Taybeh

This article is about the Palestinian town in the Ramallah area. For other uses, see Taybeh (disambiguation).
Taybeh
الطيبه
Village
Taybeh

Location of Taybeh

Coordinates: 31°57′16″N 35°18′01″E / 31.95444°N 35.30028°E / 31.95444; 35.30028Coordinates: 31°57′16″N 35°18′01″E / 31.95444°N 35.30028°E / 31.95444; 35.30028
Grid position 178/151 PAL
Governorate Ramallah and al-Bireh
Elevation 850 m (2,790 ft)
Population (2007)
 • Total 1,452
Website www.taybehmunicipality.org

Taybeh (Arabic: الطيبة‎) is a Palestinian village in the West Bank, 15 kilometers northeast of Jerusalem[1] and 12 kilometers northeast of Ramallah in the Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate, 850 meters above sea level. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, Taybeh had a population of 1,452 in 2007.[2] It is the last all-Christian community in the West Bank.[3]

Etymology

Taybeh has been identified as the site of Ophrah, mentioned in the Bible (Book of Joshua 18:23) as a town of Benjamin, which was later renamed Ephraim.[4] However the word "Ophrah" was close in sound to "afrit" (Arabic: عفريت‎) meaning "demon" in Arabic. Under Saladin, the name was changed to "Taybeh", "The goodly".[5]

According to local tradition, Saladin met a delegation of Aphram inhabitants during his wars against Crusaders. Impressed by the hospitality of the locals, he named the village Taybeh, or “goodly” in Arabic.[6] Another version of the story is that he was charmed by their goodness and the beauty of their faces, ordering the village to be renamed Tayyibat al-Isem (Beautiful of name) instead of what sounded like Afra (full of dust).[7]

New Testament significance

According to the Bible, Jesus, after Lazarus' resurrection, retired with his disciples to this town. John says, "Since that day on, they (the Pharisees) made the decision to kill him. Jesus did not walk in public among the Jews anymore. He went away to a region near the desert, to a city called Aphram, and it was there that he and his disciples dwelt" (John 11: 53-54). This happened during the first days of Nissan probably around the year 30.

It was at this point that Jesus retired on a rocky hill which was situated 8 km from Taybeh towards the Jordan, in order to fortify his spirit, pray, fast, and expose himself to temptation. That is why this rocky hill is known as (Qarantal), from the Latin root "Quarenta" (forty), which alludes to the forty days Jesus fasted. According to the Evangelist, Taybeh-Aphram is the isolated place where Jesus found the diaphanous quietness to prepare himself and his disciples for the great sacrifice.

History

View of Taybeh

In the 5th century, a church, known today as St. George's Church, was built in the east of the town. In the 12th century, another church was built by the Crusaders, in attachment to the first one.[7]

The Crusaders fortified Taybeh by means of a castle named in English the Castle of St Elias. In February 1182, Joscelin III gave the castle to king Baldwin IV of Jerusalem along with some other properties in return for the lordship of Mi'ilya.[8][9] In 1185, the king Baldwin V of Jerusalem granted the castle to his grandfather William V, Marquess of Montferrat.[10]

However, in 1187 Taybeh fell to Saladin in the wake of the Battle of Hattin.[11] Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani described it as a Crusader fortress taken by Saladin,[12] while Yaqut al-Hamawi described it, under the name of 'Afra, as "a fortress in the Filastin Province, near Jerusalem."[13]

Ottoman era

In 1596, a village named Tayyibat al-Isem appeared in Ottoman tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Quds of the Liwa of Quds. It had a population of 63 Muslim households and 23 Christian families. The village paid taxes on wheat, barley, vines or fruit trees, and goats or beehives.[14]

Around 1810-1820 a large battle were fought in the village between rival factions of the "Kais" and the "Yamani". Eventually the "Yamani"-faction, led by the sheik of Abu Ghosh, managed to regain Taybeh from the Kais faction.[15] When Edward Robinson visited in 1838, he found it to contain 75 taxable inhabitants, indicating a population of about 3-400 people.[16]

French explorer Victor Guérin visited the village in 1863, and described Thayebeh as having an estimated 800 villagers, 60 Catholics, and the rest Greek Orthodox.[17] He further noted the remains a large building on the top of a hill.[17]

In 1882, the Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine described Taiyibeh as a "large Christian village in a conspicuous position, with well-built stone houses. A central tower stands on the top of the hill; on either side are olive and fig gardens in the low ground. The view is extensive on either side. A ruined church of St George exists near, and there are remains of a ruined castle in the village. The inhabitants are Greek Christians."[18]

Charles de Foucauld (1853–1916), an explorer and French hermit, passed through Taybeh in January 1889 and returned in 1898. Inspired by his visit, he wrote "Eight Days in Aphram, retreat of 1898, from Monday after IV Lent Sunday, (March 14) through Monday, after IV Lent Sunday (March 21)."[7]

British Mandate era

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Al Taibeh had a population of 954 Christians and 7 Muslims,[19] where 663 were Orthodox, 249 Roman Catholic, 60 Greek Catholic (Melchite) and 2 were Anglican.[20]

In 1927 a Greek Orthodox church was built on a Byzantine church, carefully incorporating architectural elements, like columns, lintels, capitals, two fonts, and a fragmentary mosaic pavement with a Greek inscription.[21]

At the time of the 1931 census, Taybeh had a population of 1038 Christians and 87 Muslims living in 262 houses.[22]

The population had increased in 1945 to 1,330, all Arabs, while the total land area was 20,231 dunams, according to an official land and population survey.[23] Of this 5,287 were allocated for plantations and irrigable land, 5,748 for cereals,[24] while 80 dunams were classified as built-up areas.[25]

1948-1967

In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Taybeh came under Jordanian rule.

1967, and aftermath

After the Six-Day War in 1967, Taybeh has been under Israeli occupation. In 1986, the Charles de Foucauld Pilgrim Center funded by the French Lieutenancy of the Knights of the Holy Sepulcher opened in the village.[26]

In September 2005, hundreds of Muslim men from Deir Jarir torched homes and vehicles in Taybeh in response to the honor killing of a 30-year-old Muslim woman from Deir Jarir who was said to have been romantically involved with a Christian from Taybeh.[27] Palestinian Authority policemen who arrived on the scene saved the village beer factory from being burned down.[28][29][30] According to the BBC, residents from the two villages enjoy close relations and the violence was a "battle ... between Palestinian officialdom and tribal justice."[27]

On 19 April 2013 Israeli settlers attempted to take over Taybeh's monastery and its adjacent chapel.[31] Youth from Taybeh and surrounding villages including Deir Jreir, Ramun, Silwad, Kafr Malik and Ein Yabrud drove out the settlers. Palestinians from the nearing zone demonstrate regularly in the monastery's land, and Muslim Palestinians hold Friday's prayers in the terrain in order to protect it from possible Israeli attempts to expropriate it.

Economy

Taybeh beer

Taybeh is the home of Taybeh Brewery, one of the few breweries in Palestine.[32] Since 2005, an Oktoberfest celebration is held in Taybeh, aiming at promoting local Palestinian products and attracting tourism. The celebration offers beer competitions, cultural, traditional and musical performances and other attractions.[33] From 500 liters of beer in 1995, the company produced 600,000 liters in 2011, mainly sold in the West Bank and Israel.[1] Before the Second Intifada, the beer was sold to upscale bars in Israel. According to David Khoury, the brewery sells 6 million liters a year, and exports its products to Japan.[34]

In November 2014, Nadim Khoury, the co-founder of Taybeh Brewing Company has also opened a line of Taybeh wines marketed under the brand name "Nadim” (in Arabic:"drinking companion") for a variety of wines, such as Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Syrah.[35]

Educational and religious institutions

Taybeh church, 2010

The Orthodox Patriarchal School serves over 270 students, and the Roman Catholic (Latin) School serves over 400.[36]

The different Christian denominations worship together on Easter and Christmas. The Latin parish runs a school, a medical center, a hostel for pilgrims and youth programs.[37]

Construction of a new kindergarten and additional classrooms for Al-Taybeh Greek Orthodox School was completed in 2012 with USAID funding of $750,000. The school, built 130 years ago, is the largest in Taybeh. It is attended by 430 students from Taybeh and villages in the vicinity.[38]

Landmarks

Ruins of the Church of St Georges

The Al-Khidr Church, or St. George Church, is located east of the centre of Taybeh, and was constructed during two periods, first in the Byzantine era, and then during the Crusader era.[39][40][41]

The remains of a Crusader castle, named caste of St. Elias, can still be seen.[9]

Local government

The former mayor of Taybeh is David Khoury, co-owner of the local brewery established by his brother.[1]

Demographics

Taybeh is a Christian village, with Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and Melkite Eastern Catholic.[42] In 2008 Taybeh had a low birthrate and residents feared that the population would entirely disappear.[43] According to the mayor, the population in 2010 was 2,300, with 12,000 former residents and their descendants living in the U.S., Chile and Guatemala.[34]

References

  1. 1 2 3 In search of the West Bank’s elusive Sufi Trail, Jerusalem Post
  2. ↑ 2007 PCBS Census. Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. p.114.
  3. ↑ "A Palestinian Brewery Grows in the West Bank". Time (magazine). October 8, 2009.
  4. ↑ Palestinians raise a glass at West Bank Oktoberfest, Jerusalem Post
  5. ↑ Palmer, 1881, p.245
  6. ↑ CNEWA
  7. 1 2 3 Jaser, Hanna. "A village called Taybeh". United Taybeh American Association. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
  8. ↑ Strehlke, 1869, pp. 13-14, no. 14; Röhricht, 1893, RRH, pp. 162-3, no. 614. Both cited in Pringle, 1998, p. 339
  9. 1 2 Pringle, 1997, pp. 98-99
  10. ↑ R.H.C. Occ, ii, 1859, pp. 14 -15, Ernoul (ed. de Mas Latrie), pp. 125 -6, both cited in Pringle, 1998, p. 339
  11. ↑ Pringle, 1998, p. 339
  12. ↑ Finkelstein, 1997, p. 558
  13. ↑ le Strange, 1890, p. 385, cited in Finkelstein, 1997, p. 588
  14. ↑ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 116
  15. ↑ Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 371
  16. ↑ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 2, p. 124
  17. 1 2 Guérin, 1869, pp. 45-51; partly repeated in Guérin, 1874, pp. 206-207
  18. ↑ Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 293
  19. ↑ Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Ramallah, p. 17
  20. ↑ Barron, 1923, Table XIV, p. 45
  21. ↑ Dauphin, 1998, p. 832
  22. ↑ Mills, 1932, p. 51
  23. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 65
  24. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 113
  25. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 163
  26. ↑ "THE CHARLES DE FOUCAULD PILGRIM CENTER". Taybeh's Latin parish website. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
  27. 1 2 A frightening family feud
  28. ↑ Muslims torch 14 Christian homes near Ramallah
  29. ↑ Israel and the occupied territories, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor 2005: March 8, 2006
  30. ↑ 'Islamic mafia' accused of persecuting Holy Land Christians
  31. ↑ Settlers raise Israeli flag over West Bank church. Maan News Agency. 2013-04-19.
  32. ↑ Taybeh Brewing Company
  33. ↑ Khoury, Maria C. (18 July 2008). "Taybeh Oktoberfest Boosts Economy". Palestine News Network.
  34. 1 2 Taybeh revisited, Haaretz
  35. ↑ Maria C. Khoury,Grapes of Taybeh:A Winery in the West Bank,' Counterpunch November 27, 2014.
  36. ↑ "Taybeh's Schools". United Taybeh American Association. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
  37. ↑ Palestinian Christians want a Peace Lamp in every church
  38. ↑ USAID funding of $750,000
  39. ↑ Guérin, 1869, p. 46
  40. ↑ Conder and Kitchener, SWP II, pp. 324-326
  41. ↑ Pringle, 1998, pp. 340-344
  42. ↑ Taybeh Parish website
  43. ↑ Gee, Robert W. "WEST BANK GHOST TOWN / Arab Christians attempting to revive Holy Land village / Leaders work to attract more tourists, residents." Cox News Service at Houston Chronicle. Sunday December 21, 2008. Retrieved on April 22, 2009.

Bibliography

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External links

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