Rui'an dialect

Ruian dialect
瑞安話
Pronunciation [zʉ˦ø˧ɦo˨]
Native to People's Republic of China
Region Wenzhou prefecture, Zhejiang province
Native speakers
 1 million (2011)
Language codes
ISO 639-3 –
Glottolog None

Ruian dialect (瑞安話; pronounced [zʉ˦ø˧ɦo˨] in Ruian dialect) is a dialect of Wu Chinese spoken in Ruian. It belongs to the Oujiang sub-group of Wu Chinese dialects. It is strictly related to Pingyang dialect and Lucheng dialect, generally referred as Wenzhounese.

Phonology

Initials

  Labial Dental Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal voiceless m̥ 猫 n̥ 嬭 ɲ̥ 蛲 ŋ̊  
voiced m 迷 n 拿 ɲ 寧 ŋ 咬  
Plosive aspirated pʰ 怕 tʰ 聽 kʰ 空
tenuis p 巴 t 丁 k 公 ʔ 愛
voiced b 爬 d 停 ɡ 爻
Affricate aspirated tsʰ 寸 tɕʰ 氣  
tenuis ts 增 tɕ 九  
voiced dz 茶 dʑ 求  
Fricative aspirated fʰ 方 s 森 ɕ 想 h 好
tenuis f 歪  
voiced v 會 z 時   f 紅
Approximant voiceless ʔw 灣 l̥ 拉 ʔj 腰  
voiced w 換 l 辣 j 藥

Finals

There are the following finals:

嘸 [m], 兒 [ŋ]

姹 [a], 好 [ɛ], 包 [ɔ]

海 [ɪ], 先 [i]， 思 [ɨ]

畫 [o], 布 [o]， 水 [ɘʉ]

全 [y], 安 [ø]

會 [ai]， 走 [ɐɯ]

李 [ei]， 六 [əɯ]

涼 [iɛ], 關 [uɔ]

經 [̥ɐŋ]，聽 [əŋ], 公 [oŋ]

Tones

In Ruian dialect, a monosyllabic word can have one of the eight tones, but there are only four phonetically distinguished tones, divided into high (陰) and low (陽)categories. In combination with an other tone, it can change depending on Tone Sandhi system.

Yin Ping 陰平 [˦] 44 江天飛三

Yang Ping 陽平 [˧˩] 31 來同魚球

Yin Shang 陰上 [˧˥] 35 懂紙古本

Yang Shang 陽上 [˨˦] 24 近淡厚似

Yin Qu 陰去 [˥˨] 52 對去貨歲

Yang Qu 陽去 [˨] 22 外地路住

Yin Ru 陰入 [˧˨˧] 323 七博塔各

Yang Ru 陽入 [˨˩˨] 212 六肉白石

Tone Sandhi

In bisyllabic words, there are phonetically only six tones, high flat ˦, middle flat ˧, rising ˨˦, departing ˦˨, entering ˨˩˨ and short ˨. We'll now use A, B, C, D, E, and 0 for these six tones.

tones 陰平 陰上 陰去 陰入 陽平 陽上 陽去 陽入
陰平 0A AC ED AE AD Example Example Example
陰上 AB 0C D0 AE D0 Example Example Example
陰去 Example Example Example D0 Example 0C Example Example
陰入 Example Example E0 Example Example Example Example E0
陽平 AE Example 0C Example Example Example Example Example
陽上 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example
陽去 0A Example C0 Example Example Example C0 Example
陽入 0A 0C Example Example Example Example Example Example

Grammar

Adverbs

Ruian dialect

Lexicon

Pronouns

Pronouns IPA Chinese character
1st person sing. ŋ˧˦ 吾
2nd person sing. ɲi˧˦ 爾
3rd person sing. ɡɪ˧˩ 渠/佢
reflessive sing. zɨ˨ 自
1st person plur. ŋ˨˦lɪ˨, ŋ˨˦lɑ˨ 吾俚， 吾啦
2nd person plur. ɲi˨˦lɪ˨, ɲi˨˦lɑ˨ 爾俚， 爾啦
3rd person plur. ɡɪ˦˨lɪ˨, ɡɪ˦˨lɑ˨ 渠/佢俚，渠/佢啦
reflessive plur. zɨ˧lɪ˨, zɨ˧lɑ˨ 自俚， 自啦

Numerals

Numerals IPA Chinese character
o ləŋ˧˩, dø˧˦ 零, 斷1
1 ʔja˧˨˧, i˧˨˧ 一1 2
2 ŋ˨, la˧˦ 二, 兩1
3 sɔ˦ 三
4 sɨ˥˨ 四
5 ŋ˧˦ 五
6 ləɯ˧˨˧ 六
7 tsʰa˧˨˧ 七
8 po˧˨˧ 八
9 tɕɑɯ˧˥ 九
10 za˨˩˨ 十
20 ɲɛ˨ 廿
30 sɔ˧ za˧ 三十
100 i˨ pa˧˨˧ 一百
1000 i˨ tɕʰi˧ 一千
10.000 i˨ mɔ˧ 一萬
1 the first three lectures are used when are alone or follow 第 to form

ordinal numerals, and the later three lectures are cardinal numerals and are generally followed by a classifier.

2 the first lecture is considered literal, the second colloquial.

Vocabulary

Below is a list of the most common vocabulary in Ruian dialect.

Translation IPA Chinese Character Mandarin
to see, to look [tsʰɨ˥˨] 眥 看
to hear, to listen [tʰəŋ˦] 聽 聽
to ask [mɑŋ˨] 問 問
to look for [zɑŋ˧˩] 尋 找， 尋找
to smell [hoŋ˥˨] 嗅 聞
to know [sei˧˨˧] 識 認識
to say, to speak [ko˧˥] 講 說
to curse [kɑŋ˥˨] 謴 罵
to eat [tɕʰi˧˨˧] 喫 吃
to drink [hɔ˧˨˧] 呷 喝
chopstick [dzei˨] 箸 筷子
to stand [ɡɪ˧˦] 徛 站
poket [tɑɯ˦] 兜 口袋
salted vegetables [tsʰɪ˨˩˨ɦɔ˨] 菜鹹 鹹菜
chopping block [pɔ˧tsɑŋ˨˦] 板砧 砧板
icing sugar [do˨ɕo˧] 糖霜 糖霜
thing, object [ʔmɯ˦zɨ˧] 物事 東西
rice spoon [vɔ˦tɕɛ˧] 飯槳 飯勺
radish [tʰsɪ˨˩˨dəɯ˨] 菜頭 蘿蔔
trouble [sa˦zəɯ˨˦] 生受 麻煩
doctor [i˧sɨ˧] 醫師 醫生
blind [mo˨˩˨ do˨] 盲瞊 瞎子
wife [lɛ˦ø˧] 老安 老婆
unfamiliar [ta˦sa˧] 打生 陌生
eagle [ta˧ʔjɑŋ˧] 咄鷹 貓頭鷹
mole cricket [tʰəɯ˦kɑɯ˨˦] 土狗 蝼蛄
bicycle [dɔ˨tɕɔ˦tʰso˧] 踏腳車 自行车
instrument [ko˨sa˦ɦɯ˨˦] 家生货 家具
young, teenager [ɦɑɯ˧sa˨˩˨ŋ˨] 後生兒 年輕人
serious， powerful [dəɯ˦bei˨tɕɛ˧] 肚皮掌 厲害

Readings

Like other Wu dialects, in Ruian dialect a Chinese character can have more than one reading, divided in vernacular readings (白讀)and literary readings （文讀）, in comparison with other Wu dialects, Ruian dialect has relatively few multiple readings. Below are some samples.

Hanzi Vernacular Literary
reading vocabulary meaning reading vocabulary meaning
人 sɑŋ ɲɑŋ 新人 bride koŋ zɑŋ 工人 worker
日 nɪ tsɨ 日子 day za dʑi 日期 date
問 mɑŋ ɦɛ 問號 question mark vɑŋ dei 問題 question
無 ŋ tɔ 無膽 despondent ɦɯ jo 無用 useless
龍 tsei ly 紙龍 kite kʰoŋ loŋ 恐龍 dinosaur
女 na ŋ 女兒 daughter ɲy zɨ 女士 lady

See also

References


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