Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide

Adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide 1 (pituitary)
PDB rendering based on 2d2p.
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB List of PDB id codes 1GEA​, 2D2P​, 2JOD​
Identifiers
Symbols	ADCYAP1 ; PACAP
External IDs	OMIM: 102980 MGI: 105094 HomoloGene: 869 ChEMBL: 5692 GeneCards: ADCYAP1 Gene
Gene ontology Molecular function • receptor signaling protein activity • receptor binding • neuropeptide hormone activity • protein binding • pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide activity • peptide hormone receptor binding Cellular component • extracellular region • intracellular Biological process • transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway • activation of adenylate cyclase activity • neuropeptide signaling pathway • cell-cell signaling • female pregnancy • regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway • positive regulation of adenylate cyclase activity involved in G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway • cAMP-mediated signaling • neuron projection development • regulation of protein localization • positive regulation of GTPase activity • negative regulation of cell cycle • positive regulation of protein kinase activity • positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter • neurotrophin TRK receptor signaling pathway • positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade • positive regulation of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 production Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	116	11516
Ensembl	ENSG00000141433	ENSMUSG00000024256
UniProt	P18509	O70176
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_001099733	NM_009625
RefSeq (protein)	NP_001093203	NP_033755
Location (UCSC)	Chr 18: 0.9 – 0.91 Mb	Chr 17: 93.2 – 93.21 Mb
PubMed search

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide also known as PACAP is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ADCYAP1 gene.^[1][2] PACAP is similar to vasoactive intestinal peptide. One of its effects is to stimulate enterochromaffin-like cells. It binds to vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor and to the PACAP receptor.

Function

This gene encodes adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide 1. Mediated by adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide 1 receptors, this polypeptide stimulates adenylate cyclase and subsequently increases the cAMP level in target cells. Adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide 1 not only is a hypophysiotropic hormone (i.e. a substance that induces activity in the hypophysis) but also functions as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. In addition, it plays a role in paracrine and autocrine regulation of certain types of cells. This gene is composed of five exons. Exons 1 and 2 encode the 5' UTR and signal peptide, respectively; exon 4 encodes an adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide 1-related peptide; and exon 5 encodes the mature peptide and 3' UTR. This gene encodes three different mature peptides, including two isotypes: a shorter form and a longer form.^[2]

Recently a version of this gene has been associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in women (but not men).^[3] This disorder involves a maladaptive psychological response to traumatic, i.e. existence-threatening, events. Ressler et al. identified an association of a SNP in the gene coding for pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), implicating this peptide and its receptor (PAC1) in PTSD.

Interactions

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide has been shown to interact with Secretin receptor.^[4]

See also

• Adenylate cyclase
• Pituitary gland

References

1. Hosoya M, Kimura C, Ogi K, Ohkubo S, Miyamoto Y, Kugoh H, Shimizu M, Onda H, Oshimura M, Arimura A, et al. (Feb 1992). "Structure of the human pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) gene". Biochim Biophys Acta 1129 (2): 199–206. doi:10.1016/0167-4781(92)90488-l. PMID 1730060.
2. "Entrez Gene: ADCYAP1 adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide 1 (pituitary)".
3. Ressler, KJ; Mercer, KB; Bradley, B; Jovanovic, T; Mahan, A; Kerley, K; Norrholm, SD; Kilaru, V; Smith, AK; Myers, AJ; Ramirez, M; Engel, A; Hammack, SE; Toufexis, D; Braas, KM; Binder, EB; May, V (Feb 24, 2011). "Post-traumatic stress disorder is associated with PACAP and the PAC1 receptor.". Nature 470 (7335): 492–7. doi:10.1038/nature09856. PMC 3046811. PMID 21350482.
4. Felley, C P; Qian J M; Mantey S; Pradhan T; Jensen R T (Dec 1992). "Chief cells possess a receptor with high affinity for PACAP and VIP that stimulates pepsinogen release". Am. J. Physiol. (UNITED STATES) 263 (6 Pt 1): G901–7. ISSN 0002-9513. PMID 1335692.

Further reading

• Conconi MT, Spinazzi R, Nussdorfer GG (2006). "Endogenous ligands of PACAP/VIP receptors in the autocrine-paracrine regulation of the adrenal gland.". Int. Rev. Cytol. 249: 1–51. doi:10.1016/S0074-7696(06)49001-X. PMID 16697281.
• Cross SH, Charlton JA, Nan X, Bird AP (1994). "Purification of CpG islands using a methylated DNA binding column.". Nat. Genet. 6 (3): 236–44. doi:10.1038/ng0394-236. PMID 8012384.
• Dautzenberg FM, Mevenkamp G, Wille S, Hauger RL (2000). "N-terminal splice variants of the type I PACAP receptor: isolation, characterization and ligand binding/selectivity determinants.". J. Neuroendocrinol. 11 (12): 941–9. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2826.1999.00411.x. PMID 10583729.
• Fahrenkrug J (2002). "Gut/brain peptides in the genital tract: VIP and PACAP.". Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. Suppl. 234: 35–9. PMID 11713978.
• Fahrenkrug J (2006). "PACAP--a multifacetted neuropeptide.". Chronobiol. Int. 23 (1-2): 53–61. doi:10.1080/07420520500464569. PMID 16687279.
• Felley CP, Qian JM, Mantey S, et al. (1993). "Chief cells possess a receptor with high affinity for PACAP and VIP that stimulates pepsinogen release.". Am. J. Physiol. 263 (6 Pt 1): G901–7. PMID 1335692.
• Geng L, Ju G (2000). "[The discovery of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its research progress]". Sheng li ke xue jin zhan [Progress in physiology] 28 (1): 29–34. PMID 10921074.
• Gourlet P, Vandermeers A, Robberecht P, Deschodt-Lanckman M (1997). "Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP-27, but not PACAP-38) degradation by the neutral endopeptidase EC 3.4.24.11.". Biochem. Pharmacol. 54 (4): 509–15. doi:10.1016/S0006-2952(97)00207-4. PMID 9313778.
• Inagaki N, Yoshida H, Mizuta M, et al. (1994). "Cloning and functional characterization of a third pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptor subtype expressed in insulin-secreting cells.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91 (7): 2679–83. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.7.2679. PMC 43433. PMID 8146174.
• Inooka H, Endo S, Kitada C, et al. (1993). "Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) with 27 residues. Conformation determined by 1H NMR and CD spectroscopies and distance geometry in 25% methanol solution.". Int. J. Pept. Protein Res. 40 (5): 456–64. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3011.1992.tb00324.x. PMID 1483839.
• Kimura C, Ohkubo S, Ogi K, et al. (1990). "A novel peptide which stimulates adenylate cyclase: molecular cloning and characterization of the ovine and human cDNAs.". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 166 (1): 81–9. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(90)91914-E. PMID 2302217.
• Nakata M, Yada T (2007). "PACAP in the glucose and energy homeostasis: physiological role and therapeutic potential.". Curr. Pharm. Des. 13 (11): 1105–12. doi:10.2174/138161207780618948. PMID 17430174.
• Ohkubo S, Kimura C, Ogi K, et al. (1992). "Primary structure and characterization of the precursor to human pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide.". DNA Cell Biol. 11 (1): 21–30. doi:10.1089/dna.1992.11.21. PMID 1739432.
• Ohtaki T, Masuda Y, Ishibashi Y, et al. (1994). "Purification and characterization of the receptor for pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide.". J. Biol. Chem. 268 (35): 26650–7. PMID 8253796.
• Pérez-Jurado LA, Francke U (1993). "Dinucleotide repeat polymorphism at the human pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) gene.". Hum. Mol. Genet. 2 (6): 827. doi:10.1093/hmg/2.6.827-a. PMID 8353512.
• Waschek JA (2002). "Multiple actions of pituitary adenylyl cyclase activating peptide in nervous system development and regeneration.". Dev. Neurosci. 24 (1): 14–23. doi:10.1159/000064942. PMID 12145407.
• Weber B, Riess O, Daneshvar H, et al. (1993). "(CA)n-dinucleotide repeat at the PDEB locus in 4p16.3.". Hum. Mol. Genet. 2 (6): 827. doi:10.1093/hmg/2.6.827. PMID 8394765.
• Wray V, Kakoschke C, Nokihara K, Naruse S (1993). "Solution structure of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.". Biochemistry 32 (22): 5832–41. doi:10.1021/bi00073a016. PMID 8504103.
• Zeng N, Athmann C, Kang T, et al. (1999). "PACAP type I receptor activation regulates ECL cells and gastric acid secretion.". J. Clin. Invest. 104 (10): 1383–91. doi:10.1172/JCI7537. PMC 409843. PMID 10562300.

External links

• Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.