New Zealand general election, 1943

New Zealand general election, 1943

24 (Māori) & 25 September (general) 1943

All 80 seats in the New Zealand Parliament 41 seats were needed for a majority   First party Second party   Leader Peter Fraser Sidney Holland Party Labour National Leader since 1940 1940 Leader's seat Wellington Central Christchurch North Last election 53 seats, 55.8% 25 seats, 40.3% Seats won 45 34 Seat change 8 9 Percentage 47.6% 42.8% Swing 8.2% 2.5%

Prime Minister before election Peter Fraser Labour Elected Prime Minister Peter Fraser Labour

The 1943 New Zealand general election was a nationwide vote to determine the shape of the New Zealand Parliament's 27th term. With the onset of World War II, elections were initially postponed, but it was eventually decided to hold a general election in September 1943, around two years after it would normally have occurred. The election saw the governing Labour Party re-elected by a comfortable margin, although the party nevertheless lost considerable ground to the expanding National Party.

Background

The Labour Party had formed its first government after its resounding victory in the 1935 elections and had been re-elected by a substantial margin in the 1938 elections. Michael Joseph Savage, the first Labour Prime Minister, died in 1940; he was replaced by Peter Fraser, who was widely viewed as competent even if he was less popular than Savage. In the same year as Fraser took power, however, the opposition National Party had replaced the ineffectual Adam Hamilton with Sidney Holland, and was beginning to overcome the internal divisions that had plagued Hamilton's time as leader.

As World War II continued, the issues surrounding it naturally came to dominate political debate. Shortages appeared, prompting a certain amount of dissatisfaction with the government. The matter of conscription was also contentious — although both Labour and National supported it, many traditional followers of Labour were angry at their party's stance. Many early Labour leaders, including Fraser, had been jailed for opposing conscription in World War I, and were branded hypocrites for later introducing it; Fraser justified his change of position by saying that World War I was a pointless war but that World War II was necessary. A faction of Labour, dissatisfied with the mainstream party's economic and conscription policies, followed dissident MP John A. Lee to his new Democratic Labour Party.

The election

The date for the main 1943 elections was 25 September, a Saturday. Elections to the four Maori electorates were held the day before. 1,021,034 civilians and an uncertain number of serving military personnel were registered to vote — special legislation provided voting rights to all serving members of the armed forces regardless of age, and they voted over several days prior to 25 September.^[1][2] Among the civilian population, there was a turnout of 82.8%. The number of seats in Parliament was 80, a number that had been fixed since 1902.^[1]

There were three minor movements participating with 45 candidates: the People's Movement or Independent People's Group (25), the Real Democracy Movement (17) and the Fighting Forces League (3). However these groups got only 12,867 votes (provisional count: PM or IPG 7,389; RDM 4,421; Others or FFL 1,057 (0.89%, 0.53% & 0.13%).^[3] Two of the three Fighting Forces League candidates were also supported by the Real Democracy Movement,^[4] which had been formed by the Social Credit Association.

Two seats were uncontested: Awarua and Matarura. Both seats were held for the National Party by serving officers; James Hargest (Awarua) was interned in Switzerland, and Tom Macdonald (Mataura) had just been invalided home.^[5] Labour did not contest those two electorates or Nelson where Harry Atmore stood. National did not contest three electorates: Kaipara and Palmerston North where Independent Nationalists stood, or Buller. 1943 was the last general election when some candidates were elected unopposed.^[6]

Election results

The leaders of National and Labour, plus the 24 new MPs following the 1943 general election

The 1943 election saw the governing Labour Party retain office by a ten-seat margin, winning forty-five seats to the National Party's thirty-four, with one independent. The popular vote was considerably closer — Labour won 47.6%, while National won 42.8%. Holland was stunned by the result, and called for a Commission of Inquiry to look at the servicemens’ vote, but was answered by a report from the Chief Electoral Officer. The Labour vote dropped, particularly in rural areas where the now more prosperous farmers returned to their normal political allegiance. There were strikes by the miners, and resentment at wartime restrictions. Lee’s "Democratic Soldier Labour" party took votes in closely contested seats, and there was a "vast and weird variety of miscellaneous candidates under strange labels". However the forces vote favoured both Labour and Democratic Soldier Labour, see table below. And 22 seats were won on a minority vote. ^[7]

On the morning of election day, overseas counts from London, Ottawa and the Middle East indicated a majority for Labour, but domestic results coming in during the evening suggested to several government officials and even to Walter Nash thal Labour would lose. By 10.30 pm only 35 of the 80 seats were certain for Labour, with Barclay (Marsden) defeated and even Nordmeyer (Oamaru) uncertain. But with 73,000 servicemens’ votes that came in during the day, Lowry (Otaki), Hodgens (Palmerston North) and Roberts (Wairarapa) scraped in. Over subsequent days with 60,000 special votes plus over 20,000 more servicemens’ votes, both Nordmeyer and Anderton (Eden) also scraped in. Fraser, who had campaigned among the troops, quipped that it was not only North Africa that the Second Division had saved.^[8][9] By 7 October, National's lead in four seats had been overturned by the services votes,^[10] and by 12 October, it was apparent that the result in six seats (Eden, Nelson, Oamaru, Otaki, Palmerston North and Wairarapa) had been overturned by the services vote.^[11]

John A. Lee's new Democratic Labour Party won only 4.3% of the vote, and no seats. Bill Barnard and Colin Scrimgeour were formerly on the Labour left. Barnard had left the Labour Party with John A. Lee but had fallen out with him and left Lee's Democratic Labour Party, standing as an independent. Scrimgeour stood as an independent against Prime Minister Peter Fraser in Wellington Central and polled well, reducing Fraser's majority so that Fraser only sneaked back on a minority vote.

Albert Davy the organiser of the Independent People’s Group (IPG) or People's Movement complained that the election was decided on "strictly party" lines, and said that the effect of the Democratic Labour Party standing was to give six seats to the National Party. ^[12]

The election was also notable for the defeat of Apirana Ngata a renowned Māori statesman and member for Eastern Maori after 38 years in parliament, by Ratana- Labour candidate Tiaka Omana. Labour now held all four Māori seats and would continue to do so until 1993.

One independent was re-elected: Harry Atmore from Nelson — this was the last electoral victory by a candidate not from the major parties until the 1966 election. Atmore had the tactical support of Labour who (as in 1935 and 1938) did not stand a candidate against him, and he generally voted with Labour.^[13] The slight margin to National in Nelson on civilian votes was reversed by the service votes.^[14]

Party standings

Election results
Party		Candidates	Votes	Percentage	Seats won	change
	Labour	77	447,919	47.56	45	-8
	National	77	402,887	42.78	34	+9
	Democratic Labour	54	40,443	4.29	0	±0
	People's Movement	25	7,389	0.89	0	±0
	Real Democracy	25	4,421	0.53	0	±0
	Independents (including Harry Atmore, Bill Barnard & Colin Scrimgeour)	38	38,789	3.95	1	-1
Total		291	941,828		80

Votes summary

Popular Vote
Labour			47.60%
National			42.80%
Democratic Labour			4.30%
Independent			3.90%
Others			1.50%

Parliament seats
Labour			56.25%
National			42.50%
Independent			1.25%

Initial MPs

The table below shows the results of the 1943 general election:

Key

  Labour     National     Democratic Labour        Real Democracy   Independent  

Electorate results for the New Zealand general election, 1943^[15]

Electorate	Incumbent		Winner		Majority	Runner up
General electorates
Auckland Central		Bill Parry			4,769		W. G. S. Swabey
Auckland East		Frederick Schramm			962		H. T. Merritt
Auckland Suburbs		Rex Mason			3,028		T. A. Bishop
Auckland West		Peter Carr			5,402		J. W. Kealy
Avon		Dan Sullivan			4,460		J. N. Clarke
Awarua		James Hargest			(uncontested)
Bay of Islands		Charles Wallace Boswell		Sidney Walter Smith	1,276		Charles Wallace Boswell
Bay of Plenty		Bill Sullivan			1,679		C. Mills
Buller		Paddy Webb			4,635		E. W. Nicolaus
Central Otago		William Bodkin			2,723		J. Mackay
Christchurch East		Mabel Howard			5,537		R. G. Brown
Christchurch North		Sidney Holland			2,645		George Manning[16]
Christchurch South		Robert Macfarlane			4,416		A. R. Guthrie
Clutha		James Roy			1,587		H. K. Edie
Dunedin Central		Peter Nielson			2,155		L. J. T. Ireland
Dunedin North		James Wright Munro			2,798		A. L. S. Castle
Dunedin South		Fred Jones			3,061		D. Murdoch
Dunedin West		Gervan McMillan		Philip Connolly	1,338		A. S. Falconer
Eden		Bill Anderton			14		Wilfred Fortune
Egmont		Charles Wilkinson		Ernest Corbett	2,422		E. T. Cox
Franklin		Jack Massey			3,285		A. Best
Gisborne		David William Coleman			572		Harry Barker[17]
Grey Lynn		John A. Lee		Fred Hackett	6,059		John A. Lee
Hamilton		Charles Barrell		Frank Finlay	454		Charles Barrell
Hauraki		Andrew Sutherland			2,723		E. C. R. N. Robinson
Hawke's Bay		Edward Luttrell Cullen			1,636		Eric N. Pryor[18]
Hurunui		George Forbes		William Gillespie	1,566		J Morgan
Hutt		Walter Nash			5,269		N. P. Croft
Invercargill		William Denham			987		W. Bell
Kaiapoi		Morgan Williams			761		W. H. Overton
Kaipara		Gordon Coates		Clifton Webb	2,800		J. S. Stewart
Lyttelton		Terry McCombs			1,374		Edward Bickmore Ellison Taylor[19]
Manawatu		John Cobbe		Matthew Oram	2,305		William Henry Oliver[nb 1]
Marlborough		Edwin Meachen			450		Tom Shand
Marsden		James Gillespie Barclay		Alfred Murdoch	1,006		James Gillespie Barclay
Masterton		John Robertson		Garnet Hercules Mackley	494		John Robertson
Mataura		Tom Macdonald			(uncontested)
Mid-Canterbury		Mary Grigg		Richard Gerard	634		D C Barnes
Motueka		Clarence Skinner			301		J R Haldane
Napier		Bill Barnard		Tommy Armstrong	1,273		M. Spence
Nelson		Harry Atmore			191		F. W. Huggins
New Plymouth		Frederick Frost		Ernest Aderman	1,276		Frederick Frost
Oamaru		Arnold Nordmeyer			125		T. R. Beatty
Onehunga		Arthur Osborne			3,324		J. Park
Otahuhu		Charles Petrie			464		G. Hamilton
Otaki		Leonard Lowry			191		Bertie Cooksley
Pahiatua		Alfred Ransom		Keith Holyoake	1,825		G. A. Hansen
Palmerston North		Joe Hodgens			212		A. E. Mansford
Patea		Harold Dickie		William Sheat	912		A. H. Langslow
Raglan		Lee Martin		Robert Coulter	108		R. J. Glasgow
Rangitikei		Edward Gordon			1,612		R. Freeman
Remuera		Bill Endean		Ronald Algie	4,183		Martyn Finlay
Riccarton		Herbert Kyle		Jack Watts	1,322		H. E. Denton
Roskill		Arthur Richards			962		Roy McElroy[21]
Rotorua		Alexander Moncur		Geoffrey Sim	715		Alexander Moncur
Stratford		William Polson			2,059		B. Richmond
Tauranga		Frederick Doidge			3,625		D. A. Hill
Temuka		Jack Acland			1,690		G. A. Harris
Thames		Jim Thorn			935		W. A. Clark
Timaru		Clyde Carr			1,701		J. S. Satherwaite
Waikato		William Goosman			4,615		C. Croall
Waimarino		Frank Langstone			1,404		R. O. Montgomerie
Waipawa		Cyril Harker			2,091		A. Low
Wairarapa		Ben Roberts			151		James Joseph Maher
Waitaki		Doug Kidd			821		J. S. Adams
Waitemata		Mary Dreaver		Henry Thorne Morton	321		Mary Dreaver
Waitomo		Walter Broadfoot			1,881		E. A. Waters
Wallace		Adam Hamilton			1,607		J. J. Lynch
Wanganui		Joseph Cotterill			2,437		E. J. Kirk
Wellington Central		Peter Fraser			1,206		Will Appleton
Wellington East		Bob Semple			2,588		Leonard Theodor Jacobsen[22]
Wellington North		Charles Henry Chapman			1,897		Thomas Hislop
Wellington South		Robert McKeen			4,156		E. R. Toop
Wellington Suburbs		Harry Ernest Combs			2,581		Bill Veitch
Wellington West		Catherine Stewart		Charles Bowden	1,183		Catherine Stewart
Westland		James O'Brien			2,600		E Frank Chivers[23][24]
Māori electorates
Eastern Maori		Apirana Ngata		Tiaki Omana	240		Apirana Ngata
Northern Maori		Paraire Karaka Paikea		Tapihana Paraire Paikea	2,438		E. M. Pou
Southern Maori		Eruera Tirikatene			558		J. P. Tikao-Barrett
Western Maori		Toko Ratana			3,309		Pei Te Hurinui Jones

Table footnotes:

1. Father of the historian W. H. Oliver^[20]

Notes

1. "General elections 1853–2005 - dates & turnout". Elections New Zealand. Retrieved 12 January 2011.
2. Wood 1996, p. 108.
3. "Party Support: Results analysed". Papers Past. 27 September 1943.
4. "Election Today". Papers Past/New Zealand Herald. 25 September 1943.
5. "To-Morrow's Election". Bay of Plenty Beacon 7 (9). 24 September 1943. p. 4. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
6. Wilson 1985, pp. 285–286.
7. Lipson 2011, p. 218-19.
8. Atkinson 2003, p. 154.
9. Bassett 2000, p. ?.
10. "Turned the Scales: Servicemen's Votes". Papers Past. 7 October 1943.
11. "Election Result: State of Parties". Papers Past. 12 October 1943.
12. "On Party Lines: Mr Davys' analysis". Papers Past. 27 September 1943.
13. Milne 1966, p. 76.
14. "Big Influence: Service votes". Papers Past. 7 October 1943.
15. "The General Election, 1943". National Library. 1944. pp. 1–12. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
16. Sharfe, Jean. "Manning, George". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 17 February 2010.
17. Milton-Tee, Ann. "Harry Heaton Barker". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved December 2011.
18. Gustafson 1986, p. 382.
19. Gustafson 1986, p. 387.
20. "William Henry Oliver". Auckland War Memorial Museum. Retrieved 2 October 2015.
21. Gustafson 1986, p. 375.
22. "Public Notices". The Evening Post. CXXXVI (136). 6 December 1943. p. 4. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
23. "General Election". Auckland Star. LXXIV (203). 27 August 1943. p. 4. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
24. "Chivers, E Frank, DSM, MID". Torpedo Bay Navy Museum. Retrieved 3 November 2014.

References

• Atkinson, Neill (2003). Adventures in Democracy: A History of the Vote in New Zealand. Dunedin: University of Otago Press.
• Bassett, Michael (2000). Tomorrow Comes the Song: A life of Peter Fraser. Auckland: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-029793-6.
• Gustafson, Barry (1986). The First 50 Years : A History of the New Zealand National Party. Auckland: Reed Methuen. ISBN 0-474-00177-6.
• Lipson, Leslie (2011) [1948]. The Politics of Equality: New Zealand’s Adventures in Democracy. Wellington: Victoria University Press. ISBN 978-0-86473-646-8.
• Milne, Robert Stephen (1966). Political Parties in New Zealand. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
• Wilson, James Oakley (1985) [First published in 1913]. New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984 (4th ed.). Wellington: V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer. OCLC 154283103.
• Wood, G. A. (1996) [First ed. published 1987]. Ministers and Members in the New Zealand Parliament (2 ed.). Dunedin: University of Otago Press. ISBN 1-877133-00-0.