Timeline of York
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of York, North Yorkshire in northern England.
Prior to 11th century
- 71 – Quintus Petillius Cerialis and the Roman Legio VIIII Hispana establish a fort (castra) above the River Ouse near its junction with the Foss. City walls probably begun; enlarged until 3rd century.
- 95–104 – Period of first recorded reference to the city as Eboracum.
- 208–211 – Period in which horse racing at Eboracum is known.
- 211 – 4 February: Roman emperor Septimius Severus dies at Eboracum.
- c. 214 – Eboracum becomes the administrative centre of Britannia Inferior.
- 306 – 25 July: Constantine the Great is acclaimed as Roman emperor by the troops in Eboracum on the death here of his father Constantius Chlorus.
- 383 – Last substantial Roman presence in the north of England.
- 625 – 21 July?: Paulinus is consecrated as first Bishop of York.
- 627 – Paulinus establishes the first (temporary wooden) York Minster for the baptism of King Edwin of Northumbria; and also St Peter’s School.
- 637 – Stone-built predecessor of York Minster dedicated to St Peter completed.
- 735 – Bishop Ecgbert is elevated to become first Archbishop of York.[1] He establishes a library and school.
- 741 – Minster destroyed by fire; subsequently rebuilt on a larger scale.
- 866 – November: The "Great Heathen Army" of Vikings led by Ivar the Boneless capture York, defending it in March 867 against a Northumbrian counterattack.
- 876 – Danes capture southern Northumbria and found the Kingdom of York[1] perhaps under Halfdan Ragnarsson.
- c. 897 – Mint re-established in the city.
- c. 919 – The Norse–Gael leader Ragnall ua Ímair captures York.[2]
- 927 – Æthelstan, King of the Anglo-Saxons, expels Gofraid ua Ímair from York.[3]
- 939 – The Norse-Gael King of Dublin Olaf III Guthfrithsson captures York.[1]
- 944 – King Edmund I of England takes York from the Vikings.[4]
- 947 – Eric Bloodaxe becomes king of Northumbria for the first time at the invitation of Wulfstan I, Archbishop of York.[1]
- 954 – Eric Bloodaxe is deposed and subsequently killed.
11th–14th centuries
- 1065 – 3 October: Northumbrian rebels capture York, outlaw Harold Godwinson's brother Tostig and choose Morcar of Northumbria as their new earl.[1]
- 1068 – Morcar leads a revolt in Northumbria, but William the Conqueror defeats the rebels at York[4] and builds a wooden motte-and-bailey castle probably on the later site of York Castle.
- 1069 – c. 28 January: Northumbrian rebels attack York.[1]
- Winter of 1069–1070 – Harrying of the North: William quells rebellions in the North of England brutally[5] and builds a second motte-and-bailey castle, probably that on Baile Hill.
- 1070 – 23 May: The first Norman Archbishop, Thomas of Bayeux, is appointed and begins rebuilding of York Minster.[1]
- 1088 – January/February: St Mary's Abbey re-established.
- 1126 – Archbishoprics of Canterbury and York declared equal.[1]
- 1137 – June: York Minster and city are severely damaged by a fire, but the Minster is soon rebuilt; St Peter’s Hospital is replaced by St Leonard’s.
- 1154 – Ouse Bridge collapses under the weight of a crowd gathered to greet Archbishop William of York on his return from exile. On 8 June William dies, apparently poisoned at Mass.
- 1182 – Charter granted to citizens.
- 1190 – 16 March: A mob besieges 150 Jews (including their leader Josce) in Clifford’s Tower of York Castle, allowing to be killed by fire those who do not commit suicide.[1]
- 1212 – 9 July: Royal charter granted allowing citizens allowed to collect their own taxes and appoint a mayor (first known 1217).
- 1220 – Re-building of York Minster in Gothic style begins under Archbishop Walter de Gray (dies 1255), starting with the south transept (completed about 1240).
- 1228 – Christmas: During a visit by King Henry III, a gale destroys the wooden keep at York Castle.
- 1237 – 25 September: Treaty of York signed between Henry III of England and his brother-in-law Alexander II of Scotland.
- 1244 – Henry III orders rebuilding of the castle in stone, work which is completed about 1272.
- c. 1260 – In York Minster
- Construction of the north transept is completed and the "Five Sisters" window (in grisaille) installed.
- Construction of the octagonal chapter house in the Decorated style (completed by 1296) begins.
- 1291 – Construction of the nave of York Minster begins.[4]
- 1298–1304 – King Edward houses the national Exchequer (at the castle) and Chancery (at the abbey) in York.[6]
- 1316 – Lady Row built in Goodramgate.
- 1319 – 20 September: First War of Scottish Independence: Scottish victory at the Battle of Myton over defenders from York.[1] Many priests and the mayor of York are killed.
- 1328 – King Edward marries Philippa of Hainault in the Minster.
- 1335 – Parliament meets in York; subsequently it will normally meet at Westminster (London).
- 1337 c. 8 July: Death of William of Hatfield, second son of Edward III and Queen Philippa, at only a few months old; he is buried in the Minster.
- 1344 – Mint established at the castle.
- 1349 – Black Death reaches York.[1] 50% of the population die.
- 1350s – Construction of the nave of York Minster completed. The great west window becomes known as the "Heart of Yorkshire".
- 1357 – Merchant Adventurers' Hall construction begins.[7]
- 1361 – Construction of the choir of York Minster in Perpendicular style begins.
- 1376 – Corpus Christi (feast): Earliest record of York Mystery Plays, although they probably originate from the 1340s.
- 1381 – Summer: Peasants’ Revolt. Unrest in York lasts for a year.
- 1389 – Office of mayor raised to Lord Mayor of York, second in precedence only to the Lord Mayor of London.
- 1396 – King Richard II grants a charter to the city.
15th–16th centuries
- c. 1400 – Lantern tower of All Saints’ Church, Pavement, built.
- 1405 – 8 June: Following the collapse of a revolt in the north begun in April by the House of Percy in which they participated and trial by a special commissison, Archbishop of York Richard Scrope and others are beheaded at York.[1]
- 1407 – York Minster’s central tower collapses due to poor foundations; it is rebuilt from 1420 in Perpendicular style.
- 1408 – York Minster east window, the world’s largest expanse of medieval glass (begun c. 1405), is completed by glass painter John Thornton of Coventry.
- 1434 – Mulberry Hall built.
- c. 1450 – Choir of York Minster completed.
- 1453 – York Guildhall opens.
- 1464 – 1 June: Treaty of York signed between England and Scotland.
- 1471 – 14 March: Wars of the Roses: The deposed Edward IV of England lands with a small force at Ravenspur,[1] moving on speedily to secure York.
- 1472 – York Minster consecrated following completion of its west towers.
- 1476 – 13 March: Richard of Gloucester addresses civic officials within Bootham Bar proclaiming he is present to keep his brother the king's peace.[8]
- 1483 – 8 September: Edward of Middleham is invested as Prince of Wales[1] by his father the new king Richard III of England at the Archbishop's Palace.
- 1486 & 1487 – King Henry VII visits.
- c. 1500 – Rose window installed in York Minster commemorating the end of the Wars of the Roses in 1487
- 1525–36 – New church of St Michael le Belfrey built (John Forman, master mason).
- 1536 – c. October: Pilgrimage of Grace occupies York.
- 1538 – Dissolution of the Monasteries: York Franciscan Friary dissolved.
- 1539 – Dissolution of the Monasteries: St Mary's Abbey and the adjacent St Leonard’s Hospital are dissolved. King's Manor becomes the headquarter of the Council of the North.
- 1541 – King Henry VIII visits.
- 1569 – York Mystery Plays suppressed.
- 1586 – 25 March: Margaret Clitherow martyred by peine forte et dure for refusing to plead to a charge of harbouring Catholic priests.
17th century
- 1616 – June: First waterworks and piped water supply.
- 1617 – King James I visits.
- 1633 – King Charles I visits.
- 1642 – 19 March–3 July: Charles I holds court at York. The Great Seal of the Realm is sent to him here on 17 May.[9]
- 1644
- 16 July: First English Civil War: Parliamentary forces capture York;[1] Thomas Fairfax prevents damage to the Minster and churches.
- Ye Olde Starre Inne licensed.
- 1673 – 18 April: Viscount Fairfax throws a party to mark his remodelling of Fairfax House.
- 1674 – Friends meeting house in Friargate first built.
- 1676 – Highwayman John Nevison rides from Kent to York in a day to establish an alibi.[10]
- 1677 – York Waterworks re-established.
- 1684 – 23 April: A gunpowder explosion guts Clifford’s Tower at York Castle, leading to the city being abandoned as a military garrison.
- 1686 – 5 November: Bar Convent established, making it the oldest surviving active Catholic convent in England.[11]
- 1694 – First corporation fire engine purchased.
18th century
- 1705 – Debtor’s Prison completed at York Castle.
- 1709 – Earliest record of horse racing on Clifton Ings.
- 1719 – 23 February: Publication of the city’s first newspaper, the York Mercury, by Grace White.
- 1726 – Judges’ Lodgings completed as a townhouse for physician Clifton Wintringham.
- 1730 – New Walk laid out.
- c. 1731 – First horse races at York Racecourse on the Knavesmire.
- 1732
- August: York Assembly Rooms (designed in Palladian style by Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington) opened.
- Mansion House (begun 1725) completed as an official residence for the Lord Mayor.
- 1739 – 7 April: Essex highwayman and murderer Dick Turpin hanged at the "York Tyburn" on the Knavesmire for horse stealing following imprisonment in York Castle and trial at York Assizes there.
- 1740 – April: York County Hospital established.
- 1744 – New Theatre opened.
- 1759 – December: Laurence Sterne has the first two volumes of his comic metafictional novel The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman printed at York in the shop owned by Ann Ward.
- 1767 – Robert Berry opens a confectionery shop, the predecessor of Terry's.
- 1769 – 8 April: The Theatre Royal reopens under this title having been granted a Royal Patent under its manager Tate Wilkinson.[12]
- 1770 – Holgate Windmill built.
- 1777
- In the courtyard of York Castle
- The County Lunatic Asylum (designed by John Carr), origin of Bootham Park Hospital, is completed.
- 1778 – Clock at church of St Martin Coney Street erected.
- 1780–1785 – New Female Prison (designed by John Carr) built at York Castle.
- 1783 – May: John Goodricke presents his conclusions that the variable star Algol is what comes to be known as an eclipsing binary to the Royal Society of London.
- 1784 – October 19: John Goodricke begins his observations of the variable star Delta Cephei.
- 1788 – Public dispensary for the poor opened at Merchant Adventurers' Hall.
- 1794 – April: Foss Navigation Company begins improvement of the River Foss. Monk Bridge built (designed by Peter Atkinson).
- 1796 – The Retreat established by the Quaker William Tuke, pioneering the humane treatment of people with mental disorders.
19th century
- 1811 – Quaker William Alexander opens a book and stationery shop in Castlegate, later taken over by the Sessions family of printers.
- 1812 – New stone Foss Bridge (designed by Peter Atkinson) completed.
- c. 1815 – George Hudson moves to York.
- 1821 – New Ouse Bridge (designed by Peter Atkinson) completed.
- 1823 – York Gas Light Company incorporated, opening its works at Layerthorpe by March 1824.
- 1824 – 1 September: Yorkshire Fire & Life Insurance Company opens for business.[13]
- 1827 – Yorkshire Philosophical Society begins excavation of St Mary's Abbey, prior to construction of the Yorkshire Museum on part of the site.
- 1829 – 1–2 February: York Minster choir and nave roof are extensively damaged in a fire started by religious fanatic Jonathan Martin (who is subsequently acquitted of arson on the grounds of insanity).[14]
- 1830 – February: Yorkshire Museum (designed in the Greek Revival style by William Wilkins) opened by Yorkshire Philosophical Society in the grounds of St Mary's Abbey.
- 1832 – 2 June: 1829–51 cholera pandemic spreads to York.[15]
- 1836
- First unified police force established.
- York Public Cemetery Company founded.
- 1837 – Walker Iron Foundry established.[16]
- 1839 – 29 May: York and North Midland Railway opens the city’s first railway station.[17]
- 1840
- 11 May: Chartist leader Feargus O'Connor is sentenced to imprisonment in York Castle for seditious libel over speeches published in The Northern Star.
- 20 May: York Minster's nave roof is destroyed in an accidental fire.
- 1842 – First railway works constructed.[17]
- 1844 – York Gas Light Company and York Union Gas Light Company amalgamated.
- 1846 – York New Waterworks Company formed.
- 1853 – York Drainage and Sanitary Improvement Act provides for the city corporation to purchase the River Foss and improve drainage.
- 1862 – Quaker Henry Isaac Rowntree buys out the chocolate and cocoa departments of the Tuke family confectioners, origins of the Rowntree's business.
- 1863 – Lendal Bridge (designed by Thomas Page) completed.
- 1868 – Corn Exchange opens.
- 1877 – 25 June: North Eastern Railway opens new (modern-day) York railway station.[17]
- 1880
- 27 October: York Tramways Company inaugurates its first horse-drawn tram service.[18]
- Burgins perfumiers established.
- 1881 – Skeldergate Bridge completed.
- 1882
- York Art Gallery opened.
- The Evening Press begins publication.
- 1884 – North Eastern Railway begins production at Holgate Road carriage works.[17] Holgate is incorporated into the city.
- 1894 – August: Lendal Bridge freed of toll.
- 1895 – Major sewerage scheme opened.
20th century
- 1900 – Corporation opens electricity generating works at Layerthorpe.
- 1901 – Seebohm Rowntree publishes Poverty, A Study of Town Life based on a sociological survey of York.
- 1902–1904 – Construction of the model village of New Earswick.
- 1906 – 24 November: North Eastern Railway opens new headquarters offices.[17]
- 1908
- 23 November: New Picture Palace, the former Wesleyan Methodist New Street Hall, opened as the city’s first permanent cinema.[19]
- York City F.C. founded as an amateur Association football club.
- 1910 – 20 January: York Corporation Tramways inaugurates an electric service.
- 1911 – Electric Cinema, Fossgate, opened, the city’s first purpose-built cinema.[19]
- 1914 – 1 April: Skeldergate Bridge freed of toll.
- 1916 – 2 May: Zeppelin raid on York kills 9.
- 1922
- 6 May: York City F.C. re-founded.
- The London and North Eastern Railway begins to set up a private museum around the station area, origin of the National Railway Museum.[17]
- 1926 – Terry's open The Chocolate Works.
- 1935 – 16 November: York Corporation Tramways closed and replaced by motor bus services.
- 1937 – Acomb incorporated into the city.[20]
- 1938 – 23 April: York Castle Museum opened.
- 1942
- 28/29 April: Baedeker Blitz: Air raid kills 79, guts York Guildhall, the church of St Martin Coney Street and the railway locomotive shed.
- October: RAF Elvington reopened as a hard-runway bomber airfield.
- 1951 – First York Festival, including a major revival of the York Mystery Plays.
- 1961 – 16 December: York Cold War Bunker opened.
- 1963 – University of York established with a new campus at Heslington.
- 1964 – April: A64 York bypass road opened.
- 1967–1972 – York Minster foundations strengthened.
- 1968 – Viscount Esher publishes York: a study in conservation.
- 1969 – Rowntree's merged with Mackintosh's.
- 1970 – 25 October: Margaret Clitherow canonised as St Margaret of York.
- 1971
- Stonegate pedestrianised.
- York becomes an Army Saluting Station.
- 1973 – First regular ghost walk.
- 1975 – 27 September: The National Railway Museum is opened, the first national museum outside London.
- 1976–79 – York Archaeological Trust begins an excavation at a former sweet factory on the site of Scandinavian York (Jórvík) prior to construction of Coppergate Shopping Centre here.
- 1976
- New York Hospital opened.
- Rowntree's introduce the Yorkie (chocolate bar).
- 1982 – 31 May: Pope John Paul II visits the city as part of his visit to the United Kingdom; 200,000 people gather at York Racecourse on the Knavesmire for a liturgy.
- 1983 – 4 July: BBC Radio York begins permanent broadcasting.
- 1984
- c. April: Opening of Coppergate Shopping Centre and Jorvik Viking Centre.
- 9 July: A fire in the south transept roof of York Minster, probably caused by an electrical storm, causes extensive damage.[21]
- 1988
- November: River Foss Barrier completed.
- Rowntree Mackintosh Confectionery taken over by Nestlé.
- 1992 – 4 July: Minster FM independent local radio begins broadcasting.
- 1993 – Terry's taken over by Kraft Foods Inc.
- 1997 – Last commercial traffic on the River Foss (newsprint from Goole for the Yorkshire Evening Press) ceases.
- 1998 – Monks Cross and McArthur Glen shopping centres and University science park opened.
21st century
- 2000 – October–November – Severe flooding, chiefly from River Ouse.
- 2001 – 10 April: Millennium Bridge opened.
- 2014
- 6 July: Start of Tour de France, Stage 2.
- Vangarde Shopping Park opened.
- 2015
- Easter: York Army Museum opened.
- December: Severe flooding, chiefly from River Foss.
Births
- c. 735 – Alcuin, scholar (died 804 in Tours)
- Before 1190 – Aaron of York, financier and chief rabbi of England (died after 1253)
- 1556 – Margaret Clitherow, Catholic saint (martyred 1586)
- 1564 – 20 March: Thomas Morton, bishop of Durham (died 1659)
- 1570 – 13 April: Guy Fawkes, Catholic conspirator (executed 1606)
- 1586 – 5 April: Christopher Levett, sea captain and New England settler (died 1630 at sea)
- 1624 – Matthew Poole, Nonconformist theologian (died 1879 in Amsterdam)
- 1647 – Francis Place, gentleman draughtsman (died 1728)
- 1755 – 6 July: John Flaxman, sculptor (died 1826)
- 1784 – 31 July: Samuel Tuke, philanthropist and mental health reformer (died 1857)
- 1787 – 10 March: William Etty, painter of nudes (died 1849)
- 1799 – May: George Hennet, railway contractor (died 1857)
- 1800 – 17 June: William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse, astronomer (died 1867 in Ireland)
- 1803 – 26 October: Joseph Hansom, architect and patentee of the Hansom cab (died 1882)
- 1809 – Mary Ellen Best, domestic watercolourist (died 1891 in Darmstadt)
- 1813 – 15 March: John Snow, physician, epidemiologist and pioneer of anaesthesia (died 1858 in London)
- 1836 – 24 May: Joseph Rowntree, chocolate manufacturer and philanthropist (died 1925)
- 1851 – 19 June: Silvanus P. Thompson, physicist, pioneer of calculus and electricity (died 1916)
- 1871 – 7 July: Seebohm Rowntree, chocolate manufacturer and social reformer (died 1954)
- 1881 – 20 September: Will Ashton (Sir John Ashton), landscape painter and gallery director (died 1963 in Australia)
- 1907 – 21 February: W. H. Auden, poet (died 1973 in Austria)
- 1912 – 6 February: Christopher Hill, Marxist historian (died 2003)
- 1917 – 6 March: Frankie Howerd, comic actor (died 1992)
- 1933 – 3 November: John Barry, film composer (died 2011 in the United States)
- 1934 – 9 December: Judi Dench, actress
- 1942
- 17 April: David Bradley, actor
- 23 June: Martin Rees, astrophysicist
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Palmer, Alan; Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
- ↑ Annals of Ulster.
- ↑ William of Malmesbury (1125). Gesta Regum Anglorum.
- 1 2 3 Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-304-35730-7.
- ↑ "Norman Britain". British History Timeline. BBC. Retrieved 2007-12-23.
- ↑ "Medieval". History of York. York Museums Trust. Retrieved 2016-04-11.
- ↑ "Welcome to the Merchant Adventurers' Hall". The Company of Merchant Adventurers of the City of York. Retrieved 2016-04-10.
- ↑ "King Richard III and the City of York". The Richard III Foundation, Inc. Retrieved 2016-04-12.
- ↑ "1642". BCW Project. 2012-01-15. Retrieved 2016-04-11.
- ↑ Defoe, Daniel (1727). A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain.
- ↑ "The Bar Convent". Retrieved 2016-04-11.
- ↑ "Theatre Royal - Tate Wilkinson as Manager". York Guides. Retrieved 2011-02-25.
- ↑ "Yorkshire Insurance Company Ltd". Our history. Aviva. Retrieved 2016-04-11.
- ↑ Balston, Thomas (1945). The Life of Jonathan Martin.
- ↑ Barnet, Margaret C. (1972). "The 1832 cholera epidemic in York". Medical History 6: 27–39. Retrieved 2016-04-11.
- ↑ Malden, John (1976). "The Walker Ironfoundry, York". York Historian 1: 37–52.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Appleby, Ken (1993). Britain’s Rail Super Centres – York. Shepperton: Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-2072-8.
- ↑ Murray, Hugh (1980). The Horse Tramways of York 1880–1909. Broxbourne: Light Rail Transit Association. ISBN 0-900433-81-7.
- 1 2 "Cinema Comes to York". History of York. York Museums Trust. Retrieved 2016-04-12.
- ↑ Hodgson, G. (2001). A History Of Acomb: Richardson's History revised and enlarged. ISBN 0-9527093-8-4.
- ↑ "Historic York Minster engulfed by flames". On This Day (BBC News). 1984-07-09. Archived from the original on 2008-03-07. Retrieved 2008-01-29.
Further reading
- Drake, Francis (1736). Eboracum: The History and Antiquities of the City of York, from its Original to the Present Time; together with the History of the Cathedral Church and the Lives of the Archbishops. York.
- Buckley, Theodore Alois (1862). "York". Great Cities of the Middle Ages (2nd ed.). London: Routledge, Warne & Routledge.
- Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England. (1962-81). An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in the City of York. London: H.M.S.O.
- Tillott, P. M., ed. (1961). A History of the County of York: The City of York. London: Victoria County History.
- Smyth, Alfred P. (1975). Scandinavian York and Dublin: the history and archaeology of two related Viking kingdoms. Dublin: Templekieran Press. ISBN 9780716523659.
- Pevsner, Nikolaus; Neave, David (1995) [1972]. Yorkshire: York and the East Riding. Pevsner Architectural Guides (2nd ed.). London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-071061-2.
- Hall, Richard (1996). English Heritage Book of York. London: Batsford. ISBN 0-7134-7720-2.
- Nuttgens, Patrick, ed. (2001). The History of York: from earliest times to the year 2000. Pickering: Blackthorn Press. ISBN 0-9535072-8-9.
- Rees Jones, Sarah (2013). York: The Making of a City. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198201946.
- Palliser, D. M. (2014). Medieval York, 600–1540. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199255849.
See also
External links
Coordinates: 53°57′30″N 1°04′49″W / 53.958333°N 1.080278°W
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