United States House of Representatives elections, 1878

United States House of Representatives elections, 1878

November 5, 1878[Note 1]

All 293 seats in the U.S. House of Representatives 147 seats were needed for a majority   Majority party Minority party Third party   Leader Samuel J. Randall James A. Garfield Hendrick B. Wright Party Democratic Republican Greenback Last election 157 seats[Note 2] 136 seats 0 seats Seats won 148[1][Note 3][Note 4] 132[1][Note 4] 13[1] Seat change 9 4 13 Popular vote 2,864,095 2,762,003 919,832 Percentage 40.9% 39.5% 13.1% Swing 9.3 7.3 13.1%

Speaker before election Samuel Randall Democratic Elected Speaker Samuel Randall Democratic

Elections to the United States House of Representatives were held in 1878^{[Note 5]} for Representatives to the 46th United States Congress. These elections occurred in the middle of President Rutherford B. Hayes's term.

With a sour economy as the nation's pressing issue, both major parties lost seats to the new Greenback Party, which was established to promote the long-term use of paper money as a solution to stop enormous economic fluctuations. The Democratic Party remained the largest party, but lost its majority. However, it allied with several independent politicians and was able to remain in power. Notable freshmen included James B. Weaver, who would later run for president as the Greenback candidate in 1880 and the Populist candidate in 1892. This was the fourth and last recorded House election where both major parties lost seats at the same time.

Election summaries

↓

141	7	13	132
Democratic	ID	Gb	Republican

State	Type	Total seats	Democratic	Republican	Greenback	Independent Democratic
			Seats	Change	Seats	Change	Seats	Change	Seats	Change
Alabama	District	8	7	1	0		1	1	0
Arkansas	District	4	4	1	0		0		0	1
California[Note 6]	District	4	1	1	3	1	0		0
Colorado	At-large	1	0	1	1	1	0		0
Connecticut	District	4	1	2	3	2	0		0
Delaware	At-large	1	1		0		0		0
Florida	District	2	1	1	1	1	0		0
Georgia	District	9	6	2	0		0		3	2
Illinois	District	19	6	2	12	1	1	1	0
Indiana[Note 7]	District	13	6	2	6	3	1	1	0
Iowa[Note 7]	District	9	0		7	2	2	2	0
Kansas	District	3	0		3		0		0
Kentucky	District	10	9	1	0		0		1	1
Louisiana	District	6	6	1	0	1	0		0
Maine[Note 7]	District	5	0		3	2	2	2	0
Maryland	District	6	5	1	1	1	0		0
Massachusetts	District	11	1	1	10	1	0		0
Michigan	District	9	0	1	9	1	0		0
Minnesota	District	3	1	1	2	1	0		0
Mississippi	District	6	6		0		0		0
Missouri	District	13	11	2	0	4	1	1	1	1
Nebraska	At-large	1	0		1		0		0
Nevada	At-large	1	0		1		0		0
New Hampshire	District	3	0	1	3	1	0		0
New Jersey	District	7	3	1	4	1	0		0
New York	District	33	6	9	25	7	0		2	2
North Carolina	District	8	7		0	1	1	1	0
Ohio[Note 7]	District	20	11	3	9	3	0		0
Oregon[Note 7]	At-large	1	1	1	0	1	0		0
Pennsylvania	District	27	8	2	17		2	2	0
Rhode Island	District	2	0		2		0		0
South Carolina	District	5	5	3	0	3	0		0
Tennessee	District	10	9	1	1	1	0		0
Texas	District	6	5	1	0		1	1	0
Vermont[Note 7]	District	3	0		2	1	1	1	0
Virginia	District	9	8		1		0		0
West Virginia[Note 7]	District	3	3		0		0		0
Wisconsin	District	8	3		5		0		0
Total		293	141[1] 48.1%	14	132[1] 45.1%	5	13[1] 4.4%	13	7[1] 2.4%	5

House seats
Democratic			48.12%
Republican			45.05%
Greenback			4.44%
Ind. Democratic			2.39%

[[Image:46 us house membership.png|thumb|450px| House seats by party holding plurality in state   80+ to 100% Democratic   80+ to 100% Republican   60+ to 80% Democratic   60+ to 80% Republican   Up to 60% Democratic   Up to 60% Republican ]]

[[Image:46 us house changes.png|thumb|450px| Net gain in party representation   6+ Democratic gain     6+ Republican gain   3-5 Democratic gain     3-5 Republican gain   1-2 Democratic gain   1-2 Greenback gain   1-2 Republican gain   no net change ]]

Election dates

In 1845, Congress passed a law providing for a uniform nationwide date for choosing Presidential electors.^[2] This law did not affect election dates for Congress, which remained within the jurisdiction of State governments, but over time, the States moved their Congressional elections to this date as well. In 1878–79, there were still 7 states with earlier election dates, and 1 state with a later election date:

• Early elections (1878):
  • June 3 Oregon
  • September 3 Vermont
  • September 9 Maine
  • October 7 Indiana
  • October 8 Iowa, Ohio, West Virginia
• Late election (1879):
  • September 3, 1879 California

California's elections were the last time that a state held congressional general elections after November.

Complete list of races

D-ATD: Anti-Tammany Democrat ID: Independent Democrat P: Prohibition Party

BtD: Butler Democrat IG: Independent Government R: Republican

D: Democratic IGb: Independent Greenback S: Socialist

G: Greenback IR: Independent Republican D-TH: Tammany Hall Democrat

I: Independent Lab: Labor Party Wkm: Workingmen Party

Alabama

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
Alabama 1	James T. Jones	Democratic	1876	Lost renomination Democratic hold	Thomas H. Herndon (D) 69.10% Warner Bailey (G) 30.90%
Alabama 2	Hilary A. Herbert	Democratic	1876	Re-elected	Hilary A. Herbert (D) 56.25% James P. Armstrong (R) 43.75%
Alabama 3	Jeremiah N. Williams	Democratic	1874	Retired Democratic hold	William J. Samford (D) 88.43% French Strange (I) 9.64% William M. Russell (R) 1.93%
Alabama 4	Charles M. Shelley	Democratic	1876	Re-elected	Charles M. Shelley (D) 55.38% Jeremiah Haralson (R) 42.57% Jonathan H. Henry (I) 2.04%
Alabama 5	Robert F. Ligon	Democratic	1876	Retired Democratic hold	Thomas Williams (D) 70.51% Theodore Nunn (G) 29.49%
Alabama 6	Goldsmith W. Hewitt	Democratic	1874	Retired Democratic hold	Burwell B. Lewis (D) 70.51% William R. Smith (I) 29.49%
Alabama 7	William H. Forney	Democratic	1874	Re-elected	William H. Forney (D) 96.57% N. B. Mardis (I) 3.43%
Alabama 8	William W. Garth	Democratic	1874	Lost re-election Greenback gain	William M. Lowe (G) 55.49% William W. Garth (D) 44.51%

Arkansas

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
Arkansas 1	Lucien C. Gause	Democratic	1874	Retired Democratic hold	Poindexter Dunn (D) 100.0%
Arkansas 2	William F. Slemons	Democratic	1874	Re-elected	William F. Slemons (D) 57.20% John G. Bradley (G) 43.80%
Arkansas 3	Jordan E. Cravens	Independent Democratic	1876	Re-elected as a Democrat Democratic gain	Jordan E. Cravens (D) 51.19% Milton L. Rice (G) 48.81%
Arkansas 4	Thomas M. Gunter	Democratic	1874	Re-elected	Thomas M. Gunter (D) 59.77% J. F. Cunningham (ID) 29.42% Byrd Smith (G) 10.80%

California

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
California 1	Horace Davis	Republican	1876	Re-elected	Horace Davis (R) 48.41% Clitus Barbour (Wkm) 44.50% Charles R. Summer (D) 7.09%
California 2	Horace F. Page	Republican	1872	Re-elected	Horace F. Page (R) 51.87% Thomas J. Clunie (D) 34.38% H. P. Williams (Wkm) 13.75%
California 3	John K. Luttrell	Democratic	1872	Retired Democratic hold	Campbell P. Berry (D) 50.16% Joseph McKenna (R) 49.61% George T. Elliott (Wkm) 0.23%
California 4	Romualdo Pacheco	Republican	1876	Re-elected	Romualdo Pacheco (R) 40.47% Wallace Leach (D) 31.84% James J. Ayres (Wkm) 27.68%

Colorado

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
Colorado At-Large	None (New state)			Republican gain	James B. Belford (R) 49.93% Thomas M. Patterson (D) 41.93% Henry C. Childs (G) 8.14%

Patterson successfully contested the election and was seated March 4, 1877.

Connecticut

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
Connecticut 1	George M. Landers	Democratic	1874	Lost re-election Republican gain	Joseph R. Hawley (R) 52.20% George M. Landers (D) 43.79% Herbert Baker (G) 3.67% Horace Johnson (P) 0.34%
Connecticut 2	James Phelps	Democratic	1874	Re-elected	James Phelps (D) 53.19% Benjamin Douglas (R) 45.86% Calvin Harrington (P) 0.95%
Connecticut 3	John T. Wait	Republican	1876	Re-elected	John T. Wait (R) 53.75% Charles W. Carter (R) 44.06% Elisha Palmer (P) 2.18%
Connecticut 4	Levi Warner	Democratic	1876	Retired Republican gain	Frederick Miles (R) 48.70% Frederick W. Bruggerhoff (R) 44.63% James S. Taylor (G) 6.38% Ambrose S. Rogers (P) 0.30%

Delaware

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
Delaware At-Large	James Williams	Democratic	1874	Retired Democratic hold	Edward L. Martin (D) 78.10% John G. Jackson (G) 21.90%

Florida

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
Florida 1	Robert H. M. Davidson	Democratic	1876	Re-elected	Robert H. M. Davidson (D) 56.80% Simon B. Conover (R) 40.90% Edmund C. Weeks (IR) 2.29%
Florida 2	Horatio Bisbee, Jr.	Republican	1876	Lost re-election Democratic gain	Noble A. Hull (D) 50.03% Horatio Bisbee, Jr. (R) 49.97%

In the 2nd district the difference between the two candidates, in the initial returns, was just 22 votes. Bisbee challenged Hull's election, and was eventually awarded the seat on January 22, 1881.

Georgia

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
Georgia 1	Julian Hartridge	Democratic	1874	Retired Democratic hold	John C. Nicholls (D) 62.76% S. A. Corker (R) 37.24%
Georgia 2	William E. Smith	Democratic	1874	Re-elected	William E. Smith (D) 69.05% E. C. Wade (R) 30.95%
Georgia 3	Philip Cook	Democratic	1872	Re-elected	Philip Cook (D) 100.0%
Georgia 4	Henry R. Harris	Democratic	1872	Lost re-election Independent Democratic gain	Henry Persons (ID) 56.09% Henry R. Harris (D) 42.48% L. J. Milam (I) 0.91% J. C. Fuller (I) 0.51%
Georgia 5	Milton A. Candler	Democratic	1876	Retired Democratic hold	Nathaniel J. Hammond (D) 55.64% Reuben Arnold (G) 44.36%
Georgia 6	James H. Blount	Democratic	1872	Re-elected	James H. Blount (D) 99.44% Scattering (I) 0.56%
Georgia 7	William H. Felton	Independent Democratic	1874	Re-elected	William H. Felton (ID) 52.47% G. N. Lester (D) 47.53%
Georgia 8	Alexander H. Stephens	Democratic	1872	Re-elected	Alexander H. Stephens (D) 98.30% Scattering (I) 1.70%
Georgia 9	Hiram P. Bell	Democratic	1876	Lost re-nomination Independent Democratic gain	Emory Speer (ID) 50.51% Joel A. Billups (D) 49.49%

Illinois

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
Illinois 1	William Aldrich	Republican	1876	Re-elected	William Aldrich (R) 51.84% James R. Doolittle (D) 30.41% John McAscliff (S) 9.89% William V. Barr (G) 7.86%
Illinois 2	Carter Harrison, Sr.	Democratic	1874	Retired to run for Mayor Republican gain	George R. Davis (R) 49.59% Miles Kehoe (D) 29.29% George A. Schilling (S) 11.85% James Felch (G) 7.67% J. H. Condon (I) 1.25% John Sebolski (I) 0.35%
Illinois 3	Lorenzo Brentano	Republican	1876	Lost re-nomination Republican hold	Hiram Barber, Jr. (R) 53.06% Lambert Tree (D) 29.26% Benjamin Sebley (I) 12.78% A. B. Cornell (G) 4.90%
Illinois 4	William Lathrop	Republican	1876	Retired Republican hold	John C. Sherwin (R) 61.79% Jonathan C. Staighton (D) 21.50% Augustus Adams (G) 16.71%
Illinois 5	Horatio C. Burchard	Republican	1869	Lost re-nomination Republican hold	Robert M. A. Hawk (R) 53.42% Mortimer D. Hathaway (D) 23.33% John M. King (G) 23.24%
Illinois 6	Thomas J. Henderson	Republican	1874	Re-elected	Thomas J. Henderson (R) 52.47% James W. Haney (G) 31.94% Charles Dunham (D) 15.59%
Illinois 7	Philip C. Hayes	Republican	1876	Re-elected	Philip C. Hayes (R) 46.54% Alexander Campbell (G) 28.29% W. S. Brooks (D) 25.17%
Illinois 8	Greenbury L. Fort	Republican	1872	Re-elected	Greenbury L. Fort (R) 49.72% Chris C. Strawn (G) 29.01% Thomas M. Shaw (D) 21.27%
Illinois 9	Thomas A. Boyd	Republican	1876	Re-elected	Thomas A. Boyd (R) 43.76% George A. Wilson (D) 40.68% Aloxr H. Keighan (G) 15.56%
Illinois 10	Benjamin F. Marsh	Republican	1876	Re-elected	Benjamin F. Marsh (R) 44.50% Delos P. Phelps (D) 42.33% Alson J. Streeter (G) 13.17%
Illinois 11	Robert M. Knapp	Democratic	1876	Lost re-nomination Democratic hold	James W. Singleton (D) 54.49% James P. Dimmitt (R) 31.69% William H. Pogue (P) 13.82%
Illinois 12	William M. Springer	Democratic	1874	Re-elected	William M. Springer (D) 47.69% John Cook (R) 34.78% John Mathers (G) 17.53%
Illinois 13	Thomas F. Tipton	Republican	1876	Lost re-election Democratic gain	Adlai Stevenson I (D) 53.22% Thomas F. Tipton (R) 46.26% L. M. Bickmore (P) 0.52%
Illinois 14	Joseph G. Cannon	Republican	1872	Re-elected	Joseph G. Cannon (R) 46.16% Maldon Jones (D) 38.84% Jesse Harper (G) 15.00%
Illinois 15	John R. Eden	Democratic	1872	Lost re-nomination Greenback gain	Albert P. Forsythe (G) 50.31% Hiram B. Decias (D) 49.69%
Illinois 16	William A. J. Sparks	Democratic	1874	Re-elected	William A. J. Sparks (D) 48.75% Basil B. Smith (R) 42.18% James Creed (G) 9.07%
Illinois 17	William R. Morrison	Democratic	1862	Re-elected	William R. Morrison (D) 50.47% John Baker (R) 43.04% William E. Moberly (G) 6.48%
Illinois 18	William Hartzell	Democratic	1874	Retired Republican gain	John R. Thomas (R) 46.62% N. J. Allen (D) 44.37% S. J. Davis (G) 9.02%
Illinois 19	Richard W. Townshend	Democratic	1876	Re-elected	Richard W. Townshend (D) 53.31% Robert Bell (R) 34.64% Seth F. Crews (G) 12.04%

Indiana

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
Indiana 1	Benoni S. Fuller	Democratic	1874	Retired Republican gain	William Heilman (R) 48.66% Thomas E. Garvin (D) 45.77% Thomas F. Debruler (G) 5.57%
Indiana 2	Thomas R. Cobb	Democratic	1876	Re-elected	Thomas R. Cobb (D) 55.06% Richard M. Welman (R) 38.26% William L. Green (G) 6.69%
Indiana 3	George A. Bicknell	Democratic	1876	Re-elected	George A. Bicknell (D) 57.91% Ara E. Long (R) 35.99% John F. Willy (G) 6.10%
Indiana 4	Leonidas Sexton	Republican	1876	Lost re-election Democratic gain	Jeptha D. New (D) 50.49% Leonidas Sexton (R) 48.85% Robert Gregg (G) 0.66%
Indiana 5	Thomas M. Browne	Republican	1876	Re-elected	Thomas M. Browne (R) 50.08% William S. Holman (D) 47.03% William C. Jeffries (G) 2.89%
Indiana 6	Milton S. Robinson	Republican	1874	Retired Democratic gain	William R. Myers (D) 47.89% William Grose (R) 46.06% Reuben A. Riley (G) 6.05%
Indiana 7	John Hanna	Republican	1876	Lost re-election Greenback gain	Gilbert De La Matyr (G) 51.14% John Hanna (R) 48.86%
Indiana 8	Morton C. Hunter	Republican	1872	Lost re-election Democratic gain	Abraham J. Hostetler (D) 43.56% Morton C. Hunter (R) 40.12% Henry A. White (G) 16.31%
Indiana 9	Michael D. White	Republican	1876	Retired Republican hold	Godlove S. Orth (R) 43.73% James McCabe (D) 43.46% Leroy Templeton (G) 12.81%
Indiana 10	William H. Calkins	Republican	1876	Re-elected	William H. Calkins (R) 45.16% Morgan H. Weir (D) 39.41% John N. Skinner (G) 15.44%
Indiana 11	James L. Evans	Republican	1874	Retired Republican hold	Calvin Cowgill (R) 47.23% David D. Dykeman (D) 39.81% David Moss (G) 12.96%
Indiana 12	Andrew H. Hamilton	Democratic	1874	Retired Democratic hold	Walpole G. Colerick (D) 63.73% John Studebaker (D) 36.27%
Indiana 13	John H. Baker	Republican	1874	Re-elected	John H. Baker (R) 47.20% John B. Stoll (D) 42.04% William C. Williams (G) 10.76%

In Indiana 7, Gilbert De La Matyr was also endorsed by the state Democratic Party.

Iowa

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
Iowa 1	Joseph C. Stone	Republican	1876	Lost re-nomination Republican hold	Moses A. McCoid (R) 48.58% Wesley C. Hobbs (D) 30.38% A. H. Breman (G) 21.05%
Iowa 2	Hiram Price	Republican	1876	Re-elected	Hiram Price (R) 49.75% W. F. Brannan (D) 35.47% Jacob Geiger (G) 14.77%
Iowa 3	Theodore W. Burdick	Republican	1876	Retired Republican hold	Thomas Updegraff (R) 43.85% Fred O'Donnell (D) 37.52% S. T. Spangler (G) 18.63%
Iowa 4	Nathaniel C. Deering	Republican	1876	Re-elected	Nathaniel C. Deering (R) 60.83% Luman H. Weller (G) 20.38% William V. Allen (G) 18.79%
Iowa 5	Rush Clark	Republican	1876	Re-elected	Rush Clark (R) 52.78% George Carter (D) 44.63% Timothy Brown (G) 2.59%
Iowa 6	Ezekiel S. Sampson	Republican	1874	Lost re-election Greenback gain	James B. Weaver (G) 53.35% Ezekiel S. Sampson (R) 46.65%
Iowa 7	Henry J. B. Cummings	Republican	1876	Lost re-election Greenback gain	Edward H. Gillette (G) 51.45% Henry J. B. Cummings (R) 48.55%
Iowa 8	William F. Sapp	Republican	1876	Re-elected	William F. Sapp (R) 50.21% George C. Hicks (G) 25.40% John H. Keatley (D) 24.39%
Iowa 9	S. Addison Oliver	Republican	1874	Retired Republican hold	Cyrus C. Carpenter (R) 54.91% L. Q. Hoggartt (G) 41.08% Walter Brown (D) 4.00%

In Iowa 6, James B. Weaver was also endorsed by the state Democratic Party.

In Iowa 7, Edward H. Gillette was also endorsed by the state Democratic Party.

Kansas

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
Kansas 1	William A. Phillips	Republican	1872	Lost re-nomination Republican hold	John A. Anderson (R) 59.61% J. R. McClure (D) 29.20% E. Gale (G) 11.19%
Kansas 2	Dudley C. Haskell	Republican	1876	Re-elected	Dudley C. Haskell (R) 44.97% C. W. Blair (D) 31.40% P. P. Elder (G) 23.54%
Kansas 3	Thomas Ryan	Republican	1876	Re-elected	Thomas Ryan (R) 56.83% F. Doser (G) 24.90% J. B. Fugate (D) 18.27%

Kentucky

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
Kentucky 1	Andrew Boone	Democratic	1874	Retired Independent Democratic gain	Oscar Turner (ID) 42.87% Lawrence S. Trimble (D) 34.97% E. W. Bagby (R) 22.15%
Kentucky 2	James A. McKenzie	Democratic	1876	Re-elected	James A. McKenzie (D) 61.38% John W. Feighan (R) 23.50% Francis M. English (G) 15.12%
Kentucky 3	John W. Caldwell	Democratic	1876	Re-elected	John W. Caldwell (D) 46.32% W. Godfrey Hunter (R) 42.10% George Wright (G) 11.58%
Kentucky 4	J. Proctor Knott	Democratic	1874	Re-elected	J. Proctor Knott (D) 65.04% J. D. Belden (R) 33.48% John W. Lewis (G) 1.48%
Kentucky 5	Albert S. Willis	Democratic	1876	Re-elected	Albert S. Willis (D) 40.51% J. Watts Kearney (D) 33.30% Horace Scott (R) 24.48% Blanton Duncan (G) 1.70%
Kentucky 6	John G. Carlisle	Democratic	1876	Re-elected	John G. Carlisle (D) 75.87% Joseph H. Hermes (I) 24.13%
Kentucky 7	Joseph C. S. Blackburn	Democratic	1874	Re-elected	Joseph C. S. Blackburn (D) 69.78% George C. Drane (R) 28.68% John L. Scott (I) 1.54%
Kentucky 8	Milton J. Durham	Democratic	1872	Lost re-nomination Democratic hold	Philip B. Thompson, Jr. (D) 53.80% George Denny (R) 46.20%
Kentucky 9	Thomas Turner	Democratic	1876	Re-elected	Thomas Turner (D) 55.45% John Dills (R) 43.15% James G. Carter (G) 1.40%
Kentucky 10	John B. Clarke	Democratic	1874	Retired Democratic hold	Elijah Phister (D) 65.34% B. F. Bennett (R) 23.70% James Kilgore (G) 10.97%

Louisiana

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
Louisiana 1	Randall L. Gibson	Democratic	1874	Re-elected	Randall L. Gibson (D) 63.60% H. C. Castellanos (R) 36.40%
Louisiana 2	E. John Ellis	Democratic	1874	Re-elected	E. John Ellis (D) 58.97% E. N. Collom (G) 34.91% Michael Hahn (R) 6.12%
Louisiana 3	Joseph H. Acklen	Democratic	1876	Re-elected	Joseph H. Acklen (D) 48.77% R. O. Herbert (R) 33.89% W. B. Merchant (ID) 17.34%
Louisiana 4	Joseph B. Elam	Democratic	1876	Re-elected	Joseph B. Elam (D) 89.15% J. M. Wells (R) 10.85%
Louisiana 5	J. Smith Young	Democratic	1878 (Special)	Retired Democratic hold	J. Floyd King (D) 77.87% J. T. Ludling (R) 22.13%
Louisiana 6	Edward W. Robertson	Democratic	1876	Re-elected	Edward W. Robertson (D) 66.14% W. L. Larimore (I) 33.86%

Maine

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
Maine 1	Thomas B. Reed	Republican	1876	Re-elected	Thomas B. Reed (R) 46.23% Samuel J. Anderson (D) 32.00% Edward H. Gove (G) 21.77%
Maine 2	William P. Frye	Republican	1870	Re-elected	William P. Frye (R) 49.20% Solon Chase (G) 36.46% S. Clifford Belcher (D) 14.34%
Maine 3	Stephen Lindsey	Republican	1876	Re-elected	Stephen Lindsey (R) 44.39% William Philbrick (G) 32.60% Franklin Smith (D) 23.01%
Maine 4	Llewellyn Powers	Republican	1876	Lost re-election Greenback gain	George W. Ladd (G) 56.14% Llewellyn Powers (R) 43.86%
Maine 5	Eugene Hale	Republican	1868	Lost re-election Greenback gain	Thompson H. Murch (G) 48.43% Eugene Hale (R) 42.28% Joseph H. Martin (D) 9.29%

In Maine 4, George W. Ladd was also endorsed by the state Democratic Party.

Maryland

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
Maryland 1	Daniel M. Henry	Democratic	1876	Re-elected	Daniel M. Henry (D) 52.49% Samuel A. Graham (R) 47.51%
Maryland 2	Charles B. Roberts	Democratic	1874	Retired Democratic hold	J. Frederick C. Talbott (D) 66.87% George B. Milligan (ID) 24.48% A. P. McCombs (G) 8.66%
Maryland 3	William Kimmel	Democratic	1876	Re-elected	William Kimmel (D) 70.41% Joseph Thompson (Lab) 29.59%
Maryland 4	Thomas Swann	Democratic	1868	Retired Democratic hold	Robert M. McLane (D) 58.98% Jonathan C. Holland (R) 35.56% William L. Quigley (Lab) 3.34%
Maryland 5	Eli J. Henkle	Democratic	1874	Re-elected	Eli J. Henkle (D) 53.97% J. Parran Crane (R) 45.20% Eugene B. Calvert (G) 0.84%
Maryland 6	William Walsh	Democratic	1874	Retired Republican gain	Milton Urner (R) 49.69% George Peter (D) 43.62% Horace Resley (G) 6.69%

In Maryland 4, William Quigley was also endorsed by the state Greenback Party.

Massachusetts

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
Massachusetts 1	William W. Crapo	Republican	1874	Re-elected	William W. Crapo (R) 62.32% Matthias Ellis (D) 36.59% Rodney French (P) 1.09%
Massachusetts 2	Benjamin W. Harris	Republican	1872	Re-elected	Benjamin W. Harris (R) 58.75% Edgar E. Dean (G) 22.05% Edward Avery (D) 17.63% Thomas J. Lothrop (P) 1.58%
Massachusetts 3	Benjamin Dean	Democratic	1876	Lost re-election Republican gain	Walbridge A. Field (R) 51.03% Benjamin Dean (D) 48.97%
Massachusetts 4	Leopold Morse	Democratic	1876	Re-elected	Leopold Morse (D) 60.34% Martin Brimmer (D) 39.66%
Massachusetts 5	Nathaniel P. Banks	Republican	1874	Lost re-nomination Republican hold	Selwyn Z. Bowman (R) 58.37% Nathan Clark (D) 41.63%
Massachusetts 6	George B. Loring	Republican	1876	Re-elected	George B. Loring (R) 44.52% E. Moody Boynton (G) 44.03% James H. Carleton (D) 11.45%
Massachusetts 7	Benjamin Butler	Republican	1876	Retired to run for Governor Republican hold	William A. Russell (R) 55.23% John K. Tarbox (D) 32.29% Samuel M. Stevens (G) 11.87% James G. Abbott (P) 0.60%
Massachusetts 8	William Claflin	Republican	1876	Re-elected	William Claflin (R) 54.41% Isaac Bradford (D) 44.74% George W. Stacey (P) 0.85%
Massachusetts 9	William W. Rice	Republican	1876	Re-elected	William W. Rice (R) 54.41% Isaac Bradford (D) 44.74% George W. Stacey (P) 0.85%
Massachusetts 10	Amasa Norcross	Republican	1876	Re-elected	Amasa Norcross (R) 55.54% Wilbur F. Whitney (G) 29.10% James S. Grinnell (D) 15.36%
Massachusetts 11	George D. Robinson	Republican	1876	Re-elected	George D. Robinson (R) 51.75% Edward H. Lathrop (BtD) 37.86% Jarvis N. Dunham (D) 9.80% Albert C. Woodworth (I) 0.60%

In Massachusetts 5, Nathan Clark was also endorsed by the state Greenback Party.

In Massachusetts 11, Edward H. Lathrop was also endorsed by the state Greenback Party.

Michigan

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
Michigan 1	Alpheus S. Williams	Democratic	1874	Lost re-election Republican gain	John S. Newberry (R) 40.85% Alpheus S. Williams (D) 35.37% John Heffron (G) 23.78% Arthur D. Power (P) 0.22%
Michigan 2	Edwin Willits	Republican	1876	Re-elected	Edwin Willits (R) 40.85% Ira B. Card (D) 29.71% Levi H. Thomas (G) 24.07% A. H. Lowie (P) 1.73%
Michigan 3	Jonas H. McGowan	Republican	1876	Re-elected	Jonas H. McGowan (R) 41.68% John Dawson (G) 35.78% James S. Upton (D) 18.38% Samuel Dickie (P) 4.16%
Michigan 4	Edwin W. Keightley	Republican	1876	Retired Republican hold	Julius C. Burrows (R) 47.14% Andrew J. Eldred (D) 27.06% Thomas R. Sherwood (G) 25.80%
Michigan 5	John W. Stone	Republican	1876	Re-elected	John W. Stone (R) 45.77% Charles C. Comstock (G) 43.73% Hiram J. Hoyt (D) 9.93% Dennis Dreskell (P) 0.57%
Michigan 6	Mark S. Brewer	Republican	1876	Re-elected	Mark S. Brewer (R) 45.10% Hugh McCurdy (D) 37.99% James I. Meade (G) 15.32% M. M. Burnham (P) 1.59%
Michigan 7	Omar D. Conger	Republican	1876	Re-elected	Omar D. Conger (R) 47.39% William T. Mitchell (D) 35.48% Charles F. Mallory (G) 17.13%
Michigan 8	Charles C. Ellsworth	Republican	1876	Retired Republican hold	Roswell G. Horr (R) 39.72% B. M. Thompson (D) 31.70% Herbert M. Hoyt (G) 28.15%
Michigan 9	Jay A. Hubbell	Republican	1872	Re-elected	Jay A. Hubbell (R) 53.08% John Powers (D) 26.01% George Parmelee (G) 20.91%

Minnesota

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
Minnesota 1	Mark H. Dunnell	Republican	1870	Re-elected	Mark H. Dunnell (R) 57.48% William Meighan (D) 39.66% George W. Green (P) 2.86%
Minnesota 2	Horace B. Strait	Republican	1872	Lost re-election Democratic gain	Henry Poehler (D) 50.01% Horace B. Strait (R) 47.50% George C. Chamberlain (G) 2.06% Isaac C. Stearns (P) 0.43%
Minnesota 3	Jacob H. Stewart	Republican	1876	Retired Republican hold	William D. Washburn (R) 53.88% Ignatius L. Donnelly (D) 46.12%

In Minnesota 1, William Meighan was also endorsed by the state Greenback Party.

In Minnesota 3, Ignatius L. Donnelly was also endorsed by the state Greenback Party.

Mississippi

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
Mississippi 1	Henry L. Muldrow	Democratic	1876	Re-elected	Henry L. Muldrow (D) 59.35% Reuben Davis (G) 40.25% W. D. Frazee (I) 0.40%
Mississippi 2	Van H. Manning	Democratic	1876	Re-elected	Van H. Manning (D) 52.02% J. H. Amacker (R) 44.94% C. H. Allen (I) 2.88% Daniel B. Wright (G) 0.16%
Mississippi 3	Hernando Money	Democratic	1874	Re-elected	Hernando Money (D) 100.0%
Mississippi 4	Otho R. Singleton	Democratic	1874	Re-elected	Otho R. Singleton (D) 100.0%
Mississippi 5	Charles E. Hooker	Democratic	1874	Re-elected	Charles E. Hooker (D) 87.53% J. B. Deason (R) 12.47%
Mississippi 6	James R. Chalmers	Democratic	1876	Re-elected	James R. Chalmers (D) 83.26% E. J. Castello (R) 16.74%

Missouri

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
Missouri 1	Anthony F. Ittner	Republican	1876	Retired Democratic gain	Martin L. Clardy (D) 48.36% Henry Ziegenhein (R) 33.26% Henry Eshbaugh (G) 12.69% F. Westermeyer (S) 5.69%
Missouri 2	Nathan Cole	Republican	1876	Lost re-election Democratic gain	Erastus Wells (D) 42.70% Nathan Cole (R) 41.21% John Hogan (G) 13.31% William Hossfield (S) 2.78%
Missouri 3	Lyne Metcalfe	Republican	1876	Lost re-election Democratic gain	Richard G. Frost (D) 45.23% Lyne Metcalfe (R) 33.25% H. C. Vandillen (G) 13.83% G. Bartholomeus (S) 7.13%
Missouri 4	Robert A. Hatcher	Democratic	1872	Retired Democratic hold	Lowndes H. Davis (D) 61.35% Sol G. Kitchen (G) 34.79% Charles E. Moss (R) 3.86%
Missouri 5	Richard P. Bland	Democratic	1872	Re-elected	Richard P. Bland (D) 56.64% J. J. Ware (G) 40.24% W. C. Mings (I) 3.11%
Missouri 6	Charles H. Morgan	Democratic	1874	Lost re-nomination Democratic hold	James R. Waddill (D) 43.99% Charles G. Burton (R) 28.77% M. H. Ritchey (G) 27.24%
Missouri 7	Thomas T. Crittenden	Democratic	1876	Retired Democratic hold	Alfred M. Lay (D) 51.49% James Boyd (G) 26.75% A. A. Underwood (R) 21.77%
Missouri 8	Benjamin J. Franklin	Democratic	1874	Retired Independent Democratic gain	Samuel L. Sawyer (ID) 48.95% John T. Crisp (D) 44.87% L. G. Jeffers (G) 6.17%
Missouri 9	David Rea	Democratic	1874	Lost re-election Greenback gain	Nicholas Ford (G) 51.74% David Rea (D) 48.26%
Missouri 10	Henry M. Pollard	Republican	1876	Lost re-election Democratic gain	Gideon F. Rothwell (D) 47.19% Henry M. Pollard (R) 34.69% E. J. Broaddus (G) 18.12%
Missouri 11	John B. Clark, Jr.	Democratic	1872	Re-elected	John B. Clark, Jr. (D) 98.92% Scattering (I) 1.08%
Missouri 12	John M. Glover	Democratic	1872	Lost re-nomination Democratic hold	William H. Hatch (D) 45.09% John M. London (G) 38.34% Dan M. Draper (R) 16.56%
Missouri 13	Aylett H. Buckner	Democratic	1872	Lost re-nomination Democratic hold	Aylett H. Buckner (D) 59.21% T. J. Fagg (G) 32.57% T. B. Robinson (IG) 8.22%

In Missouri 13, T. J. Fagg was also endorsed by the state Republican Party.

Nebraska

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
Nebraska At-Large	Frank Welch	Republican	1876	Died September 4, 1878 Republican hold	Edward K. Valentine (R) 56.58% J. W. Davis (D) 43.42%

In the Nebraska At-Large District, J. W. Davis was also endorsed by the state Greenback Party.

Nevada

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
Nevada At-Large	Thomas Wren	Republican	1876	Retired Republican hold	Rollin M. Daggett (R) 51.81% W. E. Deal (D) 48.19%

New Hampshire

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
New Hampshire 1	Frank Jones	Democratic	1874	Retired Republican gain	Joshua G. Hall (R) 50.57% Herbert F. Norris (D) 40.88% Lafayette Chesley (G) 8.55%
New Hampshire 2	James F. Briggs	Republican	1876	Re-elected	James F. Briggs (R) 52.10% Alvah W. Sulloway (D) 39.57% Cyrus A. Sulloway (G) 8.33%
New Hampshire 3	Henry W. Blair	Republican	1874	Elected to the U.S. Senate Republican hold	Evarts W. Farr (R) 49.06% Henry O. Kent (D) 44.68% James W. Johnson (G) 6.27%

New Jersey

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
New Jersey 1	Clement H. Sinnickson	Republican	1874	Retired Republican hold	George M. Robeson (R) 48.11% C. C. Grosscup (G) 31.85% Nathan T. Stratton (D) 20.04%
New Jersey 2	John H. Pugh	Republican	1876	Lost re-election Democratic gain	Hezekiah B. Smith (D) 50.59% John H. Pugh (R) 47.44% Charles E. Baker (P) 1.97%
New Jersey 3	Miles Ross	Democratic	1874	Re-elected	Miles Ross (D) 44.15% Amos Clark (R) 43.06% Washington L. Hope (G) 12.56% James A. Bradley (P) 0.24%
New Jersey 4	Alvah A. Clark	Democratic	1876	Re-elected	Alvah A. Clark (D) 45.05% Frederick A. Potts (R) 38.77% George H. Larison (G) 16.18%
New Jersey 5	Augustus W. Cutler	Democratic	1874	Retired Republican gain	Charles H. Voorhis (R) 44.92% Thomas W. Demarest (D) 41.60% Erastus E. Potter (G) 13.48%
New Jersey 6	Thomas B. Peddie	Republican	1876	Retired Republican hold	John L. Blake (R) 49.72% Andrew Albright (D) 43.19% Francis C. Bliss (G) 7.09%
New Jersey 7	Augustus A. Hardenbergh	Democratic	1874	Retired Republican gain	Lewis A. Brigham (R) 50.82% Patrick H. Laverty (D) 43.26% J. B. Winant (G) 5.48% C. C. Burr (ID) 0.44%

In New Jersey 2, Hezekiah B. Smith was also endorsed by the state Greenback Party.

New York

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
New York 1	James W. Covert	Democratic	1876	Re-elected	James W. Covert (D) 50.84% James Otis (R) 43.44% Samuel J. Crooks (G) 5.27% Egbert T. Smith (P) 0.45%
New York 2	William D. Veeder	Democratic	1876	Retired Independent Democratic gain	Daniel O'Reilly (ID) 55.24% Edward C. Litchfield (D) 41.54% Abraham Bennett (G) 3.22%
New York 3	Simeon B. Chittenden	Republican	1874 SE	Re-elected	Simeon B. Chittenden (R) 58.40% Richard H. Huntley (D) 35.10% Joseph P. Jones (G) 3.51% N. McGregor Steele (P) 3.00%
New York 4	Archibald M. Bliss	Democratic	1874	Re-elected	Archibald M. Bliss (D) 54.03% William H. Lyon (R) 36.28% C. Osborn Ward (S) 3.45% John C. Keelly (ID) 3.23% William Hansom (G) 3.01%
New York 5	Nicholas Muller	Democratic	1874	Re-elected	Nicholas Muller (D-TH) 52.27% Thomas F. Burke (R) 45.98% George Blair (G) 1.55% James E. Kerrigan (G) 0.10% Alexander Frey (S) 0.10%
New York 6	Samuel S. Cox	Democratic	1873 SE	Re-elected	Samuel S. Cox (D-TH) 62.44% Maurice S. D'Vries (R) 36.22% Isaac Bennett (S) 1.34%
New York 7	Anthony Eickhoff	Democratic	1876	Lost re-election Republican gain	Edwin Einstein (R) 48.53% Anthony Eickhoff (D) 45.63% John W. Jahelka (G) 5.12% Thomas Green (I) 0.72%
New York 8	Anson G. McCook	Republican	1876	Re-elected	Anson G. McCook (R) 60.73% Lawrence R. Jerome (D) 35.49% William W. Averill (IGb) 3.68% Frederick E. Sinner (S) 0.09%
New York 9	Fernando Wood	Democratic	1866	Re-elected	Fernando Wood (D-TH) 37.12% John Hardy (D-ATD) 33.05% Wilson Berryman (R) 29.21% Joseph Kunze (G) 0.62%
New York 10	Abram Hewitt	Democratic	1874	Retired Independent Democratic gain	James O'Brien (D-ATD) 54.16% Orlando B. Potter (D-TH) 43.29% John G. Shuck (I) 1.54% Garret Nagle (I) 1.01%
New York 11	Benjamin A. Willis	Democratic	1874	Lost re-election Republican gain	Levi P. Morton (R) 65.65% Benjamin A. Willis (D-TH) 32.92% G. Wallace Bryant (D-ATD) 1.18%
New York 12	Clarkson Nott Potter	Democratic	1876	Retired Republican gain	Alexander Smith (R) 49.64% Marcius L. Cobb (D) 39.76% Nicholas Smith (G) 10.60%
New York 13	John H. Ketcham	Republican	1876	Re-elected	John H. Ketcham (R) 62.78% Orlando D. Baker (D) 33.39% John V. Doty (G) 2.73% George Potter (P) 0.85% Aaron J. Stevens (I) 0.26%
New York 14	George M. Beebe	Democratic	1874	Lost re-election Republican gain	John W. Ferdon (R) 44.43% George M. Beebe (D) 42.42% William Voorhis (G) 12.22% Stephen Merritt (P) 0.93%
New York 15	Stephen L. Mayham	Democratic	1876	Retired Democratic hold	William Lounsbery (D) 47.52% George S. Nichols (R) 39.75% John R. Erkson (G) 12.24% James H. Coutant (P) 0.49%
New York 16	Vacant since the death of Terence J. Quinn on June 18, 1878.	Democratic	1876	Republican gain	John Mosher Bailey (R) 41.13% Francis H. Woods (D) 40.47% Henry Hilton (G) 18.39%
New York 17	Martin I. Townsend	Republican	1874	Retired Republican hold	Walter A. Wood (R) 55.34% Charles E. Patterson (D) 31.86% Richard H. Ferguson (G) 12.80%
New York 18	Andrew Williams	Republican	1874	Retired Republican hold	John Hammond (R) 54.84% John Ross (D) 29.69% Leonard G. McDonald (G) 15.47%
New York 19	Amaziah B. James	Republican	1876	Re-elected	Amaziah B. James (R) 70.59% Louis Hasbrouck (D) 29.41%
New York 20	John H. Starin	Republican	1876	Re-elected	John H. Starin (R) 56.71% Alexander J. Thomson (D) 34.78% Frederick F. Wendell (G) 8.27% James H. Bronson (P) 0.24%
New York 21	Solomon Bundy	Republican	1876	Retired Republican hold	David Wilber (R) 48.07% Bryon J. Scofield (D) 31.82% Salmon G. Cone (G) 18.81% Fred T. Jarvis (P) 1.29%
New York 22	George A. Bagley	Republican	1874	Retired Republican hold	Warner Miller (R) 51.39% Levi H. Brown (D) 40.33% Harry Lewis (G) 7.27% Simon P. Gray (P) 1.00%
New York 23	William J. Bacon	Republican	1876	Retired Republican hold	Cyrus D. Prescott (R) 42.95% John T. Spriggs (D) 38.41% James Mitchell (G) 16.61% John W. Meais (P) 1.98%
New York 24	William H. Baker	Republican	1874	Retired Republican hold	Joseph Mason (R) 50.65% Sebastian Duffy (D) 47.55% Winfield S. Smyth (P) 1.80%
New York 25	Frank Hiscock	Republican	1876	Re-elected	Frank Hiscock (R) 55.96% John M. Weiting (D) 42.83% Lemuel N. Stratton (P) 1.21%
New York 26	John H. Camp	Republican	1876	Re-elected	John H. Camp (R) 53.02% Charles F. Durston (D) 40.55% Martin L. Wolley (G) 6.05% William D. Osborne (P) 0.38%
New York 27	Elbridge G. Lapham	Republican	1874	Re-elected	Elbridge G. Lapham (R) 54.47% David A. Pierpont (D) 45.42% Thomas H. Howell (P) 0.11%
New York 28	Jeremiah W. Dwight	Republican	1876	Re-elected	Jeremiah W. Dwight (R) 54.47% William L. Mudge (D) 38.72% Epenetus Howe (G) 6.53% Gardine C. Hibbard (P) 0.73%
New York 29	John N. Hungerford	Republican	1876	Retired Republican hold	David P. Richardson (R) 42.82% Francis G. Babcock (D) 32.75% Ralph Beaumont (G) 24.43%
New York 30	Elizur K. Hart	Democratic	1876	Retired Republican gain	John Van Voorhis (R) 43.49% Alexander B. Lamberton (D) 37.55% Nathan G. Brown (G) 10.00% Alphonso A. Hopkins (P) 8.97%
New York 31	Charles B. Benedict	Democratic	1876	Retired Republican gain	Richard Crowley (R) 56.33% Cyrus E. Davis (D) 39.17% Galen Miller (G) 2.51% Joseph W. Grosvenor (P) 1.03% James F. Gordon (I) 0.96%
New York 32	Daniel N. Lockwood	Democratic	1876	Lost re-election Republican gain	Ray V. Pierce (R) 52.34% Daniel N. Lockwood (D) 44.37% Augustus R. Grote (P) 3.28%
New York 33	George W. Patterson	Republican	1876	Retired Republican hold	Henry Van Aernam (R) 49.87% Lorenzo Morris (D) 29.55% Silas Vinton (G) 20.58%

In New York 2, Daniel O'Reilly was also endorsed by the state Republican Party.

In New York 5, Thomas Burke was also endorsed by the "Anti-Tammany" faction of the state Democratic Party.

In New York 6, Samuel S. Cox was endorsed by the state Greenback Party, and Maurice S. D'Vries was endorsed by the "Anti-Tammany" faction of the state Democratic Party.

In New York 8, Lawrence Jerome was also endorsed by the state Greenback Party.

In New York 10, James O'Brien was also endorsed by the state Republican Party. For the purposes of simplicity he is listed as having been elected an Independent Democrat.

In New York 24, John Spriggs was also endorsed by the state Greenback Party.

In New York 25, John Weiting was also endorsed by the state Greenback Party.

In New York 27, David Pierpont was also endorsed by the state Greenback Party.

South Carolina

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
South Carolina 1	Joseph Rainey	Republican	1870 (special)	Lost re-election Democratic gain	John S. Richardson (D) 61.70% Joseph Rainey (R) 38.30%
South Carolina 2	Richard H. Cain	Republican	1876	Lost re-election Democratic gain	Michael P. O'Connor (D) 60.94% Edmund W. M. Mackey (R) 39.06%
South Carolina 3	D. Wyatt Aiken	Democratic	1876	Re-elected	D. Wyatt Aiken (D) 79.44% J. F. Ensor (R) 20.56%
South Carolina 4	John H. Evins	Democratic	1876	Re-elected	John H. Evins (D) 96.84% Alexander S. Wallace (R) 3.16%
South Carolina 5	Robert Smalls	Republican	1874	Lost re-election Democratic gain	George D. Tillman (D) 71.24% Robert Smalls (R) 28.76%

South Carolina was one state rampant with voter fraud, particularly through the use of tissue ballots, thin ballots hidden in the normal ballot, typically 10 to 20 at a time. The almost statewide exclusion of Republicans as Commissioners of Elections, and the ensuing appointment of nearly all Democratic Managers of Elections, allowed to Democratic Managers to perpetrate this scheme. When the votes were counted and more votes than voters were found, the Managers removed and destroyed the Republican ballots resulting in the complete takeover of the state.^[3][4][5]

See also

• United States Senate elections, 1878
• 46th United States Congress

Notes

1. Eight states held elections between June 3, 1878 and September 3, 1879.
2. Included 2 Independent Democrats.
3. Includes 7 Independent Democrats (elected to: GA-04, GA-07, GA-09, MO-08, KY-01, NY-02, and NY-10).
4. Dubin (p. 249) counts 140 Democrats, 6 Independent Democrats, 130 Republicans (incl. 1 Independent Republican), and 11 Greenbacks at the start of the 46th United States Congress.
5. In 1879, California held its last regular Congressional election in an odd-numbered year.
6. Elections held late
7. Elections held early

References

1. Martis, pp. 132–133
2. Statutes at Large, 28th Congress, 2nd Session, p. 721.
3. "NY Times Free Archive". The New York Times. November 16, 1878.
4. "NY Times Free Archive". The New York Times. February 5, 1879.
5. William Ralston Balch (1881). The Life of James Abram Garfield.

Bibliography

• Dubin, Michael J. (March 1, 1998). United States Congressional Elections, 1788-1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses. McFarland and Company. ISBN 978-0786402830.
• Martis, Kenneth C. (January 1, 1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989. Macmillan Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0029201701.
• Moore, John L., ed. (1994). Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections (Third ed.). Congressional Quarterly Inc. ISBN 978-0871879967.
• "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present". Office of the Historian, House of United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 21, 2015.

External links

• Office of the Historian (Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)