United States Senate elections, 1788 and 1789

Chosen by state legislatures

All of the 26 seats in the U.S. Senate 14 seats needed for a majority

	Majority party	Minority party

Party	Pro-Administration	Anti-Administration
Seats won	13 (65.0%)	7 (35.0%)

Elected Majority faction

Pro-Administration

The United States Senate election of 1788 and 1789 were the first elections for the United States Senate, which coincided with the election of President George Washington. As of this election, formal organized political parties had yet to form in the United States, but two political factions were present: The coalition of senators who supported George Washington's administration were known as "Pro-Administration," and the senators against him as "Anti-Administration."

As these elections were prior to the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, senators were chosen by State legislatures.

Resulting Senate composition

Note: There were no political parties in this Congress. Members are informally grouped into factions of similar interest, based on an analysis of their voting record.^[1]

Beginning of the 1st Congress

V₁
A₁	A₂	A₃	A₄	A₅	A₆	A₇	P₁₃	P₁₂	P₁₁
Majority →									P₁₁
P₁	P₂	P₃	P₄	P₅	P₆	P₇	P₈	P₉	P₁₀
V₂

End of the 1st Congress

P₃	P₂	P₁
A₆	A₇	A₈
A₅	A₄	A₃	A₂	A₁	P₁₈	P₁₇	P₁₆	P₁₅	P₁₄
Majority →									P₁₄
P₄	P₅	P₆	P₇	P₈	P₉	P₁₀	P₁₁	P₁₂	P₁₃

Key:

A_#	Anti-Administration
P_#	Pro-Administration
V_#	Vacant

Race summaries

Bold state names indicate a link to a separate election article.

Races leading to the 1st Congress

In these general elections, the winner was seated March 4, 1789; ordered by state.

State	Result	Candidates
Connecticut (Class 1)	Winner elected in 1788. Pro-Administration win	√ Oliver Ellsworth (Pro-Administration) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Connecticut (Class 3)	Winner elected in 1788. Pro-Administration win	√ William S. Johnson (Pro-Administration) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Delaware (Class 2)	Winner elected in 1788. Anti-Administration win	√ Richard Bassett (Anti-Administration) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Delaware (Class 1)	Winner elected in 1788. Pro-Administration win	√ George Read (Pro-Administration) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Georgia (Class 2)	Winner elected in 1789. Anti-Administration win	√ William Few (Anti-Administration) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Georgia (Class 3)	Winner elected in 1789. Anti-Administration win	√ James Gunn (Anti-Administration) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Maryland (Class 1)	Winner elected in 1789. Pro-Administration win	√ Charles Carroll (Pro-Administration) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Maryland (Class 3)	Winner elected in 1789. Pro-Administration win	√ John Henry (Pro-Administration) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Massachusetts (Class 1)	Winner elected in 1789. Pro-Administration win	√ Tristram Dalton (Pro-Administration) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Massachusetts (Class 2)	Winner elected in 1789. Pro-Administration win	√ Caleb Strong (Pro-Administration) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
New Hampshire (Class 3)	Winner elected in 1788. Pro-Administration win	√ John Langdon (Pro-Administration) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
New Hampshire (Class 2)	Winner elected in 1788. Anti-Administration win	√ Paine Wingate (Anti-Administration) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
New Jersey (Class 1)	Winner elected in 1788. Pro-Administration win	√ Jonathan Elmer (Pro-Administration) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
New Jersey (Class 2)	Winner elected in 1788. Pro-Administration win	√ William Paterson (Pro-Administration) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Pennsylvania (Class 1)	Winner elected in 1788. Anti-Administration win	√ William Maclay (Anti-Administration) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Pennsylvania (Class 3)	Winner elected in 1788. Pro-Administration win	√ Robert Morris (Pro-Administration) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
South Carolina (Class 2)	Winner elected in 1789. Pro-Administration win	√ Pierce Butler (Pro-Administration) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
South Carolina (Class 3)	Winner elected in 1789. Pro-Administration win	√ Ralph Izard (Pro-Administration) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Virginia (Class 1)	Winner elected in 1788. Anti-Administration win	√ William Grayson (Anti-Administration) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Virginia (Class 2)	Winner elected in 1788. Anti-Administration win	√ Richard Henry Lee (Anti-Administration) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]

Elections during the 1st Congress

In these general elections, the winners were elected in 1789 after March 4; ordered by election date.

State	Result	Candidates
New York (Class 3)	State legislature failed to pick Senator until after Congress began. Winner elected July 25, 1789. Pro-Administration win	√ Rufus King (Pro-Administration) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
New York (Class 1)	State legislature failed to pick Senator until after Congress began. Winner elected July 27, 1789. Pro-Administration win	√ Philip Schuyler (Pro-Administration) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
North Carolina (Class 2)	North Carolina ratified the Constitution November 21, 1789. Winner elected November 27, 1789. Pro-Administration win	√ Benjamin Hawkins (Pro-Administration) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
North Carolina (Class 3)	North Carolina ratified the Constitution November 21, 1789. Winner elected November 27, 1789. Pro-Administration win	√ John Walker (Pro-Administration) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]

Complete list of races

New York

Main article: United States Senate elections in New York, 1789

The election was held in July 1789. It was the first such election, and before the actual election the New York State Legislature had to establish the proceedings how to elect the senators.

On July 16, State Senator Philip Schuyler and Assemblyman Rufus King, two Federalists, were appointed to the U.S. Senate by a joint resolution of both houses of the State Legislature. King took his seat on July 25, and drew the lot for Class 3, his term expiring on March 3, 1795. Schuyler took his seat on July 27, and drew the lot for Class 1, his term expiring on March 3, 1791. The 1st United States Congress convened at New York City, as did the regular session of the New York State Legislature in January 1790. Schuyler retained his seat in the State Senate while serving concurrently in the U.S. Senate.^[2] Schuyler was also elected on January 15 a member of the State's Council of Appointments which consisted of the Governor of New York, and four State Senators elected annually by the State Assembly. On January 27, the New York State Legislature resolved that it was "incompatible with the U.S. Constitution for any person holding an office under the United States government at the same time to have a seat in the Legislature of this State", and that if a member of the State Legislature was elected or appointed to a federal office, the seat should be declared vacant upon acceptance. Thus U.S. Senator Schuyler, Federal Judge James Duane and Congressmen John Hathorn and John Laurance vacated their seats in the State Senate. On April 3, John Cantine, a member of the Council of Appointments, raised the question if Schuyler, after vacating his State Senate seat, was still a member of the Council. Philip Livingston, another member, held that once elected a member could not be expelled in any case. On April 5, Governor Clinton asked the State Assembly for a decision, but the latter refused to do so, arguing that it was a question of law, which could be pursued in the courts. Schuyler thus kept his seat in the Council of Appointments until the end of the term.^[3]

Pennsylvania

Main article: United States Senate elections in Pennsylvania, 1788

The election was held on September 30, 1788.. The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, elected Pennsylvania's first two United States Senators, William Maclay and Robert Morris.^[4] Anti-Federalist William Maclay was elected to the two-year staggered term of the Class 1 seat, while Federalist and founding father Robert Morris was elected to the full six-year term of the Class 3 seat.

References

↑ Martis, Kenneth C. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress.
↑ Congress was in session from January 4 to August 12, the State Legislature from January 13 to April 6, 1790.
↑ There was actually a precedent: In March 1781, Ephraim Paine, then a member of the Council of Appointments, was expelled from the State Senate, and soon after State Senator Arthur Parks was elected by the Assembly to serve the remainder of Paine's term in the Council. All members, Parks included, protested formally, but Parks remained in the Council until the end of the term. However, this precedent was not mentioned during the proceedings in 1790.
↑ "U.S. Senate Election - 30 September 1788" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 21, 2012.

Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present, via Senate.gov
The New York Civil List compiled in 1858 (see: pg. 113 for State Senators 1788-89; pg. 114 for State Senators 1789-90; page 164 for Members of Assembly 1788-89; pg. 165 for Members of Assembly 1789-90)
The Documentary History of the First Federal elections 1788-1790 Vol. 3, by Gordon DenBoer (pages 514ff)
The First United States Congress
History of Political Parties in the State of New-York by Jabez Delano Hammond (pages 43f)

United States Senate elections

1788/89 1790/91 1792/93 1794/95 1796/97 1798/99 1800/01 1802/03 1804/05 1806/07 1808/09 1810/11 1812/13 1814/15 1816/17 1818/19 1820/21 1822/23 1824/25 1826/27 1828/29 1830/31 1832/33 1834/35 1836/37 1838/39 1840/41 1842/43 1844/45 1846/47 1848/49 1850/51 1852/53 1854/55 1856/57 1858/59 1860/61 1862/63 1864/65 1866 1868 1870 1872 1874 1876 1878/79 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888/89 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912/13 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

Special elections Election disputes Results by state List of elections in the United States House elections Presidential elections Gubernatorial elections

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Wednesday, March 09, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.