Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1

Serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade E (nexin, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1), member 1
PAI-1 in complex with the SMB domain of Vitronectin PDB: 1OC0​
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB List of PDB id codes 1A7C​, 1B3K​, 1C5G​, 1DB2​, 1DVM​, 1DVN​, 1LJ5​, 1OC0​, 3CVM​, 3EOX​, 3PB1​, 3Q02​, 3Q03​, 3R4L​, 3UT3​, 4AQH​, 4G8O​, 4G8R​, 4IC0​, 9PAI​
Identifiers
Symbols	SERPINE1 ; PAI; PAI-1; PAI1; PLANH1
External IDs	OMIM: 173360 MGI: 97608 HomoloGene: 68070 ChEMBL: 3475 GeneCards: SERPINE1 Gene
Gene ontology Molecular function • protease binding • serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity • receptor binding • protein binding Cellular component • extracellular region • extracellular space • plasma membrane • extracellular matrix • platelet alpha granule lumen • extracellular exosome Biological process • chronological cell aging • angiogenesis • platelet degranulation • transcription, DNA-templated • transcription initiation from RNA polymerase II promoter • transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway • blood coagulation • circadian rhythm • gene expression • regulation of receptor activity • negative regulation of plasminogen activation • negative regulation of endopeptidase activity • negative regulation of smooth muscle cell migration • platelet activation • positive regulation of blood coagulation • negative regulation of blood coagulation • extracellular matrix organization • negative regulation of cell migration • positive regulation of interleukin-8 production • negative regulation of cell adhesion mediated by integrin • positive regulation of leukotriene production involved in inflammatory response • fibrinolysis • positive regulation of angiogenesis • positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter • positive regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis • positive regulation of inflammatory response • defense response to Gram-negative bacterium • negative regulation of fibrinolysis • negative regulation of vascular wound healing • negative regulation of wound healing • cellular response to lipopolysaccharide • positive regulation of monocyte chemotaxis • negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors • negative regulation of smooth muscle cell-matrix adhesion • negative regulation of endothelial cell apoptotic process Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	5054	18787
Ensembl	ENSG00000106366	ENSMUSG00000037411
UniProt	P05121	n/a
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_000602	NM_008871
RefSeq (protein)	NP_000593	NP_032897
Location (UCSC)	Chr 7: 101.13 – 101.14 Mb	Chr 5: 137.06 – 137.07 Mb
PubMed search

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) also known as endothelial plasminogen activator inhibitor or serpin E1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SERPINE1 gene. Elevated PAI-1 is a risk factor for thrombosis and atherosclerosis^[1]

PAI-1 is a serine protease inhibitor (serpin) that functions as the principal inhibitor of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase (uPA), the activators of plasminogen and hence fibrinolysis (the physiological breakdown of blood clots). It is a serine protease inhibitor (serpin) protein (SERPINE1).

The other PAI, plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 (PAI-2) is secreted by the placenta and only present in significant amounts during pregnancy. In addition, protease nexin acts as an inhibitor of tPA and urokinase. PAI-1, however, is the main inhibitor of the plasminogen activators.

Genetics

The PAI-1 gene is SERPINE1, located on chromosome 7 (7q21.3-q22). There is a common polymorphism known as 4G/5G in the promoter region. The 5G allele is slightly less transcriptionally active than the 4G.

Function

PAI-1 is mainly produced by the endothelium (cells lining blood vessels), but is also secreted by other tissue types, such as adipose tissue.

PAI-1 inhibits the serine proteases tPA and uPA/urokinase, and hence is an inhibitor of fibrinolysis, the physiological process that degrades blood clots.

PAI-1 inhibits the activity of matrix metalloproteinases, which play a crucial role in invasion of malignant cells across the basal lamina.

Role in disease

Congenital deficiency of PAI-1 has been reported; as fibrinolysis is not suppressed adequately, it leads to a hemorrhagic diathesis (a tendency to hemorrhage).

PAI-1 is present in increased levels in various disease states (such as a number of forms of cancer), as well as in obesity and the metabolic syndrome. It has been linked to the increased occurrence of thrombosis in patients with these conditions.

In inflammatory conditions in which fibrin is deposited in tissues, PAI-1 appears to play a significant role in the progression to fibrosis (pathological formation of connective tissue). Presumably, lower PAI levels would lead to less suppression of fibrinolysis and conversely a more rapid degradation of the fibrin.

Angiotensin II increases synthesis of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, so it accelerates the development of atherosclerosis.

Pharmacology

Tiplaxtinin (PAI-039) is a small molecule inhibitor that is being studied for use in the attenuation of remodeling of blood vessels, a result of arterial hypertension and activation of the renin-angiotensin system.^[2]

Interactions

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 has been shown to interact with ORM1.^[3]

References

1. Vaughan DE (Aug 2005). "PAI-1 and atherothrombosis". Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 3 (8): 1879–83. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01420.x. PMID 16102055.
2. Elokdah H, Abou-Gharbia M, Hennan JK, McFarlane G, Mugford CP, Krishnamurthy G, Crandall DL (July 2004). "Tiplaxtinin, a novel, orally efficacious inhibitor of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1: design, synthesis, and preclinical characterization". J. Med. Chem. 47 (14): 3491–4. doi:10.1021/jm049766q. PMID 15214776.
3. Boncela J, Papiewska I, Fijalkowska I, Walkowiak B, Cierniewski CS (Sep 2001). "Acute phase protein alpha 1-acid glycoprotein interacts with plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 and stabilizes its inhibitory activity". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (38): 35305–11. doi:10.1074/jbc.M104028200. PMID 11418606.

Further reading

• Mimuro J (1991). "[Type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor: its role in biological reactions]". Rinsho Ketsueki 32 (5): 487–9. PMID 1870265.
• Binder BR, Christ G, Gruber F, Grubic N, Hufnagl P, Krebs M, Mihaly J, Prager GW (2002). "Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1: physiological and pathophysiological roles". News Physiol. Sci. 17: 56–61. PMID 11909993.
• Eddy AA (2002). "Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and the kidney". Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 283 (2): F209–20. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00032.2002. PMID 12110504.
• Schroeck F, Arroyo de Prada N, Sperl S, Schmitt M, Viktor M (2003). "Interaction of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) with vitronectin (Vn): mapping the binding sites on PAI-1 and Vn". Biol. Chem. 383 (7–8): 1143–9. doi:10.1515/BC.2002.125. PMID 12437099.
• Gils A, Declerck PJ (2004). "The structural basis for the pathophysiological relevance of PAI-I in cardiovascular diseases and the development of potential PAI-I inhibitors". Thromb. Haemost. 91 (3): 425–37. doi:10.1160/TH03-12-0764. PMID 14983217.
• Durand MK, Bødker JS, Christensen A, Dupont DM, Hansen M, Jensen JK, Kjelgaard S, Mathiasen L, Pedersen KE, Skeldal S, Wind T, Andreasen PA (2004). "Plasminogen activator inhibitor-I and tumour growth, invasion, and metastasis". Thromb. Haemost. 91 (3): 438–49. doi:10.1160/TH03-12-0784. PMID 14983218.
• Harbeck N, Kates RE, Gauger K, Willems A, Kiechle M, Magdolen V, Schmitt M (2004). "Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its inhibitor PAI-I: novel tumor-derived factors with a high prognostic and predictive impact in breast cancer". Thromb. Haemost. 91 (3): 450–6. doi:10.1160/TH03-12-0798. PMID 14983219.
• Hertig A, Rondeau E (2004). "Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1: the two faces of the same coin". Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 13 (1): 39–44. doi:10.1097/00041552-200401000-00006. PMID 15090858.
• Hoekstra T, Geleijnse JM, Schouten EG, Kluft C (2004). "Plasminogen activator inhibitor-type 1: its plasma determinants and relation with cardiovascular risk". Thromb. Haemost. 91 (5): 861–72. doi:10.1267/THRO04050861. PMID 15116245.
• Lijnen HR (2005). "Pleiotropic functions of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1". J. Thromb. Haemost. 3 (1): 35–45. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2004.00827.x. PMID 15634264.
• De Taeye B, Smith LH, Vaughan DE (2005). "Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1: a common denominator in obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease". Current Opinion in Pharmacology 5 (2): 149–54. doi:10.1016/j.coph.2005.01.007. PMID 15780823.
• Dellas C, Loskutoff DJ (2005). "Historical analysis of PAI-1 from its discovery to its potential role in cell motility and disease". Thromb. Haemost. 93 (4): 631–40. doi:10.1267/THRO05040631. PMID 15841306.
• Könsgen D, Mustea A, Lichtenegger W, Sehouli J (2005). "[Role of PAI-1 in gynaecological malignancies]". Zentralblatt für Gynäkologie 127 (3): 125–31. doi:10.1055/s-2005-836407. PMID 15915389.
• Hermans PW, Hazelzet JA (2007). "Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 gene polymorphism and sepsis". Clin. Infect. Dis. 41 Suppl 7: S453–8. doi:10.1086/431996. PMID 16237647.
• Alessi MC, Poggi M, Juhan-Vague I (2007). "Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, adipose tissue and insulin resistance". Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 18 (3): 240–5. doi:10.1097/MOL.0b013e32814e6d29. PMID 17495595.

External links

• The MEROPS online database for peptidases and their inhibitors: I04.020
• Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)