriage law in Iceland comes into force". Icenews.is. Retrieved 14 August 2010.
  367. ↑ https://adopt.com/iceland/
  368. ↑ (Icelandic) Alþingi Barnalög
  369. ↑ Iceland adopts a new comprehensive law on trans issues
  370. ↑ "President Signs Anti-Gay Constitutional Amendment". UK Gay News. December 21, 2005. Retrieved 2009-08-12.
  371. ↑ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/latvia.html
  372. ↑ (Latvian) Cik viegli pārvērsties no Ievas par Ādamu?
  373. ↑ Čachovskis, K. (March 25, 2015). "9 MPs register bill on same-sex partnership". DELFI. Retrieved July 4, 2015.
  374. ↑ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/lithuania.html
  375. ↑ (Lithuanian) Lietuvos Respublikos Civilinis kodeksas (Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania
  376. ↑ https://lovdata.no/dokument/LTI/lov/2008-06-27-53
  377. ↑ "Norway Gay Marriage Bill Passes Final Hurdle". 365gay.com. Retrieved 17 June 2008.
  378. ↑ "Norway passes law approving gay marriage". Latimes.com. 2008-06-17. Retrieved 2015-05-29.
  379. ↑ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/norway.html
  380. ↑ (Norwegian Nynorsk) Lovdata Barnelova
  381. ↑ http://www.notisum.se/rnp/sls/sfs/20090253.pdf
  382. ↑ "Gays Win Marriage Rights". Sveriges Radio English. 1 April 2009.
  383. ↑ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/sweden.html
  384. ↑ (Swedish) Sveriges Riksdag Föräldrabalk
  385. ↑ Fia Sundevall & Alma Persson (2016) "LGBT in the Military: Policy Development in Sweden 1944–2014", Sexuality Research and Social Policy, June 2016, Volume 13, Issue 2, pp 119-129, http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13178-015-0217-6/fulltext.html
  386. ↑ http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/sweden-ends-forced-sterilization-trans110113
  387. ↑ Criminal Code (Amendment) Ordinance 2000 (PDF)
  388. ↑ Criminal Code (consolidated)
  389. ↑ Employment (Equality) Ordinance 2013 (PDF)
  390. ↑ Dan Littauer, Albania passes landmark gay hate crime laws, gaystarnews.com, 5 May 2013
  391. ↑ (Catalan) Llei 4/2005, del 21 de febrer, qualificada de les unions estables de parella
  392. 1 2 (Catalan) Llei 34/2014, del 27 de novembre, qualificada de les unions civils i de modificació de la Llei qualificada del matrimoni, de 30 de juny de 1995
  393. ↑ "Diari d'Andorra - Enllestida la llei d’unions civils amb el procés d’adopció dels matrimonis". diariandorra.ad.
  394. ↑ (Catalan) Demà entren en vigor lleis importants, com la d'unions civils o la 'regla d´or'
  395. ↑ "Article 46(1), Bulgaria – Constitution". Retrieved 2009-10-04.
  396. ↑ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/bulgaria.html
  397. ↑ "Bulgarian Parliament approves with 93-23 vote (and 23 abstentions) amendments to the Protection from Discrimination Act to include protection against discrimination of trans people". The Sofia Globe. 25 March 2015.
  398. ↑ "Bulgarian Parliament Votes on Anti-Discrimination Law Amendments". Novinite.com. 25 March 2015.
  399. ↑ (Croatian) Zakon o životnom partnerstvu osoba istog spola
  400. ↑ (Croatian) "Ustav Republike Hrvatske" (PDF). Ustavni sud Republike Hrvatske. 15 January 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  401. ↑ (Croatian) "Zakon o suzbijanju diskriminacije". Narodne-novine.nn.hr. 21 July 2008. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
  402. ↑ (Croatian)"Pravilnik o načinu prikupljanja medicinske dokumentacije te utvrđivanja uvjeta i pretpostavki za promjenu spola i drugom rodnom identitetu.". Narodne-novine.nn.hr. 15 November 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
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  405. ↑ "Cyprus: Penal code amended to protect against discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity". PinkNews. Retrieved October 27, 2013.
  406. ↑ CIVIL PARTNERSHIP ACT 2014
  407. ↑ Command Paper for Consultation on Marriage Act
  408. ↑ Command Paper on a draft Act to make amendments to the Marriage Act to make provision for same sex marriage and enable civil partners to convert their partnership into marriage
  409. ↑ http://www.gibraltarlaws.gov.gi/articles/2006-37o.pdf
  410. ↑ "Calls for gender recognition in Gibraltar". PinkNews.
  411. ↑ "Η Ελλάδα είπε το μεγάλο «ναι» στο σύμφωνο συμβίωσης".
  412. ↑ (Italian) Atto Senato n. 15
  413. ↑ (Italian) Atto Senato n. 204
  414. ↑ (Italian) Atto Senato n. 393
  415. ↑ (Italian) "Adozioni gay, la Corte d’Appello di Roma conferma: sì a due mamme". Corriere della Sera.
  416. ↑ (Italian) "Legge 14 Aprile 1982, n. 164 (GU n. 106 del 19/04/1982) Norme in Materia di Rettificazione di Attribuzione di Sesso". Archived from the original on 23 May 2007.
  417. ↑ Court of Cassation judgment of 21 May 2015
  418. ↑ "Macedonia Moves to Rule Out Same-Sex Marriage". Balkan Insight. 1 July 2014.
  419. 1 2 AN ACT to regulate civil unions and to provide for matters connected therewith or ancillary thereto
  420. ↑ MARRIAGE ACT
  421. ↑ Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics Bill
  422. ↑ "THE CONSTITUTION OF MONTENEGRO and THE CONSTITUTIONAL LAW FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONSTITUTION OF MONTENEGRO ADOPTED ON 19 OCTOBER 2007" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-01-05.
  423. ↑ "Information on the rights of minority groups in Montenegro" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-01-05.
  424. ↑ (Portuguese) Law no. 7/2001, from 11 May (specifically Article 1, no. 1).
  425. ↑ (Portuguese) AR altera lei das uniões de facto
  426. ↑ Law no. 9/2010, from 30th May.
  427. ↑ http://www.lgbt-ep.eu/press-releases/meps-welcome-new-gender-change-law-in-portugal-concerned-about-lithuania/
  428. ↑ Gessa, Daniele Guido (June 27, 2012). "San Marino axes medieval law to let gay couples live together". GayStarNews. Retrieved September 10, 2012.
  429. ↑ (Italian) San Marino. Unioni civili, presto sul tavolo tre bozze di legge
  430. ↑ (Italian) San Marino. Unioni civili, presto sul tavolo tre bozze di legge
  431. ↑ http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf
  432. ↑ First post-Mediaeval criminal code in the Principality of Serbia, named "Kaznitelni zakon" (Law of Penalties), adopted in 1860, punishes sexual intercourse "against the order of nature" between males with 6 months to 4 years imprisonment. V. Para # 206, p. 82 of the "Kaznitelni zakon 1860" in Slavo-Serbian orthography (PDF)
  433. ↑ "Constitution of Serbia". Serbian Government. Retrieved 8 November 2006.
  434. ↑ http://www.parlament.gov.rs/akti/doneti-zakoni/doneti-zakoni.1033.html
  435. ↑ http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2012&mm=12&dd=24&nav_category=11&nav_id=671737
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  437. ↑ "Ley 1/2001, de 6 de abril, por la que se regulan las uniones de hecho". Noticias Juridicas. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
  438. ↑ "Llei 18/2001 de 19 de desembre, de parelles estables" (in Catalan). Govern de les Illes Balears. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  439. ↑ "LEY 4/2002, de 23 de mayo, de Parejas Estables" (PDF) (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  440. ↑ "DECRETO 117/2002, de 24 de octubre, por el que se crea el Registro de Uniones de Hecho en Castilla y León y se regula su funcionamiento" (PDF) (in Spanish). Junta de Castilla y León. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  441. ↑ "Ley de Cantabria 1/2005, de 16 de mayo, de Parejas de Hecho de la Comunidad Autónoma de Cantabria." (in Spanish). Noticias Juridicas. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  442. ↑ "Decreto 248/2007, de 20 de diciembre, por el que se crea y se regula el Registro de Parejas de Hecho de Galicia." (in Spanish). Noticias Juridicas. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  443. ↑ "Decreto 30/2010, de 14 de mayo, por el que se crea el Registro de Parejas de Hecho de La Rioja" (in Spanish). El Gobierno de La Rioja. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  444. ↑ "Spain approves liberal gay marriage law". St. Petersburg Times. 2005-07-01. Retrieved 2007-01-08.
  445. ↑ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/spain.html
  446. ↑ (Spanish) Boletín Oficial del Estado Ley 14/2006, de 26 de mayo, sobre técnicas de reproducción humana asistida (see Article 7)
  447. ↑ (Spanish) Ley 3/2007, de 15 de marzo, reguladora de la rectificación registral de la mención relativa al sexo de las personas
  448. 1 2 "Turkey’s main opposition proposed labor bill for LGBT people". kaosgl.com.
  449. ↑ http://ijg.sagepub.com/content/18/1/77.abstract
  450. ↑ (German) Gesetz zur Einführung des gesetzlichen Zusammenwohnens
  451. ↑ "Belgium to follow Holland on gay marriage". RTÉ News. 29 November 2002.
  452. ↑ "Belgium legalizes gay marriage". UPI. 31 January 2003.
  453. ↑ "Belgium approves same-sex marriage". PlanetOut. 30 January 2003.
  454. ↑ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/belgium.html
  455. ↑ (French)(Dutch) Belgian Official Gazette Loi du 5 mai 2014 portant établissement de la filiation de la coparente, as amended by loi du 18 décembre 2014 modifiant le Code civil, le code de droit international privé, le Code consulaire, la loi du 5 mai 2014 portant établissement de la filiation de la coparente et la loi du 8 mai 2014 modifiant le Code civil en vue d’instaurer l’égalité de l’homme et de la femme dans le mode de transmission du nom à l’enfant et à l’adopté
  456. ↑ (French) (Dutch) Loi du 10 mai 2007 relative à la transsexualité/Wet van 10 mei 2007 betreffende de transseksualiteit
  457. ↑ (French) Loi n° 99-944 du 15 novembre 1999 relative au pacte civil de solidarité
  458. ↑ Erlanger, Steven (18 May 2013). "Hollande Signs French Gay Marriage Law". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  459. ↑ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/france.html
  460. ↑ "France: Transsexualism will no longer be classified as a mental illness in France / News / Welcome to the ILGA Trans Secretariat / Trans / ilga - ILGA". Trans.ilga.org. 2009-05-16. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
  461. ↑ "Sexual Offences (Bailiwick of Guernsey) (Amendment) Law, 2011". guernseylegalresources.gg.
  462. ↑ "JURIST - Homosexual Offenses and Human Rights in Guernsey". jurist.org.
  463. ↑ http://www.gov.gg/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=98634&p=0
  464. ↑ http://www.gov.gg/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=98636&p=0
  465. 1 2 "Union civile, Green, marriage, Liberate « Guernsey Press". guernseypress.com.
  466. ↑ http://www.gov.gg/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=98634&p=0
  467. ↑ http://www.gov.gg/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=98636&p=0
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  470. ↑ "Legal Resources: Legal Resources Navigation List: Guernsey Law Reports 2007–08 GLR 161". guernseylegalresources.gg.
  471. ↑ "Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Act 2010". irishstatutebook.ie.
  472. ↑ Thirty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution (Marriage Equality) Bill 2015
  473. ↑ "Gay adoption law due before same-sex marriage referendum". The Irish Times. 21 January 2015.
  474. ↑ "FAQs". The Adoption Authority of Ireland.
  475. ↑ http://rainbow-europe.org/#8639/0/0
  476. ↑ http://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/change-sought-to-anomaly-in-adoption-law-1.1848049
  477. ↑ Oireachtas Children and Family Relationships Act 2015
  478. ↑ "Employment Equality Act, 1998". Irishstatutebook.ie. 18 June 1998. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
  479. ↑ "Equal Status Act, 2000". Irishstatutebook.ie. 26 April 2000. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
  480. ↑ "Prohibition of Incitement To Hatred Act, 1989". irishstatutebook.ie.
  481. ↑ http://www.thejournal.ie/ireland-transgender-recognition-bill-2218956-Jul2015/
  482. ↑ "Civil Partnership Act 2011" (PDF). legislation.gov.im.
  483. ↑ "Chief Minister looks to legalise same-sex marriage". energyfm.net.
  484. ↑ "Bishop in talks with Chief Minister on gay marriage". energyfm.net.
  485. ↑ EMPLOYMENT ACT 2006
  486. ↑ "GENDER RECOGNITION ACT 2009" (PDF). legislation.gov.im.
  487. ↑ "Gender recognition bill to provide protection to Isle of Man trans residents". PinkNews.
  488. ↑ "Civil Partnership (Jersey) Law 2012" (PDF). jerseylaw.je.
  489. ↑ Equal Marriage and Partnership Options Paper Report
  490. ↑ http://www.statesassembly.gov.je/AssemblyPropositions/2015/P.40-2015.pdf
  491. ↑ GENDER RECOGNITION (JERSEY) LAW 2010
  492. ↑ (French) Loi du 9 juillet 2004 relative aux effets légaux de certains partenariats
  493. ↑ Same-sex marriages from January 1
  494. ↑ Same-Sex Marriage in Luxembourg from 1 January 2015
  495. ↑ http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/2014/0125/a125.pdf
  496. ↑ (French) Mémorial A n° 207 de 2006
  497. ↑ n°207 - Proposition de loi relative au Pacte de vie commune
  498. ↑ Waaldijk, Kees. "Major legal consequences of marriage, cohabitation and registered partnership for different-sex and same-sex partners in the Netherlands" (PDF). INED. Retrieved October 27, 2013.
  499. ↑ "Gay Marriage Goes Dutch". CBS News. Associated Press. 1 April 2001. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
  500. ↑ ttp://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/netherlands.html
  501. ↑ (Dutch) Staatsblad Wet van 25 november 2013 tot wijziging van Boek 1 van het Burgerlijk Wetboek in verband met het juridisch ouderschap van de vrouwelijke partner van de moeder anders dan door adoptie
  502. ↑ https://www.government.nl/topics/discrimination/contents/prohibition-of-discrimination
  503. ↑ http://www.buzzfeed.com/lesterfeder/the-netherlands-passes-landmark-gender-identity-law
  504. ↑ "Civil Partnership Act 2004". legislation.gov.uk.
  505. ↑ "Same-sex marriage now legal as first couples wed". BBC News. 29 March 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
  506. ↑ "Same-sex marriage now legal as first couples wed". BBC News. 29 March 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
  507. ↑ Thomas, Ellen (20 September 2009). "New legislation sees gay Scottish couples win right to adopt children". The Herald. Retrieved 23 September 2009.
  508. ↑ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/united-kingdom.html
  509. ↑ legislation.gov.uk Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008: Cases in which woman to be other parent
  510. ↑ Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (c. 4)
  511. ↑ http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/10/25/ukraine-rebels-love-russia-hate-gays-threaten-executions.html
  512. ↑ "FAMILY LAW OF KOSOVO - Law Nr.2004/32". childhub.org.
  513. ↑ "Adoption Laws in Kosovo: Unmarried persons". State portal of the Republic of Kosovo. Constitution of Kosovo.
  514. ↑ "Adoption in Kosovo (Report) - Page 6". OSCE Mission in Kosovo.
  515. ↑ "Constitution of Kosovo; discrimination".
  516. ↑ http://www.nihilist.li/2014/05/22/constitution-donetsk-people-s-republic-russian-nationalism-clericalism-capitalism-die-verfassung-der-volksrepublik-donezk-russischer-nationalismus-klerikalismus-und-kapitalismus/
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  518. ↑ http://pravo.pmr-online.com/View.aspx?id=dMQ8CSXQu3QAok4djqV2MQ%3D%3D
  519. ↑ "В Приднестровье, как и в Молдове защитят права геев и лесбиянок". Новости Приднестровья:: ИА «Тирас».
  520. ↑ "Relationships Act 2003". Tasmanian Legislation. Retrieved September 14, 2012.
  521. ↑ "South Australia gays get new rights by Tony Grew (7 December 2006)". pinknews.com.au. Retrieved 2007-09-03.
  522. ↑ Relationships Act 2008 (Vic)
  523. ↑ "Massive support for register". Star Observer. May 13, 2010. Retrieved September 14, 2012.
  524. ↑ Agius, Kym (December 1, 2011). "Bligh asks ALP to support gay marriage". Retrieved September 14, 2012.
  525. ↑ "Civil Unions Bill 2011". ACT Government. Retrieved September 14, 2012.
  526. ↑ Marriage Amendment Act 2004
  527. ↑ http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/australian-parliament-vote-same-sex-marriage-again-year040814
  528. ↑
  529. 1 2 Sex Discrimination Amendment (Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Intersex Status) Bill 2013
  530. 1 2 Marriage equality Bill officially signed into law, GayNZ.com, Retrieved 19 April 2013
  531. ↑ Chand, Shalveen (26 February 2010). "Same sex law decriminalised". Fiji Times. Retrieved 6 October 2011.
  532. ↑ Verheyen, Vincent. "Sexual orientation [LGBTQ+] and the draft of the new Solomon Islands Constitution". Retrieved 3 March 2016.
  533. ↑ Palau decriminalises sex between men
  534. ↑ "Sodomy Laws American Samoa". Sodomylaws.org. 28 March 2004. Archived from the original on 2012-02-19. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
  535. ↑ Sagapolutele, Fili. "gay marriage illegal in American Samoa". USNews. Retrieved July 10, 2015.
  536. ↑ Employment Relations Act 2012
  537. ↑ Pitcairn Island: Same Sex Marriage and Civil Partnership Ordinance 2015
  538. ↑ Laws - PITCAIRN
  539. ↑ The Pitcairn Constitution Order 2010
  540. ↑ Labour and Employment Relations Act 2013

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