List of sovereign states in the 5th century BC
The development of states—large-scale, populous, politically centralized, and socially stratified polities/societies governed by powerful rulers—marks one of the major milestones in the evolution of human societies. Archaeologists often distinguish between primary (or pristine) states and secondary states. Primary states evolved independently through largely internal developmental processes rather than through the influence of any other pre-existing state. The earliest known primary states appeared in Mesopatamia ca. 3700 B.C., in Egypt ca. 3300 B.C., in the Indus Valley ca. 2500 B.C., India ca 1700 B. C.,and in China ca. 1600 B.C. As they interacted with their less developed neighbors through trade, warfare, migration, and more generalized ideological influences, the primary states directly or indirectly fostered the emergence of secondary states in surrounding areas, for example, the Hittites in Anatolia, the Minoan and Mycenaean states of the Aegean, or the Nubian kingdoms in the Sudan. According to Professor Gil Stein of the University of Chicago Oriental Institute, "The excavations and archaeological surveys of the last few decades have vastly increased both the quantity and quality of what we know about ancient states and urbanism. Archaeologists have broadened the scope of their research beyond the traditional focus on rulers and urban elites. Current research now aims at understanding the role of urban commoners, craft specialists, and village-based farmers in the overall organization of ancient states and societies. Given the immense geographical scope encompassed by the term 'the Ancient World'".[1] The notion of a sovereign state arises in the 16th century with the development of modern diplomacy.For earlier times, the term "sovereign state" is an anachronism. What corresponded to sovereign states in the medieval and ancient period were monarchs ruling By the Grace of God, de facto feudal or imperial autocrats, or de facto independent nations or tribal confederations. This is a list of sovereign states that existed between 500 BC and 401 BC.
Sovereign states
| Sovereign state | Years |
|---|---|
| Achaemenid Empire | 550 - 330 BC |
| Adena culture | 1000 - 200 BC |
| Ammon | c. 10th century - 332 BC |
| Anga | |
| Athens | 510 - 322 BC |
| Avanti | |
| Bithynia | |
| Cappadocia | |
| Carthaginian Empire | 650 - 146 BC |
| Chavín culture | 900 - 200 BC |
| Chedi | |
| Chen | 855 - 479 BC |
| Chera Kingdom | 5th century BC - 1102 AD |
| Chola | |
| Chorrera | 1800 - 300 BC |
| Chu | 1030 - 223 BC |
| Colchis | |
| Corinth | |
| Cyrene | |
| Dʿmt | c. 980 - c. 400 BC |
| Dardanian Kingdom | c.448 BC – 28 BC |
| Edom | |
| Gandhara | |
| Gojoseon | 2333 - 108 BC |
| Han | 403 - 230 BC |
| Japan | 660 BC - present |
| Kalinga | |
| Kamboja | |
| Kasi | |
| Kikata | |
| Kosala | |
| Kuru | |
| Kush | 1070 BC - 350 AD |
| Lu | 856 - 256 BC |
| Lycaonia | 8th century - 200 BC |
| Macedonia | 8th century - 146 BC |
| Mahajanapadas | |
| Malla | |
| Mannai | |
| Maya civilization | |
| Minaea | |
| Moab | |
| Mysia | |
| Nanda Empire | 424 - 321 BC |
| Olmec | 1400 - 400 BC |
| Panchala | |
| Pandya | |
| Paphlagonia | |
| Paracas culture | 600 - 175 BC |
| Pisidia | |
| Qi | 1046 - 241 BC |
| Qin | 845 - 221 BC |
| Roman Republic | 509 - 27 BC |
| Saba | |
| Scythia | 8th century BC - 2nd century AD |
| Sparta | 11th century - 195 BC |
| Surasena | |
| Ta Netjeru | |
| Thebes | |
| Vajji | |
| Văn Lang | 2879 - 258 BC |
| Vatsa | |
| Wei | 403 - 225 BC |
| Yan | 865 - 222 BC |
| Zapotec civilization | |
| Zheng | 806 - 375 BC |
| Zhou | 1045 - 256 BC |
See also
- List of Bronze Age states
- List of Iron Age states
- List of Classical Age states
- List of states during Late Antiquity
- List of states during the Middle Ages
| List of sovereign states in the 5th century BC | ||
| Preceded by 6th century BC |
Sovereign states of the 5th century BC |
Succeeded by 4th century BC |
References
- ↑ Stein, Gil J (2001). Understanding Ancient State Societies in the Old World. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press. pp. 353–379.
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