Tamil script

Tamil
தமிழ்
Type
Languages Tamil
Kanikkaran
Badaga[1]
Irula
Paniya
Sanskrit
Saurashtra
Time period
 c. 700–present
Parent systems
Sister systems
 Malayalam
Sinhala
Tigalari
Grantha
Vatteluttu
Pallava
Kolezhuthu
Kannada
Telugu
Direction Left-to-right
ISO 15924 Taml, 346
Unicode alias
 Tamil
U+0B80–U+0BFF

The Tamil script (தமிழ் அரிச்சுவடி tamiḻ ariccuvaṭi) is an abugida script that is used by Tamils and Tamil speakers in India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Singapore and elsewhere to write the Tamil language, as well as to write the liturgical language Sanskrit, using consonants and diacritics not represented in the Tamil alphabet.[2] Certain minority languages such as Saurashtra, Badaga, Irula, and Paniya language are also written in the Tamil script.[3]

Overview

Characteristics

The Tamil script has 12 vowels (உயிரெழுத்து uyireḻuttu "soul-letters"), 18 consonants (மெய்யெழுத்து meyyeḻuttu "body-letters") and one special character, the ஃ (ஆயுத எழுத்து). ஃ is pronounced as "akku" or "அக்கு" and is classified in Tamil grammar as being neither a consonant nor a vowel. However, it is listed at the end of the vowel set. The script is syllabic, not alphabetic.[4] The complete script, therefore, consists of the thirty-one letters in their independent form, and an additional 216 combinant letters representing a total 247 combinations (உயிர்மெய்யெழுத்து uyirmeyyeḻuttu) of a consonant and a vowel, a mute consonant, or a vowel alone. These combinant letters are formed by adding a vowel marker to the consonant. Some vowels require the basic shape of the consonant to be altered in a way that is specific to that vowel. Others are written by adding a vowel-specific suffix to the consonant, yet others a prefix, and finally some vowels require adding both a prefix and a suffix to the consonant. In every case the vowel marker is different from the standalone character for the vowel.

The Tamil script is written from left to right.

History

Diverging evolution of Tamil Brahmi script (center column) into the Vatteluttu alphabet (leftmost column) and the Tamil script (rightmost column)
History of Tamil script
A page from a Tamil palm-leaf manuscript.

The Tamil script, like the other Brahmic scripts, is thought to have evolved from the original Brahmi script.[5] The earliest inscriptions which are accepted examples of Tamil writing date to a time just after the Ashokan period. The script used by these inscriptions is commonly known as the Tamil-Brahmi or "Tamili script", and differs in many ways from standard Ashokan Brahmi. For example, early Tamil-Brahmi, unlike Ashokan Brahmi, had a system to distinguish between pure consonants (m in this example) and consonants with an inherent vowel (ma in this example). In addition, according to Iravatham Mahadevan, early Tamil Brahmi used slightly different vowel markers, had extra characters to represent letters not found in Sanskrit, and omitted letters for sounds not present in Tamil, such as voiced consonants and aspirates.[5] Inscriptions from the second century use a later form of Tamil-Brahmi, which is substantially similar to the writing system described in the Tolkāppiyam, an ancient Tamil grammar. Most notably, they use the puḷḷi to suppress the inherent vowel.[6] The Tamil letters thereafter evolved towards a more rounded form, and by the fifth or sixth century had reached a form called the early vaṭṭeḻuttu.[7]

Tampiran Vanakkam (Doctrina Christum) was the first book in Tamil, printed on 20 October 1578

The modern Tamil script does not, however, descend from this script.[8] In the seventh century, the Pallava dynasty created a new script for Tamil, which was formed by simplifying the Grantha alphabet (which in turn derived from Southern Brahmi), and adding to it the Vaṭṭeḻuttu alphabet for sounds not found in Sanskrit.[9] By the 8th century, this new script supplanted Vaṭṭeḻuttu in the Chola and Pallava kingdoms which lay in the north portion of the Tamil-speaking region. Vaṭṭeḻuttu continued to be used in the southern portion of the Tamil-speaking region, in the Chera and Pandyan kingdoms until the 11th century, when the Pandyan kingdom was conquered by the Cholas.[10]

A Tamil book printed in 1781

Over the next few centuries, the Chola-Pallava script evolved into the modern Tamil script. The use of palm leaves as the primary medium for writing led to changes in the script. The scribe had to be careful not to pierce the leaves with the stylus while writing, because a leaf with a hole was more likely to tear and decay faster. As a result, the use of the puḷḷi to distinguish pure consonants became rare, with pure consonants usually being written as if the inherent vowel were present. Similarly, the vowel marker for the kuṟṟiyal ukaram, a half-rounded u which occurs at the end of some words and in the medial position in certain compound words, also fell out of use and was replaced by the marker for the simple u. The puḷḷi did not fully reappear until the introduction of printing, but the marker kuṟṟiyal ukaram never came back into use, although the sound itself still exists and plays an important role in Tamil prosody.

The forms of some of the letters were simplified in the nineteenth century to make the script easier to typeset. In the twentieth century, the script was simplified even further in a series of reforms, which regularised the vowel markers used with consonants by eliminating special markers and most irregular forms.

Relationship with other Indic scripts

The Tamil script differs from other Brahmi-derived scripts in a number of ways. Unlike every other Bramic script, it does not regularly represent voiced or aspirated stop consonants as these are not phonemes of the Tamil language even though voiced and fricative allophones of stops do appear in spoken Tamil. Thus the character க் k, for example, represents both /k/ but can also be pronounced /ɡ/ or /x/ based on the rules of Tamil grammar.

A separate set of characters appears for these sounds when the Tamil scripts is used to write Sanskrit or other languages.

Also unlike other Brahmi scripts, the Tamil script rarely uses typographic ligatures to represent conjunct consonants, which are far less frequent in Tamil than in other Indian languages. Where they occur, conjunct consonants are written by writing the character for the first consonant, adding the puḷḷi to suppress its inherent vowel, and then writing the character for the second consonant. There are a few exceptions, namely க்ஷ kṣa and ஸ்ரீ śrī.

Letters

Basic consonants

Consonants are called the "body" (mei) letters. The consonants are classified into three categories: vallinam (hard consonants), mellinam (soft consonants, including all nasals), and itayinam (medium consonants).

There are some lexical rules for formation of words. The Tolkāppiyam describes such rules. Some examples: a word cannot end in certain consonants, and cannot begin with some consonants including r-, l- and ḻ-; there are two consonants for the dental n - which one should be used depends on whether the n occurs at the start of the word and on the letters around it. (Historically, one n was pronounced as an alveolar consonant, as is still true in Malayalam.)

The order of the alphabet (strictly abugida) in Tamil closely matches that of the nearby languages both in location and linguistics, reflecting the common origin of their scripts from Brahmi.

Consonant ISO 15919 Category IPA
க் k vallinam [k], [ɡ], [x], [ɣ], [h]
ங் ṅ mellinam [ŋ]
ச் c vallinam [t͡ʃ], [d͡ʒ], [ʃ], [s], [ʒ]
ஞ் ñ mellinam [ɲ]
ட் ṭ vallinam [ʈ], [ɖ], [ɽ]
ண் ṇ mellinam [s]
த் t vallinam [t̪], [d̪], [ð]
ந் n mellinam [n̪]
ப் p vallinam [p], [b], [β]
ம் ṭ mellinam [m]
ய் y idaiyinam [j]
ர் r idaiyinam [ɾ]
ல் l idaiyinam [l]
வ் v idaiyinam [ʋ]
ழ் ḻ idaiyinam [ɻ]
ள் ḷ idaiyinam [ɭ]
ற் ṟ vallinam [ɲ], [t], [d]
ன் ṉ mellinam [n]

Consonants of modern Tamil

The Tamil speech has incorporated many phonemes which were not part of Tholkappiyan classification. The letters used to write these sounds, known as "grantha", are part of modern Tamil. They are taught from elementary school and incorporated in the Tamil Nadu Government encoding called Tamil All Character Encoding (TACE16).

Consonant ISO 15919 IPA
ஶ் ś [ɕ], [ʃ]
ஜ் j [d͡ʒ]
ஷ் c [ʂ]
ஸ் s [s]
ஹ் h [h]
க்ஷ் kṣ [kʂ]

In recent times, three combinations of Tamil basic letters are generally used to depict sounds of English letters 'f', 'z', and 'x'. This is for writing English and Arabic names and words in Tamil. The combinations are ஃப for f, ஃஜ for z and ஃஸ் for x. For example: asif = அசிஃப், aZaarudheen = அஃஜாருதீன், rex = ரெஃஸ்

There has also been effort to differentiate voice and unvoiced consonants through superscripted and subscripted integers - one, two, three and four standing for the unvoiced, unvoiced aspirated, voiced, voiced aspirated, respectively - this was used to transcribe Sanskrit words in Tamil, in Sanskrit-Tamil books.[11][12] For example: க₁ - Ka க₂ - Kha க₃ - Ga க₄ - Gha This extension of Tamil script is not yet recognized by Unicode - there is no Grantha subscript in Unicode and the place where the numbers should be placed is immediately neighbouring the root consonant character; Unicode currently renders those as கௌ₂ or க₂ௌ on possible permutations.

Vowels

Vowels are also called the 'life' (uyir) or 'soul' letters. Together with the consonants (which are called 'body' letters), they form compound, syllabic (abugida) letters that are called 'living' letters (uyirmei, i.e. letters that have both 'body' and 'soul').

Tamil vowels are divided into short and long (five of each type) and two diphthongs.

Isolated form

Vowel ISO 15919 IPA
அ a [ʌ]
ஆ ā [ɑː]
இ i [i]
ஈ ī [iː]
உ u [u], [ɯ]
ஊ k [uː]
எ e [e]
ஏ ē [eː]
ஐ ai [ʌj]
ஒ o [ɯ]
ஓ ō [oː]
ஔ au [ʌʋ]

Compound form

Using the consonant 'k' as an example:

Formation Compound form ISO 15919 IPA
க் + அ க ka [kʌ]
க் + ஆ கா kā [kɑː]
க் + இ கி ki [ki]
க் + ஈ கீ kī [kiː]
க் + உ கு ku [ku], [kɯ]
க் + ஊ கூ kū [kuː]
க் + எ கெ ke [ke]
க் + ஏ கே kē [keː]
க் + ஐ கை kai [kʌj]
க் + ஒ கொ ko [kɯ]
க் + ஓ கோ kō [koː]
க் + ஔ கௌ kau [kʌʋ]

The special letter ஃ (called akh) is the visarga. It traditionally served a purely grammatical function, but in modern times it has come to be used as a diacritic to represent foreign sounds. For example, ஃப is used for the English sound f, not found in Tamil.

The long (nedil) vowels are about twice as long as the short (kuRil) vowels. The diphthongs are usually pronounced about one and a half times as long as the short vowels, though some grammatical texts place them with the long (nedil) vowels.

As can be seen in the compound form, the vowel sign can be added to the right, left or both sides of the consonants. It can also form a ligature. These rules are evolving and older use has more ligatures than modern use. What you actually see on this page depends on your font selection; for example, Code2000 will show more ligatures than Latha.

There are proponents of script reform who want to eliminate all ligatures and let all vowel signs appear on the right side.

Unicode encodes the character in logical order (always the consonant first), whereas legacy 8-bit encodings (such as TSCII) prefer the written order. This makes it necessary to reorder when converting from one encoding to another; it is not sufficient simply to map one set of codepoints to the other.

Compound table of Tamil letters

The following table lists vowel (uyir or life) letters across the top and consonant (mei or body) letters along the side, the combination of which gives all Tamil compound (uyirmei) letters.

Vowels →

Tholkapyam consonants ↓

 அ ஆ இ ஈ உ ஊ எ ஏ ஐ ஒ ஓ ஔ
a ā i ī u ū e ē ai o ō au
க் k க கா கி கீ கு கூ கெ கே கை கொ கோ கௌ
ங் ṅ ங ஙா ஙி ஙீ ஙு ஙூ ஙெ ஙே ஙை ஙொ ஙோ ஙௌ
ச் c ச சா சி சீ சு சூ செ சே சை சொ சோ சௌ
ஞ் ñ ஞ ஞா ஞி ஞீ ஞு ஞூ ஞெ ஞே ஞை ஞொ ஞோ ஞௌ
ட் ṭ ட டா டி டீ டு டூ டெ டே டை டொ டோ டௌ
ண் ṇ ண ணா ணி ணீ ணு ணூ ணெ ணே ணை ணொ ணோ ணௌ
த் t த தா தி தீ து தூ தெ தே தை தொ தோ தௌ
ந் n ந நா நி நீ நு நூ நெ நே நை நொ நோ நௌ
ப் p ப பா பி பீ பு பூ பெ பே பை பொ போ பௌ
ம் m ம மா மி மீ மு மூ மெ மே மை மொ மோ மௌ
ய் y ய யா யி யீ யு யூ யெ யே யை யொ யோ யௌ
ர் r ர ரா ரி ரீ ரு ரூ ரெ ரே ரை ரொ ரோ ரௌ
ல் l ல லா லி லீ லு லூ லெ லே லை லொ லோ லௌ
வ் v வ வா வி வீ வு வூ வெ வே வை வொ வோ வௌ
ழ் ḻ ழ ழா ழி ழீ ழு ழூ ழெ ழே ழை ழொ ழோ ழௌ
ள் ḷ ள ளா ளி ளீ ளு ளூ ளெ ளே ளை ளொ ளோ ளௌ
ற் ṟ ற றா றி றீ று றூ றெ றே றை றொ றோ றௌ
ன் ṉ ன னா னி னீ னு னூ னெ னே னை னொ னோ னௌ
Grantha compound table
Vowels →

Grantha consonants ↓

 அ ஆ இ ஈ உ ஊ எ ஏ ஐ ஒ ஓ ஔ
a ā i ī u ū e ē ai o ō au
ஶ் ś ஶ ஶா ஶி ஶீ ஶு ஶூ ஶெ ஶே ஶை ஶொ ஶோ ஶௌ
ஜ் j ஜ ஜா ஜி ஜீ ஜு ஜூ ஜெ ஜே ஜை ஜொ ஜோ ஜௌ
ஷ் ṣ ஷ ஷா ஷி ஷீ ஷு ஷூ ஷெ ஷே ஷை ஷொ ஷோ ஷௌ
ஸ் s ஸ ஸா ஸி ஸீ ஸு ஸூ ஸெ ஸே ஸை ஸொ ஸோ ஸௌ
ஹ் h ஹ ஹா ஹி ஹீ ஹு ஹூ ஹெ ஹே ஹை ஹொ ஹோ ஹௌ
க்ஷ் kṣ க்ஷ க்ஷா க்ஷி க்ஷீ க்ஷு க்ஷூ க்ஷெ க்ஷே க்ஷை க்ஷொ க்ஷோ க்ஷௌ

Numerals and symbols

Main article: Tamil numerals

Apart from the numerals (0-9), Tamil also has numerals for 10, 100 and 1000. Symbols for day, month, year, debit, credit, as above, rupee, numeral are present as well.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 100 1000
௦ ௧ ௨ ௩ ௪ ௫ ௬ ௭ ௮ ௯ ௰ ௱ ௲
day month year debit credit as above rupee numeral time quantity
௳ ௴ ௵ ௶ ௷ ௸ ௹ ௺ ள வ

In Unicode

Main article: Tamil (Unicode block)

The Unicode range for Tamil is U+0B80–U+0BFF. Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points. Most of the non-assigned codepoints are designated reserved because they are in the same relative position as characters assigned in other South Asian script blocks that correspond to phonemes that don't exist in the Tamil script.

Like other South Asian scripts in Unicode, the Tamil encoding was originally derived from the ISCII standard. Both ISCII and Unicode encode Tamil as an abugida. In an abugida, each basic character represents a consonant and default vowel. Consonants with a different vowel or bare consonants are represented by adding a modifier character to a base character. Each codepoint representing a similar phoneme is encoded in the same relative position in each South Asian script block in Unicode, including Tamil. Although Unicode represents Tamil as an abugida all the pure consonants (consonants with no associated vowel) and syllables in Tamil can be represented by combining multiple Unicode codepoints, as can be seen in the Unicode Tamil Syllabary below.

In Unicode 5.1, named sequences were added for all Tamil pure consonants and syllables. Unicode 5.1 also has a named sequence for the Tamil ligature SRI (śrī), ஶ்ரீ . The name of this sequence is TAMIL SYLLABLE SHRII, and is composed of the Unicode sequence U+0BB6 U+0BCD U+0BB0 U+0BC0.

Tamil[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+0B8x ஂ ஃ அ ஆ இ ஈ உ ஊ எ ஏ
U+0B9x ஐ ஒ ஓ ஔ க ங ச ஜ ஞ ட
U+0BAx ண த ந ன ப ம ய
U+0BBx ர ற ல ள ழ வ ஶ ஷ ஸ ஹ ா ி
U+0BCx ீ ு ூ ெ ே ை ொ ோ ௌ ்
U+0BDx ௐ ௗ
U+0BEx ௦ ௧ ௨ ௩ ௪ ௫ ௬ ௭ ௮ ௯
U+0BFx ௰ ௱ ௲ ௳ ௴ ௵ ௶ ௷ ௸ ௹ ௺
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 8.0
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points
Unicode Tamil Syllabary
Vowels →
Consonants
↓		 அ
0B85		 ஆ
0B86		 இ
0B87		 ஈ
0B88		 உ
0B89		 ஊ
0B8A		 எ
0B8E		 ஏ
0B8F		 ஐ
0B90		 ஒ
0B92		 ஓ
0B93		 ஔ
0B94
க்
0B95
0BCD		 க
0B95
 		 கா
0B95
0BBE		 கி
0B95
0BBF		 கீ
0B95
0BC0		 கு
0B95
0BC1		 கூ
0B95
0BC2		 கெ
0B95
0BC6		 கே
0B95
0BC7		 கை
0B95
0BC8		 கொ
0B95
0BCA		 கோ
0B95
0BCB		 கௌ
0B95
0BCC
ங்
0B99
0BCD		 ங
0B99
 		 ஙா
0B99
0BBE		 ஙி
0B99
0BBF		 ஙீ
0B99
0BC0		 ஙு
0B99
0BC1		 ஙூ
0B99
0BC2		 ஙெ
0B99
0BC6		 ஙே
0B99
0BC7		 ஙை
0B99
0BC8		 ஙொ
0B99
0BCA		 ஙோ
0B99
0BCB		 ஙௌ
0B99
0BCC
ச்
0B9A
0BCD		 ச
0B9A
 		 சா
0B9A
0BBE		 சி
0B9A
0BBF		 சீ
0B9A
0BC0		 சு
0B9A
0BC1		 சூ
0B9A
0BC2		 செ
0B9A
0BC6		 சே
0B9A
0BC7		 சை
0B9A
0BC8		 சொ
0B9A
0BCA		 சோ
0B9A
0BCB		 சௌ
0B9A
0BCC
ஞ்
0B9E
0BCD		 ஞ
0B9E
 		 ஞா
0B9E
0BBE		 ஞி
0B9E
0BBF		 ஞீ
0B9E
0BC0		 ஞு
0B9E
0BC1		 ஞூ
0B9E
0BC2		 ஞெ
0B9E
0BC6		 ஞே
0B9E
0BC7		 ஞை
0B9E
0BC8		 ஞொ
0B9E
0BCA		 ஞோ
0B9E
0BCB		 ஞௌ
0B9E
0BCC
ட்
0B9F
0BCD		 ட
0B9F
 		 டா
0B9F
0BBE		 டி
0B9F
0BBF		 டீ
0B9F
0BC0		 டு
0B9F
0BC1		 டூ
0B9F
0BC2		 டெ
0B9F
0BC6		 டே
0B9F
0BC7		 டை
0B9F
0BC8		 டொ
0B9F
0BCA		 டோ
0B9F
0BCB		 டௌ
0B9F
0BCC
ண்
0BA3
0BCD		 ண
0BA3
 		 ணா
0BA3
0BBE		 ணி
0BA3
0BBF		 ணீ
0BA3
0BC0		 ணு
0BA3
0BC1		 ணூ
0BA3
0BC2		 ணெ
0BA3
0BC6		 ணே
0BA3
0BC7		 ணை
0BA3
0BC8		 ணொ
0BA3
0BCA		 ணோ
0BA3
0BCB		 ணௌ
0BA3
0BCC
த்
0BA4
0BCD		 த
0BA4
 		 தா
0BA4
0BBE		 தி
0BA4
0BBF		 தீ
0BA4
0BC0		 து
0BA4
0BC1		 தூ
0BA4
0BC2		 தெ
0BA4
0BC6		 தே
0BA4
0BC7		 தை
0BA4
0BC8		 தொ
0BA4
0BCA		 தோ
0BA4
0BCB		 தௌ
0BA4
0BCC
ந்
0BA8
0BCD		 ந
0BA8
 		 நா
0BA8
0BBE		 நி
0BA8
0BBF		 நீ
0BA8
0BC0		 நு
0BA8
0BC1		 நூ
0BA8
0BC2		 நெ
0BA8
0BC6		 நே
0BA8
0BC7		 நை
0BA8
0BC8		 நொ
0BA8
0BCA		 நோ
0BA8
0BCB		 நௌ
0BA8
0BCC
ப்
0BAA
0BCD		 ப
0BAA
 		 பா
0BAA
0BBE		 பி
0BAA
0BBF		 பீ
0BAA
0BC0		 பு
0BAA
0BC1		 பூ
0BAA
0BC2		 பெ
0BAA
0BC6		 பே
0BAA
0BC7		 பை
0BAA
0BC8		 பொ
0BAA
0BCA		 போ
0BAA
0BCB		 பௌ
0BAA
0BCC
ம்
0BAE
0BCD		 ம
0BAE
 		 மா
0BAE
0BBE		 மி
0BAE
0BBF		 மீ
0BAE
0BC0		 மு
0BAE
0BC1		 மூ
0BAE
0BC2		 மெ
0BAE
0BC6		 மே
0BAE
0BC7		 மை
0BAE
0BC8		 மொ
0BAE
0BCA		 மோ
0BAE
0BCB		 மௌ
0BAE
0BCC
ய்
0BAF
0BCD		 ய
0BAF
 		 யா
0BAF
0BBE		 யி
0BAF
0BBF		 யீ
0BAF
0BC0		 யு
0BAF
0BC1		 யூ
0BAF
0BC2		 யெ
0BAF
0BC6		 யே
0BAF
0BC7		 யை
0BAF
0BC8		 யொ
0BAF
0BCA		 யோ
0BAF
0BCB		 யௌ
0BAF
0BCC
ர்
0BB0
0BCD		 ர
0BB0
 		 ரா
0BB0
0BBE		 ரி
0BB0
0BBF		 ரீ
0BB0
0BC0		 ரு
0BB0
0BC1		 ரூ
0BB0
0BC2		 ரெ
0BB0
0BC6		 ரே
0BB0
0BC7		 ரை
0BB0
0BC8		 ரொ
0BB0
0BCA		 ரோ
0BB0
0BCB		 ரௌ
0BB0
0BCC
ல்
0BB2
0BCD		 ல
0BB2
 		 லா
0BB2
0BBE		 லி
0BB2
0BBF		 லீ
0BB2
0BC0		 லு
0BB2
0BC1		 லூ
0BB2
0BC2		 லெ
0BB2
0BC6		 லே
0BB2
0BC7		 லை
0BB2
0BC8		 லொ
0BB2
0BCA		 லோ
0BB2
0BCB		 லௌ
0BB2
0BCC
வ்
0BB5
0BCD		 வ
0BB5
 		 வா
0BB5
0BBE		 வி
0BB5
0BBF		 வீ
0BB5
0BC0		 வு
0BB5
0BC1		 வூ
0BB5
0BC2		 வெ
0BB5
0BC6		 வே
0BB5
0BC7		 வை
0BB5
0BC8		 வொ
0BB5
0BCA		 வோ
0BB5
0BCB		 வௌ
0BB5
0BCC
ழ்
0BB4
0BCD		 ழ
0BB4
 		 ழா
0BB4
0BBE		 ழி
0BB4
0BBF		 ழீ
0BB4
0BC0		 ழு
0BB4
0BC1		 ழூ
0BB4
0BC2		 ழெ
0BB4
0BC6		 ழே
0BB4
0BC7		 ழை
0BB4
0BC8		 ழொ
0BB4
0BCA		 ழோ
0BB4
0BCB		 ழௌ
0BB4
0BCC
ள்
0BB3
0BCD		 ள
0BB3
 		 ளா
0BB3
0BBE		 ளி
0BB3
0BBF		 ளீ
0BB3
0BC0		 ளு
0BB3
0BC1		 ளூ
0BB3
0BC2		 ளெ
0BB3
0BC6		 ளே
0BB3
0BC7		 ளை
0BB3
0BC8		 ளொ
0BB3
0BCA		 ளோ
0BB3
0BCB		 ளௌ
0BB3
0BCC
ற்
0BB1
0BCD		 ற
0BB1
 		 றா
0BB1
0BBE		 றி
0BB1
0BBF		 றீ
0BB1
0BC0		 று
0BB1
0BC1		 றூ
0BB1
0BC2		 றெ
0BB1
0BC6		 றே
0BB1
0BC7		 றை
0BB1
0BC8		 றொ
0BB1
0BCA		 றோ
0BB1
0BCB		 றௌ
0BB1
0BCC
ன்
0BA9
0BCD		 ன
0BA9
 		 னா
0BA9
0BBE		 னி
0BA9
0BBF		 னீ
0BA9
0BC0		 னு
0BA9
0BC1		 னூ
0BA9
0BC2		 னெ
0BA9
0BC6		 னே
0BA9
0BC7		 னை
0BA9
0BC8		 னொ
0BA9
0BCA		 னோ
0BA9
0BCB		 னௌ
0BA9
0BCC

Programmatic access

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/bfq/Main_Page
  2. ↑ Allen, Julie (2006), The Unicode 5.0 Standard (5 ed.), Upper Saddle River, NJ: Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-321-48091-0 at p. 324
  3. ↑ Lewis, M. Paul, ed. (2009), Ethnologue: Languages of the World (16th ed.), Dallas, Tex.: SIL International, retrieved 2009-08-28
  4. ↑ University of Madras Tamil Lexicon, page 148: "அலியெழுத்து [ aliyeḻuttu n ali-y-eḻuttu . < அலி¹ +. 1. The letter ஃ , as being regarded neither a vowel nor a consonant; ஆய்தம். (வெண்பாப். முதன்மொ. 6, உரை.) 2. Consonants; மெய்யெ ழுத்து. (பிங்.)."]
  5. 1 2 Mahadevan 2003, p. 173.
  6. ↑ Mahadevan 2003, p. 230.
  7. ↑ Mahadevan 2003, p. 211.
  8. ↑ Mahadevan 2003, p. 209.
  9. ↑ Mahadevan 2003, p. 213.
  10. ↑ Mahadevan 2003, p. 212.
  11. ↑ http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10256r-extended-tamil.pdf
  12. ↑ http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10407-ext-tamil-follow2.pdf
  13. ↑ https://pypi.python.org/pypi/Open-Tamil/

References

External links

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