Mazanderani language

Mazanderani
Mazanderani مازندرانی Tabari طبری Geleki گلکی
Native to	Iran, province of Mazandaran and parts of the provinces of Alborz, Gilan, Tehran, Semnan and Golestan
Region	South coast of the Caspian Sea
Native speakers	3.3 million (1993)[1]
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Iranian Western Iranian Caspian Mazanderani
Dialects	Mazanderani Shahmirzadi Gorgani†
Writing system	Persian alphabet
Official status
Regulated by	None. But the Linguistic faculty of Mazanderan University officially gathers materials and resources about it.
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Either: mzn – Mazanderani srz – Shahmirzadi
Glottolog	maza1305[2]
Areas where Mazanderani is spoken as the mother tongue

Mazanderani (مازندرانی) or Tabari (طبری) or Geleki (گلکی) is an Iranian language of the Northwestern branch, spoken mainly in Iran's Mazandaran, Tehran and Golestan provinces. As a member of the Northwestern branch (the northern branch of Western Iranian), etymologically speaking it is rather closely related to Gilaki, and more distantly related to Persian, which belongs to the Southwestern branch.^[3][4] Mazandarani is closely related to Gilaki and the two dialects have similar vocabularies.^[5] The Gilaki and Mazandarani languages (but not other Iranian languages) share certain typological features with Caucasian languages,^[6][7] reflecting the history, ethnic identity, and close relatedness to the Caucasus region and Caucasian peoples of the Mazandarani people and Gilaki people.

Etymology

The name Mazanderani (and variants of it) derives from the name of the historical region of Mazandaran (Mazerun in Mazanderani), which was part of former Kingdom of Tapuria. People traditionally call their language Geleki, the same as Gilekis do.^[8]

Gileki consist of two morphemes : Gil + postfix ki. The name Tapuri (or Tabari) which was the name of an ancient language of somewhere in former Tapuria, Nowadays becomes prevalent into youth groups instead of Gileki. However, Gilan and Mazanderan were part of the same state known as Tapuria which its national language was known as Gileki.

History

Among the living Iranian languages, Mazanderani has one of the longest written traditions, from the tenth to the fifteenth century. This status was achieved during the long reign of the independent and semi-independent rulers of Mazandaran in the centuries after the Arab invasion.^[9]

The rich literature of this language includes books such as Marzban Nameh (later translated into Persian) and the poetry of Amir Pazevari. The use of Mazanderani, however, has been in decline. Its literary and administrative rank was lost to Persian perhaps long before the ultimate integration of Mazandaran into the national administration in the early seventeenth century.^[10]

Classification

The Mazanderani language is closely related to Gilaki and the two languages have similar vocabularies. In 1993, according to Ethnologue, there were more than three million native speakers of Mazanderani, speaking different dialects such as Gorgani, Ghadikolahi and Palani.^[11]

Dialects are:

• Saravi, Amoli, Baboli, Lafori; Chaloosi, Kelari, Shahsavari
• Gorgani†, Delandi
• Shahmirzadi, Kholardi, Firoozkoohi
• Astarabadi, Katouli

Grammar

Mazanderani is an inflected and genderless language.^[12] It is considered SVO, but in some tenses it may be SOV, depending on dialects however.^[13][14]

Typology

The Gilaki and Mazandarani languages (but not other Iranian languages) share certain typological features with Caucasian languages,^[6][7] reflecting the history, ethnic identity, and close relatedness to the Caucasus region and Peoples of the Caucasus of the Mazandarani people.

Morphology

Like other modern Iranian languages there is no distinction between the dative and accusative cases, and the nominative in the sentence takes almost no indicators but with word order (depending on dialects it may end in a/o/e). Since Mazanderani lacks articles, there is no inflection for nouns in the sentence (no modifications for nouns). For definition, nouns are added with e at end (me dətere meaning The daughter of mine while me dəter means my daughter). The indefinite article for single nouns is a-tā with tā for determination of number (a-tā kijā meaning a girl). There are some remnants from old Mazanderani that female nouns in nominative were ending with a and male nouns in nominative were ending with e (as in jənā meaning the woman and mərdē meaning the man) grammatical gender still exists in other present-day close languages such as Semnani, Sangesari and Zazaki.

Function cases Case Position Meaning Sere -(a/o/e) Nominative The Home Sere re Accusative To the Home Sere -(o/e) Vocative Home! Sere şe Genitive Home’s Sere re Dative To the Home Sere ye jä Ablative/Instrumental By the Home

Adjectives Adjective Position Meaning And-e Sere Applicative   Gat e Sere Comparative Big Home untä Sere Determinative That Home

Notable postpositions

Adpositions in Mazanderani are after words, while most of other languages including English and Persian have preposition systems in general. the only common postpositions that sometimes becoming preposition are Še and tā. Frequently used postpositions are:

postposition	meaning
dəle	in
re	of / to
je	from / by
vəse	for
tā	to
həmrā	with
səri	on / above
bəne	under / below
Pəli	near / about
vāri/ tarā	like
derū	among / inside

Suffixes

The list below is a sample list obtained from the Online Mazanderani-Persian dictionary.

Locatives Suffix Example Meaning Kash Kharkash Good Place Kel Tutkel Mulberry Limit Ij Yoshij Yoshian Bun Chenarbon At the Plantain Ja Səre Ja Of Home Sar Bənesar At the Below

Subjectives Suffix Example Meaning Chaf Au Chaf Water Sucker Rush Halikrush Drupelet Seller Su Vərgsu Wolf Hunter Kaf Ukaf Who acts in water Vej Galvej Mouse Finder Yel vəngyel Bandmaster

Orthography

Mazanderani is commonly written in the Perso-Arabic script.^[15] However, many use roman alphabets for example in SMS messages.

Vocabulary

Spoken in a territory sheltered by the high Alborz mountains, Mazanderani preserves many ancient Indo-European words no longer in common use in modern Iranian languages such as Persian. Listed below are a few common Mazanderani words of archaic, Indo-European provenance.

English	Mazanderani	Persian	Proto-Indo-European	Example of
New	Neo	No/Now	*newos	Adjective
Great	Gat	Bozorg, Gonde, Got		Adjective
Better	Better	Behtar		Adverb
Been	Bine	Budeh		Auxiliary Verb
Being	Bien	Budan		Infinitive of Verb
Moon	Moong/Mong	Mâh	*mehnos	Noun
Daughter	Deter	Dokhtar	*dheugh	Noun
Cow	Go/Gu/Guw	Gâv/Gow		Noun
My	Me/Mi (before the noun)	am (after the noun), om		Verb
Gab	Gab	Gap		Verb
Right	Rast	Râst		Adjective

Mazandarani is rich in synonyms,some such nouns also retaining the gender they possessed in Indo-European times : for instance the words Miš, Gal, Gerz all have the meaning of mouse, although they are not all of the same gender. While many Indo-Iranian languages use a masculine noun taking such related forms as Muš or Muska or Mušk, in Mazandarani the most commonly used name for the animal is the feminine noun Gal.

Influences exerted by Mazanderani

Modern-day of Iran

In Iran, there are some popular companies and products, like Rika (son) or Kija (daughter), which take their name from Mazanderani words.^[16]

In non-Iranian languages

There are some Mazanderani loanwords in the Turkmen language.^[17]

Specimen

áme kεrkā šúnnε nεfār-sar. nεfār-sar xεsέnnε. badími nεfār-sar-e čεl-o-ču hamε bapíssεnε. bāútεmε, “vačε jān! injε, kεlum-e pali, mé-vesse έttā kεrk-kεli dεrεs hā́kεn!” vε εm nεmāšun ke pe dar-biārdε, hamun šō badímε bεmúnε sεre piεr o vačε. ande-tumi piεr o vačε bεmúnε sεre, nεmāz kέrdεnε, qεzā xέrdεnε; ba:d εz nεmāz šínε ún-var, sāāt-e čār harkεt kέrdεnε.

Our chickens go onto the nefār and sleep on it. [Once] we noted that the wood of the nefār was all rotten. I told [my son], “Dear child! Here, next to the stable, make me a chicken coop.” In the evening that [my son] was setting the foundation, the father [-in-law] and [his] son came home. As soon as the father and son came home, they would say their prayers, eat something, and then, after the prayers, they would go over there (to the next room); then at four o’clock they would set off.

(from Maryam Borjian and Habib Borjian, “Ethno-Linguistic Materials from Rural Mazandaran [: Mysterious Memories of a Woman],” Iran and the Caucasus 11/2, 2007, pp. 226–254.)

ozεrε-vâ énε dámbe sεvâí iấnnε búye dεlbárrε dεvấi qam o qossέye dεl vónε kεnârí me jấne gεl dénε búye xεdâí
	At break of dawn blows the cool breeze. Bearing the healing odor of the beloved. Heart's sorrow will depart. My dear flower has the sweet savour of God.
basutέ sinέye miónnε hấreš! tévεsse – nấzεnin! – baímε nâxεš tε armúne dέl i, εy nâzεnin yâr! tévεsse mέsle bεlbεl zámbε nâlεš
	Behold,a heart's core ravaged by the flame! For you – O worthy of love! – I am sick with longing. You are the heart’s aspiration, O beloved! For you, like the nightingale, I moan.
Dεl-e armun “Heart’s Aspiration” Rezaqoli Mohammadi Kordekheyli Transcribed and translated by: Habib Borjian mosalmunun! mέrε šabgir varέnnε āx, mέrε bā kamεr-e haftir varέnnε mέrε bavέrdεnε Tεrkεmun-e dam Tεrkεmun kāfεr o gεlilε be-ra:m Muslims! They are carrying me off at the crack of dawn. O, they are taking me away with a pistol on the[ir] waist. They bear me where the Turkmen [tribes] dwell. Turkmen [are] unbelievers and the bullet [is] ruthless. gεtε, ašun xō badimā mεn še Ali-rε sio dasmāl davέsso še gali-rε age xā́nnε bā́urεn ámi badi-rε bázεne xεrusεk šέme gali-rε volvol sar-e dār gέnε εy zāri-zāri me gol dāš báio sarbāz-e Sāri He would say, Last night I dreamed of my Ali. He [had] wrapped a black kerchief [round] his throat. If it chance they wish us harm, May croup-cough seize your throat! The nightingale on the tree constantly bemoans (?) My dear brother drafted in Sāri. Quatrains sang by Sabura Azizi, transcribed and translated by Habib Borjian; Ref. Habib Borjian and Maryam Borjian, “Mysterious Memories of a Woman: Ethno-Linguistic Materials from Rural Mazandaran,” Iran and the Caucasus 11/2, 2007.

See also

• Mazanderani people

References

In dates given below, A.P. denotes the Iranian calendar, the solar calendar (365 days per year) which is official in Iran and Afghanistan.

1. Mazanderani at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
   Shahmirzadi at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
2. Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Mazanderani–Shahmirzadi". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
3. Coon, "Iran:Demography and Ethnography" in Encyclopedia of Islam, Volume IV, E.J. Brill, pp. 10,8. Excerpt: "The Lurs speak an aberrant form of Archaic Persian" See maps also on page 10 for distribution of Persian languages and dialect
4. Kathryn M. Coughlin, "Muslim cultures today: a reference guide," Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006. p. 89: "...Iranians speak Persian or a Persian dialect such as Gilaki or Mazanderani"
5. Dalb, Andrew (1998). Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages. Columbia University Press. p. 226. ISBN 0-231-11568-7.
6. Academic American Encyclopedia By Grolier Incorporated, page 294
7. The Tati language group in the sociolinguistic context of Northwestern Iran and Transcaucasia By D.Stilo, pages 137–185
8. Borjian, Habib (2004). "Māzandarān: Language and People". Iran & the Caucasus (Brill). Vol. 8, No. 2: 289-291.
9. Windfuhr, G. L. 1989. New Iranian languages: Overview. In Rüdiger Schmitt, ed., Compendium linguarum Iranicarum. Wiesbaden: L. Reichert. pp. 246–249.
10. Borjian, Maryam. 2005. Bilingualism in Mazandaran: Peaceful Coexistence With Persian. Language, Communities and Education. Languages, Communities & Education: A Volume of Graduate Student Research. New York: Society for International Education, Teachers College, Columbia University. pp. 65–73.
11. Ethnologue report for language code:mzn
12. Fakhr-Rohani, Muhammad-Reza. 2004. She means only her 'husband': politeness strategies amongst Mazanderani-speaking rural women. (Conference abstract) CLPG Conference, University of Helsinki, Finland, PDF
13. Johanson, Lars. Turkic-Iranian Contact Areas Historical and Linguistic Aspects. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2006.
14. Csató, Éva Ágnes, Bo Isaksson, and Carina Jahani. Linguistic Convergence and Areal Diffusion: Case Studies from Iranian, Semitic and Turkic. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2005.
15. Language-keyboard.com
16. http://www.behshahr.ir
17. Nasri-Ashrafi, Jahangir-e (ed.). Farhang-e vāžegān-e Tabarī [A Dictionary of Tabari]. v. 5, p. 5, Tehran: Eḥyā’-ketāb”: 2002/1381 A.P. A comparative glossary containing lexical units from almost all major urban and rural centers of the region of the three provinces of Gilan, Mazandaran, and Golestan. Reviewed in Iran and the Caucasus, 2006, 10(2). Volume 4 contains a Persian-Mazanderani index of approximately 190 pp. Volume 5 includes a grammar of the Mazanderani language.

Further reading

• Borjian, Habib. 2006. The Oldest Known Texts in New Tabari: The Collection of Aleksander Chodzko. Archiv Orientálni 74(2):153–171.
• ______________. 2006. A Mazanderani account of the Babi Incident at Shaikh Tabarsi. Iranian Studies 39(3):381–400.
• ______________. 2006. Textual sources for the study of Tabari language. I. Olddocuments. Guyesh-shenâsi 4.
• ______________. 2008. Tabarica II: Some Mazanderani Verbs. Iran and the Caucasus 12(1):73–82.
• ______________. Two Mazanderani Texts from the Nineteenth Century. Studia Iranica 37(1):7–50.
• Borjian, Habib, and Maryam Borjian. 2007. Ethno-Linguistic Materials from Rural Mazandaran: Mysterious Memories of a Woman. Iran and the Caucasus 11(2):226–254.
• Borjian, Habib, and Maryam Borjian. 2008. The Last Galesh Herdsman: Ethno-Linguistic Materials from South Caspian Rainforests. Iranian Studies 41(3):365–402.
• Le Coq, P. 1989. Les dialects Caspiens et les dialects du nord-ouest de l'Iran. In Rüdiger Schmitt (ed.), Compendium linguarum Iranicarum. Wiesbaden: L. Reichert. pp. 296–312.
• Nawata, Tetsuo. 1984. Māzandarāni. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. Series: Asian and African Grammatical Manual; 17. 45 + iii pp.
• Shokri, Giti. 1990. Verb Structure in Sāri dialect. Farhang, 6:217–231. Tehran: Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies.
• _________. 1995/1374 A.P. Sārī Dialect. Tehran: Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies.
• Shokri, Giti. 2006. Ramsarī Dialect. Tehran: Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies.
• Yoshie, Satoko. 1996. Sārī Dialect. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. Series: Iranian Studies; 10.

External links

• Society for Iranian Linguistics. Among other services, archives PDFs of articles from linguistics journals, including those written in Persian.
• Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies, Tehran.
• Audio recordings available for Mazanderani
• Dictionary of Mazanderani, with translations into Saravi, Baboli, and Amoli dialects