List of sovereign states in the 15th century BC
The development of states—large-scale, populous, politically centralized, and socially stratified polities/societies governed by powerful rulers—marks one of the major milestones in the evolution of human societies. Archaeologists often distinguish between primary (or pristine) states and secondary states. Primary states evolved independently through largely internal developmental processes rather than through the influence of any other pre-existing state.
The earliest known primary states appeared in Mesopotamia ca. 3700 B.C., in Egypt ca. 3300 B.C., in the Indus Valley ca. 2500 B.C., India ca 1700 B. C.,and in China ca. 1600 B.C. As they interacted with their less developed neighbors through trade, warfare, migration, and more generalized ideological influences, the primary states directly or indirectly fostered the emergence of secondary states in surrounding areas, for example, the Hittites in Anatolia, the Minoan and Mycenaean states of the Aegean, or the Nubian kingdoms in the Sudan.
Professor Gil Stein at the University of Chicago Oriental Institute states:
- The excavations and archaeological surveys of the last few decades have vastly increased both the quantity and quality of what we know about ancient states and urbanism. Archaeologists have broadened the scope of their research beyond the traditional focus on rulers and urban elites. Current research now aims at understanding the role of urban commoners, craft specialists, and village-based farmers in the overall organization of ancient states and societies. Given the immense geographical scope encompassed by the term "the Ancient World".[1]
Sovereign states
| Sovereign state | Years |
|---|---|
| Akkadian Empire | 2334 - 2193 BC |
| Amorite | 2000 – 1595 BC |
| Armi | 2290 - 40 BC |
| Aramea | 2300 – 700 BC |
| Arzawa | 2300 - 1200 BC |
| Assyria | 2025 - 911 BC |
| Alashiya | 1450 - 1050 BC |
| Athens | 1556-355 BC |
| Babylonia | 1894 - 732 BC |
| Byblos | 1800 - 970 BC |
| Chorrera | 1800 - 300 BC |
| Dardania | 1527 - 1183 BC |
| Dilmun | 2600-675 BC |
| Ebla | 3500 - 1600 BC |
| Egypt | 3050 - 1550, 1077 - 322 BC |
| Egyptian Empire | 1550 - 1077 BC |
| Elam | 2800 - 550 BC |
| Eshnuna | 2000 - 8th century BC |
| Gandhara | 1450-510 BC |
| Gojoseon | 2333 - 108 BC |
| Gutium | 2108 - 2089 BC |
| Hatti | 2700 - 1900 BC |
| Hitti | 1900 - 1600 BC |
| Hittite Empire | 1600 - 1178 BC |
| Hyksos | 1800 - 1178 BC |
| Kassite Empire | 1531 - 1135 BC |
| Illyria | 2000-168 BC |
| Indus | 3100 - 1300 BC |
| Kamboja | 1450 - 195 BC |
| Kaskia | 1430 - 1200 BC |
| Kizzuwatna | 1600 - 1220 BC |
| Kussara | 1900 - 1650 BC |
| Libu | 1550 - 630 BC[2] |
| Lukka | 2000 - 1183 BC |
| Lullubi | 2400-650 BC |
| Luvia | 2300 - 1400 BC |
| Magan | 2200-550 BC |
| Mari | 2900 - 1759 BC |
| Minoa | 2700 - 1420 BC |
| Mittani | 1690 - 1300 BC |
| Mycenaea | 1600 - 1100 BC |
| Mygdonia | 16th century BC - 6th century BC |
| Namar | 2350-750 BC |
| Paphlagonia | 1480 - 183 BC[3] |
| Pelasgia | 3000 - 1183 BC |
| Phrygia | 1450 - 1200 BC |
| Purushanda | 2000 - 1650 BC |
| Punt | 2400 - 1069 BC |
| Qi | 1600 - 445 BC |
| Qiang | 2000 BC- 150 BC |
| Sea Peoples | c. 2000 - 1175 BC |
| Shang | 1600 - 1046 BC |
| Sumeria | 2900 - 1674 BC |
| Sumpa | 1600 BC - 7th century AD |
| Thrace | 1500 - 450 BC |
| Tyre | 1500 - 990 BC |
| Ugarit | 2500 - 1090 BC |
| Upper Mesopotamia | 1809 - 1776 BC |
| Văn Lang | 2879 - 258 BC |
| Xu | 2000-512 BC |
See also
- List of Bronze Age states
- List of Classical Age states
- List of Iron Age states
- List of states during late Antiquity
- List of state leaders in the 15th century BC
References
- ↑ Stein, Gil J (2001). Understanding Ancient State Societies in the Old World. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press. pp. 353–379.
- ↑ Taylor, Francis. "Kingdoms of North Africa: Encyclopaedia of African History: Volume 1 A-G". 1999-2014. The History Files. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
- ↑ "Middle East Kingdoms Ancient Anatolia". 2014. The History Files. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
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