Neuropathy target esterase

Patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 6
Identifiers
Symbols PNPLA6 ; BNHS; LNMS; NTE; NTEMND; OMCS; SPG39; iPLA2delta; sws
External IDs OMIM: 603197 MGI: 1354723 HomoloGene: 21333 GeneCards: PNPLA6 Gene
EC number 3.1.1.5
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species Human Mouse
Entrez 10908 50767
Ensembl ENSG00000032444 ENSMUSG00000004565
UniProt Q8IY17 Q3TRM4
RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001166111 NM_001122818
RefSeq (protein) NP_001159583 NP_001116290
Location (UCSC) Chr 19:
7.53 – 7.56 Mb
Chr 8:
3.52 – 3.54 Mb
PubMed search

Neuropathy target esterase also known as patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 6 (PNPLA6) is a neuropathy target esterase enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PNPLA6 gene.[1][2][3][4]

Neuropathy target esterase is a phospholipase that deacetylates intracellular phosphatidylcholine to produce glycerophosphocholine. It is thought to function in neurite outgrowth and process elongation during neuronal differentiation. The protein is anchored to the cytoplasmic face of the endoplasmic reticulum in both neurons and non-neuronal cells.[4]

Function

Neuropathy target esterase is an enzyme with phospholipase B activity: It sequentially hydrolyses both fatty acids from the major membrane lipid phosphatidylcholine, which generates water-soluble glycerophosphocholine.[5][6] In cells of eukaryotes from yeast to humans, NTE is anchored to the cytoplasmic face of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and is particularly abundant in neurons, the placenta, and the kidney.[7][8][9][10][11] Loss of NTE activity results in abnormally elevated levels of phosphatidylcholine in brain and impairment of the constitutive secretory pathway in neurons.[12][13][1]

In kidney, the expression of neuropathy target esterase is regulated by TonEBP as part of osmolyte production when a concentrated urine is produced.[14]

Clinical significance

Mutations in this gene result in autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia, and the protein is the target for neurodegeneration induced by organophosphorus compounds and chemical warfare agents.[4]

Recessively-inherited mutations in NTE that substantially reduce its catalytic activity cause a rare form of hereditary spastic paraplegia (SPG39), in which distal parts of long spinal axons degenerate leading to limb weakness and paralysis.[15][16] Organophosphate-induced delayed neuropathy a paralysing syndrome with distal degeneration of long axons results from poisoning with neuropathic organophosphorus compounds that irreversibly inhibit NTE.[17][18][19][20][21][22]

References

  1. 1 2 Lush MJ, Li Y, Read DJ, Willis AC, Glynn P (Aug 1998). "Neuropathy target esterase and a homologous Drosophila neurodegeneration-associated mutant protein contain a novel domain conserved from bacteria to man". Biochem J. 332. ( Pt 1): 1–4. PMC 1219444. PMID 9576844.
  2. Wilson PA, Gardner SD, Lambie NM, Commans SA, Crowther DJ (Aug 2006). "Characterization of the human patatin-like phospholipase family". J Lipid Res 47 (9): 1940–9. doi:10.1194/jlr.M600185-JLR200. PMID 16799181.
  3. Kienesberger PC, Oberer M, Lass A, Zechner R (Apr 2009). "Mammalian patatin domain containing proteins: a family with diverse lipolytic activities involved in multiple biological functions". J Lipid Res. 50 Suppl (Supplement): S63–8. doi:10.1194/jlr.R800082-JLR200. PMC 2674697. PMID 19029121.
  4. 1 2 3 "Entrez Gene: PNPLA6 patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 6".
  5. Glynn P (September 2005). "Neuropathy target esterase and phospholipid deacylation". Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1736 (2): 87–93. doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2005.08.002. PMID 16137924.
  6. Fernández-Murray JP, McMaster CR (March 2007). "Phosphatidylcholine synthesis and its catabolism by yeast neuropathy target esterase 1". Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1771 (3): 331–6. doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2006.04.004. PMID 16731034.
  7. Li Y, Dinsdale D, Glynn P (March 2003). "Protein domains, catalytic activity, and subcellular distribution of neuropathy target esterase in Mammalian cells". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (10): 8820–5. doi:10.1074/jbc.M210743200. PMID 12514188.
  8. Zaccheo O, Dinsdale D, Meacock PA, Glynn P (June 2004). "Neuropathy target esterase and its yeast homologue degrade phosphatidylcholine to glycerophosphocholine in living cells". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (23): 24024–33. doi:10.1074/jbc.M400830200. PMID 15044461.
  9. Glynn P, Holton JL, Nolan CC, Read DJ, Brown L, Hubbard A, Cavanagh JB (March 1998). "Neuropathy target esterase: immunolocalization to neuronal cell bodies and axons". Neuroscience 83 (1): 295–302. doi:10.1016/S0306-4522(97)00388-6. PMID 9466418.
  10. Moser M, Li Y, Vaupel K, Kretzschmar D, Kluge R, Glynn P, Buettner R (February 2004). "Placental failure and impaired vasculogenesis result in embryonic lethality for neuropathy target esterase-deficient mice". Mol. Cell. Biol. 24 (4): 1667–79. doi:10.1128/mcb.24.4.1667-1679.2004. PMC 344166. PMID 14749382.
  11. Gallazzini M, Ferraris JD, Kunin M, Morris RG, Burg MB (October 2006). "Neuropathy target esterase catalyzes osmoprotective renal synthesis of glycerophosphocholine in response to high NaCl". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (41): 15260–5. doi:10.1073/pnas.0607133103. PMC 1622810. PMID 17015841.
  12. Mühlig-Versen M, da Cruz AB, Tschäpe JA, Moser M, Büttner R, Athenstaedt K, Glynn P, Kretzschmar D (March 2005). "Loss of Swiss cheese/neuropathy target esterase activity causes disruption of phosphatidylcholine homeostasis and neuronal and glial death in adult Drosophila". J. Neurosci. 25 (11): 2865–73. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5097-04.2005. PMC 1182176. PMID 15772346.
  13. Read DJ, Li Y, Chao MV, Cavanagh JB, Glynn P (September 2009). "Neuropathy target esterase is required for adult vertebrate axon maintenance". J. Neurosci. 29 (37): 11594–600. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3007-09.2009. PMID 19759306.
  14. Gallazzini, M.; Burg, M. B. (2009). "What's New About Osmotic Regulation of Glycerophosphocholine". Physiology 24 (4): 245–249. doi:10.1152/physiol.00009.2009. PMC 2943332. PMID 19675355.
  15. Rainier S, Bui M, Mark E, Thomas D, Tokarz D, Ming L, Delaney C, Richardson RJ, Albers JW, Matsunami N, Stevens J, Coon H, Leppert M, Fink JK (March 2008). "Neuropathy target esterase gene mutations cause motor neuron disease". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 82 (3): 780–5. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.12.018. PMC 2427280. PMID 18313024.
  16. Rainier S, Albers JW, Dyck PJ, Eldevik OP, Wilcock S, Richardson RJ, Fink JK (January 2011). "Motor neuron disease due to neuropathy target esterase gene mutation: clinical features of the index families". Muscle Nerve 43 (1): 19–25. doi:10.1002/mus.21777. PMID 21171093.
  17. Lotti M, Moretto A (2005). "Organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy". Toxicol Rev 24 (1): 37–49. doi:10.2165/00139709-200524010-00003. PMID 16042503.
  18. CAVANAGH JB (August 1954). "The toxic effects of triortho-cresyl phosphate on the nervous system; an experimental study in hens". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 17 (3): 163–72. doi:10.1136/jnnp.17.3.163. PMC 503178. PMID 13192490.
  19. CASIDA JE, ETO M, BARON RL (September 1961). "Biological activity of a trio-cresyl phosphate metabolite". Nature 191 (4796): 1396–7. doi:10.1038/1911396a0. PMID 13877086.
  20. Johnson MK (October 1969). "The delayed neurotoxic effect of some organophosphorus compounds. Identification of the phosphorylation site as an esterase". Biochem. J. 114 (4): 711–7. PMC 1184957. PMID 4310054.
  21. Glynn P, Read DJ, Guo R, Wylie S, Johnson MK (July 1994). "Synthesis and characterization of a biotinylated organophosphorus ester for detection and affinity purification of a brain serine esterase: neuropathy target esterase". Biochem. J. 301 ( Pt 2): 551–6. PMC 1137116. PMID 8043002.
  22. Read DJ, Li Y, Chao MV, Cavanagh JB, Glynn P (May 2010). "Organophosphates induce distal axonal damage, but not brain oedema, by inactivating neuropathy target esterase". Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 245 (1): 108–15. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2010.02.010. PMID 20188121.

Further reading

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

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