List of human spaceflights to Mir

Soyuz TM-24 and Progress M-32 docked to the fore and aft ports Mir, as seen from the departing Space Shuttle Atlantis in September 1997 during STS-79.

Mir (Russian: Мир, IPA: [ˈmʲir]; lit. Peace or World) was a Soviet and later Russian space station, operational in low Earth orbit from 1986 to 2001. With a mass greater than that of any previous space station, Mir was the first of the non-monolithic, third generation of space stations, constructed from 1986 to 1996 with a modular design. The station was the largest artificial satellite orbiting the Earth until its deorbit on 21 March 2001, a record now surpassed by the International Space Station (ISS). Mir served as a microgravity research laboratory in which crews conducted experiments in biology, human biology, physics, astronomy, meteorology and spacecraft systems in order to develop technologies required for the permanent occupation of space.^[1][2]

Following the success of the Salyut programme, Mir represented the next stage in the Soviet Union's space station programme. The first module of the station, known as the core module or base block, was launched in 1986, and was followed by six further modules (Kvant-1 (1987), Kvant-2 (1989), Kristall (1990), Spektr (1995), the docking module (1995) and Priroda (1996)), all launched by Proton rockets (with the exception of the docking module). When complete, the station consisted of seven pressurised modules and several unpressurised components. Power was provided by several solar arrays mounted directly on the modules. The station was maintained at an orbit between 296 km (184 mi) and 421 km (262 mi) altitude and travelled at an average speed of 27,700 km/h (17,200 mph), completing 15.7 Earth orbits per day.^[3][4][5]

Human spaceflights were vital to the operation of Mir, allowing crews and equipment to be carried to and from the space station. Mir was visited by a total of 39 manned missions, comprising 30 Soyuz flights (1 Soyuz-T, 29 Soyuz-TM) and 9 Space Shuttle flights. These missions carried both long-duration crew members flying principal expeditions (ranging from 70 days up to Valeri Polyakov's 14 month stay beginning in January 1994, which still holds the record for the longest continuous spaceflight by a single person) and short-term visitors (who spent about a week aboard the station). Many of the crew who visited Mir used different spacecraft to launch than they did to land; the first such examples were Aleksandr Viktorenko and Muhammed Faris who flew up in Soyuz TM-3 (launched 22 July 1987) and landed a week later in Soyuz TM-2 on 30 July 1987. The largest crew aboard Mir simultaneously (not including Shuttle-Mir missions) was 6, which first occurred with the launch of Soyuz TM-7 on 26 November 1988 and lasted for just over three weeks.

In this list, unmanned visiting spacecraft are excluded (see List of unmanned spaceflights to Mir for details), and long-duration crew members are listed in bold. Times are given in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). "Time docked" refers to the spacecraft and does not necessarily correspond to the crew.

Contents
1986 · 1987 · 1988 · 1989 · 1990 · 1991 · 1992 · 1993 · 1994 · 1995 · 1996 · 1997 · 1998 · 1999 · 2000

#	Mission	Launch date (UTC)	Time docked	Landing date (UTC)	Launch crew	Crew photo	Crew patch	Notes
1.	Soyuz T-15	13 March 1986 12:33:09	~52 days ~20 days	16 July 1986 12:34:05	Leonid Kizim Vladimir Solovyov			Delivered the first crew, flying expedition EO-1, to Mir, then undocked, flew to and docked with Salyut 7 before returning to Mir. Remains the only spacecraft to have visited two space stations during one mission.[2][6]
2.	Soyuz TM-2	5 February 1987 21:38:16	~172 days	30 July 1987 01:04:12	Yuri Romanenko Aleksandr Laveykin			Delivered the second crew, flying expedition EO-2, to Mir.[2][6]
3.	Soyuz TM-3	22 July 1987 01:59:17	~158 days	29 December 1987 09:16:15	Aleksandr Aleksandrov Aleksandr Viktorenko Muhammed Faris			Delivered a third crew member, Aleksandrov, for EO-2, as well as the first Mir Intercosmos mission, EP-1, to the station. The EP-1 crew members, Viktorenko and Faris, returned to Earth aboard Soyuz TM-2 after 8 days.[2][6]
4.	Soyuz TM-4	21 December 1987 11:18:03	~177 days	17 June 1988 10:12:32	Vladimir Titov Musa Manarov Anatoli Levchenko			Delivered the third expedition crew, EO-3, to Mir, in addition to Anatoli Levchenko, who returned to Earth aboard Soyuz TM-3 with the returning EO-2 crewmembers after 8 days.[2][6]
5.	Soyuz TM-5	7 June 1988 14:03:13	~90 days	7 September 1988 00:49:38	Anatoly Solovyev Viktor Savinykh Aleksandr Aleksandrov			Delivered the second Mir Intercosmos mission, EP-2, to the station. All three crew returned to Earth aboard Soyuz TM-4 after 10 days.[2][6]
6.	Soyuz TM-6	29 August 1988 04:23:11	~112 days	21 December 1988 09:57:00	Valeri Polyakov Vladimir Lyakhov Abdul Ahad Mohmand			Delivered a third crew member, Polyakov, for EO-3, in addition to the third Mir Intercosmos crew, EP-3, who returned to Earth aboard Soyuz TM-5 after 9 days.[2][6]
7.	Soyuz TM-7	26 November 1988 15:49:34	~149 days	27 April 1989 02:57:58	Aleksandr Volkov Sergei Krikalev Jean-Loup Chrétien			Delivered the EO-4 and Aragatz crews to Mir, with Chrétien returning to Earth aboard Soyuz TM-6 after 25 days.[2][6]
8.	Soyuz TM-8	5 September 1989 21:38:03	~165 days	19 February 1990 04:36:18	Aleksandr Viktorenko Aleksandr Serebrov			Delivered the EO-5 crew to Mir.[2][6]
9.	Soyuz TM-9	11 February 1990 06:16:00	~177 days	9 August 1990 07:33:57	Anatoly Solovyev Aleksandr Balandin			Delivered the EO-6 crew to Mir.[2][6]
10.	Soyuz TM-10	1 August 1990 09:32:21	~129 days	10 December 1990 06:08:12	Gennadi Manakov Gennady Strekalov			Delivered the EO-7 crew to Mir.[2][6]
11.	Soyuz TM-11	1 December 1990 08:13:32	~173 days	26 May 1991 10:04:13	Viktor Afanasyev Musa Manarov Toyohiro Akiyama			Delivered the EO-8 crew to Mir, in addition to the Japanese Kosmoreporter mission. Akiyama, who became the first Japanese citizen to fly in space, returned to Earth aboard Soyuz TM-10 after 8 days.[2][6]
12.	Soyuz TM-12	18 May 1991 12:50:28	~142 days	10 October 1991 04:12:18	Anatoly Artsebarsky / Sergei Krikalev Helen Sharman			Delivered the EO-9 crew to Mir, in addition to the British Project Juno mission. Sharman, the first and so far only Briton to travel into space whilst not holding American citizenship, returned to Earth aboard Soyuz TM-11 after 8 days.[2][6]
13.	Soyuz TM-13	2 October 1991 05:59:38	~173 days	25 March 1992 08:51:22	/ Aleksandr Volkov Toktar Aubakirov Franz Viehböck			The last manned spaceflight ever launched by the Soviet Union, Soyuz TM-13 delivered a third crew member to Mir for EO-10, in addition to carrying the first Austrian to go into space as part of the Austromir '91 mission. Aubakirov and Viehböck returned to Earth aboard Soyuz TMA-12 after 8 days.[2][6]
14.	Soyuz TM-14	17 March 1992 10:54:30	~143 days	10 August 1992 01:05:02	Aleksandr Viktorenko Aleksandr Kaleri Klaus-Dietrich Flade			The first manned spaceflight to be launched by the Russian Federation, Soyuz TM-14 delivered the EO-11 crew to Mir, in addition to Flade, flying the German Mir '92 mission, who returned to Earth aboard Soyuz TM-13 after 8 days.[2][6]
15.	Soyuz TM-15	27 July 1992 06:08:42	~187 days	1 February 1993 03:49:57	Anatoly Solovyev Sergei Avdeyev Michel Tognini			Delivered the EO-12 crew to Mir, in addition to the French Antarès mission. Tognini returned to Earth aboard Soyuz TM-14 after 14 days.[2][6]
16.	Soyuz TM-16	24 January 1993 05:58:05	~177 days	22 July 1993 06:41:50	Gennadi Manakov Aleksandr Poleshchuk			Delivered the EO-13 crew to Mir. Became the only Soyuz spacecraft to dock at Kristall's distal APAS-89 port in order to check the port in preparation for the Shuttle-Mir flights which followed.[2][6]
17.	Soyuz TM-17	1 July 1993 14:32:58	~195 days	14 January 1994 08:18:20	Vasili Tsibliyev Aleksandr Serebrov Jean-Pierre Haigneré			Delivered the EO-14 crew to Mir, in addition to the French Altair mission. Haigneré returned to Earth aboard Soyuz TM-16 after 21 days.[2][6]
18.	Soyuz TM-18	8 January 1994 10:05:34	~180 days	9 July 1994 10:32:35	Viktor Afanasyev Yury Usachev Valeri Polyakov			Delivered the EO-15 crew to Mir, with Polyakov remaining in space for over 437 days, the current world record for longest single spaceflight.[2][6]
19.	Soyuz TM-19	1 July 1994 12:24:50	~124 days	4 November 1994 11:18:26	Yuri Malenchenko Talgat Musabayev			Delivered the EO-16 crew to Mir.[2][6]
20.	Soyuz TM-20	3 October 1994 22:42:30	~166 days	22 March 1995 04:04:05	Aleksandr Viktorenko Yelena Kondakova Ulf Merbold			Delivered the EO-17 crew to Mir, in addition to the German Euromir '94 mission. Merbold returned to Earth aboard Soyuz TM-19 after 32 days.[2][6]
21.	Soyuz TM-21	14 March 1995 06:11:34	~179 days	11 September 1995 06:52:40	Vladimir Dezhurov Gennady Strekalov Norman E. Thagard			Delivered the EO-18 crew to Mir, including Thagard, flying the first US long-duration mission of the Shuttle-Mir programme. The entire crew returned to Earth aboard Space Shuttle Atlantis at the conclusion of STS-71.[2][6]
22.	STS-71 Atlantis	27 June 1995	4 days, 22 hours		Robert L. Gibson Charles J. Precourt Ellen S. Baker Bonnie J. Dunbar Gregory J. Harbaugh Anatoly Solovyev Nikolai Budarin			Delivered Mir EO-19 crew Returned Mir EO-18 crew
23.	Soyuz TM-22	3 September 1995 09:00:23	~177 days	29 February 1996 10:42:08	Yuri Gidzenko Sergei Avdeyev Thomas Reiter			Delivered the EO-20 crew to Mir, including the German Euromir '95 mission.[2][6]
24.	STS-74 Atlantis	12 November 1995	3 days, 2 hours		Kenneth D. Cameron James D. Halsell Jerry L. Ross William S. McArthur Chris A. Hadfield			Delivered Mir Docking Module & Solar Array Package
25.	Soyuz TM-23	21 February 1996 12:34:05	~192 days	2 September 1996 07:41:40	Yuri Onufrienko Yury Usachev			Delivered the EO-21 crew to Mir.[2][6]
26.	STS-76 Atlantis	22 March 1996	4 days, 23 hours		Kevin P. Chilton Richard A. Searfoss Linda M. Godwin Michael R. Clifford Ronald M. Sega Shannon W. Lucid			Delivered Lucid for Mir EO-21 crew Deployed MEEP 1 spacewalk
27.	Soyuz TM-24	17 August 1996 13:18:03	~195 days	2 March 1997 06:44:16	Valery Korzun Aleksandr Kaleri Claudie Haigneré			Delivered the EO-21 crew to Mir. Haigneré returned to Earth aboard Soyuz TM-23 after 16 days.[2][6]
28.	STS-79 Atlantis	16 September 1996	4 days, 22 hours		William F. Readdy Terrence W. Wilcutt Thomas D. Akers Jerome Apt Carl E. Walz John E. Blaha			Delivered Blaha for Mir EO-22 crew
29.	STS-81 Atlantis	12 January 1997	4 days, 22 hours		Michael A. Baker Brent W. Jett John M. Grunsfeld Marsha S. Ivins Peter J.K. Wisoff Jerry M. Linenger			Delivered Linenger for Mir EO-22 crew
30.	Soyuz TM-25	10 February 1997 14:09:30	~183 days	14 August 1997 12:17:10	Vasili Tsibliyev Aleksandr Lazutkin Reinhold Ewald			Delivered the EO-23 crew to Mir. Ewald returned to Earth aboard Soyuz TM-24 after 20 days.[2][6]
31.	STS-84 Atlantis	15 May 1997	4 days, 23 hours		Charles J. Precourt Eileen M. Collins Carlos I. Noriega Edward T. Lu Jean-François Clervoy Yelena Kondakova Michael Foale			Delivered Foale for Mir EO-23 crew
32.	Soyuz TM-26	5 August 1997 15:35:54	~196 days	19 February 1998 09:10:30	Anatoly Solovyev Pavel Vinogradov			Delivered the EO-24 crew to Mir.[2][6]
33.	STS-86 Atlantis	27 September 1997	5 days, 22 hours		James D. Wetherbee Michael J. Bloomfield Scott E. Parazynski Wendy B. Lawrence Jean-Loup Chrétien Vladimir Titov David A. Wolf			Delivered Wolf for Mir EO-24 crew Retrieved MEEP 1 spacewalk
34.	STS-89 Endeavour	22 January 1998	4 days, 21 hours		Terrence W. Wilcutt Joe F. Edwards Bonnie J. Dunbar Michael P. Anderson James F. Reilly Salizhan Sharipov Andrew S.W. Thomas			Delivered Thomas for Mir EO-24 crew
35.	Soyuz TM-27	29 January 1998 16:33:42	~206 days	25 August 1998 05:24:44	Talgat Musabayev Nikolai Budarin Léopold Eyharts			Delivered the EO-25 crew to Mir. Eyharts returned to Earth aboard Soyuz TM-26 after 22 days.[2][6]
36.	STS-91 Discovery	2 June 1998	3 days, 23 hours		Charles J. Precourt Dominic L. Pudwill Gorie Wendy B. Lawrence Franklin R. Chang-Diaz Janet L. Kavandi Valery Ryumin			Returned Thomas from Mir EO-25 crew
37.	Soyuz TM-28	13 August 1998 09:43:11	~196 days	28 February 1999 02:14:30	Gennady Padalka Sergei Avdeyev Yuri Baturin			Delivered the EO-26 crew to Mir. Baturin returned to Earth aboard Soyuz TM-27 after 12 days.[2][6]
38.	Soyuz TM-29	20 February 1999 04:18:01	~186 days	28 August 1999 00:34:20	Viktor Afanasyev Jean-Pierre Haigneré Ivan Bella			Delivered the EO-27 crew to Mir. Bella returned to Earth aboard Soyuz TM-28 after 8 days.[2][6]
39.	Soyuz TM-30	4 April 2000 05:01:29	~70 days	16 June 2000 00:44	Sergei Zalyotin Aleksandr Kaleri			Final human spaceflight to Mir. Delivered the last crew, flying EO-28.[2][6]

See also

• Mir
• List of Mir Expeditions
• List of Mir visitors
• List of Mir spacewalks
• List of unmanned spaceflights to Mir
• List of Progress flights
• List of human spaceflights to the International Space Station
• List of unmanned spaceflights to the International Space Station

References

1. Wade, Mark (17 October 2010). "Mir". Encyclopedia Astronautica.
2. David Harland (30 November 2004). The Story of Space Station Mir. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc. ISBN 978-0-387-23011-5.
3. Hall, R., ed. (2000). The History of Mir 1986–2000. British Interplanetary Society. ISBN 0-9506597-4-6.
4. Hall, R., ed. (2001). Mir: The Final Year. British Interplanetary Society. ISBN 0-9506597-5-4.
5. "Orbital period of a planet". CalcTool. Retrieved 12 September 2010.
6. Rex Hall & David Shayler (2003). Soyuz: A Universal Spacecraft. Springer-Praxis. ISBN 978-1-85233-657-8.

• Mir from www.astronautix.com - List of launches and EVA activity with links to detailed descriptions
• List of Mir expeditions from www.spacefacts.de