Tamil script
Tamil தமிழ் | |
---|---|
Type | |
Languages |
Tamil Kanikkaran Badaga[1] Irula Paniya Sanskrit Saurashtra |
Time period | c. 700–present |
Parent systems | |
Sister systems |
Malayalam Sinhala Tigalari Grantha Vatteluttu Pallava Kolezhuthu Kannada Telugu |
Direction | Left-to-right |
ISO 15924 |
Taml, 346 |
Unicode alias | Tamil |
U+0B80–U+0BFF | |
The Tamil script (தமிழ் அரிச்சுவடி tamiḻ ariccuvaṭi) is an abugida script that is used by Tamils and Tamil speakers in India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Singapore and elsewhere to write the Tamil language, as well as to write the liturgical language Sanskrit, using consonants and diacritics not represented in the Tamil alphabet.[2] Certain minority languages such as Saurashtra, Badaga, Irula, and Paniya language are also written in the Tamil script.[3]
Overview
Characteristics
The Tamil script has 12 vowels (உயிரெழுத்து uyireḻuttu "soul-letters"), 18 consonants (மெய்யெழுத்து meyyeḻuttu "body-letters") and one special character, the ஃ (ஆயுத எழுத்து). ஃ is pronounced as "akku" or "அக்கு" and is classified in Tamil grammar as being neither a consonant nor a vowel. However, it is listed at the end of the vowel set. The script is syllabic, not alphabetic.[4] The complete script, therefore, consists of the thirty-one letters in their independent form, and an additional 216 combinant letters representing a total 247 combinations (உயிர்மெய்யெழுத்து uyirmeyyeḻuttu) of a consonant and a vowel, a mute consonant, or a vowel alone. These combinant letters are formed by adding a vowel marker to the consonant. Some vowels require the basic shape of the consonant to be altered in a way that is specific to that vowel. Others are written by adding a vowel-specific suffix to the consonant, yet others a prefix, and finally some vowels require adding both a prefix and a suffix to the consonant. In every case the vowel marker is different from the standalone character for the vowel.
The Tamil script is written from left to right.
History
The Tamil script, like the other Brahmic scripts, is thought to have evolved from the original Brahmi script.[5] The earliest inscriptions which are accepted examples of Tamil writing date to a time just after the Ashokan period. The script used by these inscriptions is commonly known as the Tamil-Brahmi or "Tamili script", and differs in many ways from standard Ashokan Brahmi. For example, early Tamil-Brahmi, unlike Ashokan Brahmi, had a system to distinguish between pure consonants (m in this example) and consonants with an inherent vowel (ma in this example). In addition, according to Iravatham Mahadevan, early Tamil Brahmi used slightly different vowel markers, had extra characters to represent letters not found in Sanskrit, and omitted letters for sounds not present in Tamil, such as voiced consonants and aspirates.[5] Inscriptions from the second century use a later form of Tamil-Brahmi, which is substantially similar to the writing system described in the Tolkāppiyam, an ancient Tamil grammar. Most notably, they use the puḷḷi to suppress the inherent vowel.[6] The Tamil letters thereafter evolved towards a more rounded form, and by the fifth or sixth century had reached a form called the early vaṭṭeḻuttu.[7]
The modern Tamil script does not, however, descend from this script.[8] In the seventh century, the Pallava dynasty created a new script for Tamil, which was formed by simplifying the Grantha alphabet (which in turn derived from Southern Brahmi), and adding to it the Vaṭṭeḻuttu alphabet for sounds not found in Sanskrit.[9] By the 8th century, this new script supplanted Vaṭṭeḻuttu in the Chola and Pallava kingdoms which lay in the north portion of the Tamil-speaking region. Vaṭṭeḻuttu continued to be used in the southern portion of the Tamil-speaking region, in the Chera and Pandyan kingdoms until the 11th century, when the Pandyan kingdom was conquered by the Cholas.[10]
Over the next few centuries, the Chola-Pallava script evolved into the modern Tamil script. The use of palm leaves as the primary medium for writing led to changes in the script. The scribe had to be careful not to pierce the leaves with the stylus while writing, because a leaf with a hole was more likely to tear and decay faster. As a result, the use of the puḷḷi to distinguish pure consonants became rare, with pure consonants usually being written as if the inherent vowel were present. Similarly, the vowel marker for the kuṟṟiyal ukaram, a half-rounded u which occurs at the end of some words and in the medial position in certain compound words, also fell out of use and was replaced by the marker for the simple u. The puḷḷi did not fully reappear until the introduction of printing, but the marker kuṟṟiyal ukaram never came back into use, although the sound itself still exists and plays an important role in Tamil prosody.
The forms of some of the letters were simplified in the nineteenth century to make the script easier to typeset. In the twentieth century, the script was simplified even further in a series of reforms, which regularised the vowel markers used with consonants by eliminating special markers and most irregular forms.
Relationship with other Indic scripts
Brahmic scripts |
---|
The Brahmic script and its descendants |
Northern Brahmic
|
The Tamil script differs from other Brahmi-derived scripts in a number of ways. Unlike every other Bramic script, it does not regularly represent voiced or aspirated stop consonants as these are not phonemes of the Tamil language even though voiced and fricative allophones of stops do appear in spoken Tamil. Thus the character க் k, for example, represents both /k/ but can also be pronounced /ɡ/ or /x/ based on the rules of Tamil grammar.
A separate set of characters appears for these sounds when the Tamil scripts is used to write Sanskrit or other languages.
Also unlike other Brahmi scripts, the Tamil script rarely uses typographic ligatures to represent conjunct consonants, which are far less frequent in Tamil than in other Indian languages. Where they occur, conjunct consonants are written by writing the character for the first consonant, adding the puḷḷi to suppress its inherent vowel, and then writing the character for the second consonant. There are a few exceptions, namely க்ஷ kṣa and ஸ்ரீ śrī.
Letters
Basic consonants
Consonants are called the "body" (mei) letters. The consonants are classified into three categories: vallinam (hard consonants), mellinam (soft consonants, including all nasals), and itayinam (medium consonants).
There are some lexical rules for formation of words. The Tolkāppiyam describes such rules. Some examples: a word cannot end in certain consonants, and cannot begin with some consonants including r-, l- and ḻ-; there are two consonants for the dental n - which one should be used depends on whether the n occurs at the start of the word and on the letters around it. (Historically, one n was pronounced as an alveolar consonant, as is still true in Malayalam.)
The order of the alphabet (strictly abugida) in Tamil closely matches that of the nearby languages both in location and linguistics, reflecting the common origin of their scripts from Brahmi.
Consonant | ISO 15919 | Category | IPA |
---|---|---|---|
க் | k | vallinam | [k], [ɡ], [x], [ɣ], [h] |
ங் | ṅ | mellinam | [ŋ] |
ச் | c | vallinam | [t͡ʃ], [d͡ʒ], [ʃ], [s], [ʒ] |
ஞ் | ñ | mellinam | [ɲ] |
ட் | ṭ | vallinam | [ʈ], [ɖ], [ɽ] |
ண் | ṇ | mellinam | [s] |
த் | t | vallinam | [t̪], [d̪], [ð] |
ந் | n | mellinam | [n̪] |
ப் | p | vallinam | [p], [b], [β] |
ம் | ṭ | mellinam | [m] |
ய் | y | idaiyinam | [j] |
ர் | r | idaiyinam | [ɾ] |
ல் | l | idaiyinam | [l] |
வ் | v | idaiyinam | [ʋ] |
ழ் | ḻ | idaiyinam | [ɻ] |
ள் | ḷ | idaiyinam | [ɭ] |
ற் | ṟ | vallinam | [ɲ], [t], [d] |
ன் | ṉ | mellinam | [n] |
Consonants of modern Tamil
The Tamil speech has incorporated many phonemes which were not part of Tholkappiyan classification. The letters used to write these sounds, known as "grantha", are part of modern Tamil. They are taught from elementary school and incorporated in the Tamil Nadu Government encoding called Tamil All Character Encoding (TACE16).
Consonant | ISO 15919 | IPA |
---|---|---|
ஶ் | ś | [ɕ], [ʃ] |
ஜ் | j | [d͡ʒ] |
ஷ் | c | [ʂ] |
ஸ் | s | [s] |
ஹ் | h | [h] |
க்ஷ் | kṣ | [kʂ] |
In recent times, three combinations of Tamil basic letters are generally used to depict sounds of English letters 'f', 'z', and 'x'. This is for writing English and Arabic names and words in Tamil. The combinations are ஃப for f, ஃஜ for z and ஃஸ் for x. For example: asif = அசிஃப், aZaarudheen = அஃஜாருதீன், rex = ரெஃஸ்
There has also been effort to differentiate voice and unvoiced consonants through superscripted and subscripted integers - one, two, three and four standing for the unvoiced, unvoiced aspirated, voiced, voiced aspirated, respectively - this was used to transcribe Sanskrit words in Tamil, in Sanskrit-Tamil books.[11][12] For example: க₁ - Ka க₂ - Kha க₃ - Ga க₄ - Gha This extension of Tamil script is not yet recognized by Unicode - there is no Grantha subscript in Unicode and the place where the numbers should be placed is immediately neighbouring the root consonant character; Unicode currently renders those as கௌ₂ or க₂ௌ on possible permutations.
Vowels
Vowels are also called the 'life' (uyir) or 'soul' letters. Together with the consonants (which are called 'body' letters), they form compound, syllabic (abugida) letters that are called 'living' letters (uyirmei, i.e. letters that have both 'body' and 'soul').
Tamil vowels are divided into short and long (five of each type) and two diphthongs.
Isolated form
Vowel | ISO 15919 | IPA |
---|---|---|
அ | a | [ʌ] |
ஆ | ā | [ɑː] |
இ | i | [i] |
ஈ | ī | [iː] |
உ | u | [u], [ɯ] |
ஊ | k | [uː] |
எ | e | [e] |
ஏ | ē | [eː] |
ஐ | ai | [ʌj] |
ஒ | o | [ɯ] |
ஓ | ō | [oː] |
ஔ | au | [ʌʋ] |
Compound form
Using the consonant 'k' as an example:
Formation | Compound form | ISO 15919 | IPA |
---|---|---|---|
க் + அ | க | ka | [kʌ] |
க் + ஆ | கா | kā | [kɑː] |
க் + இ | கி | ki | [ki] |
க் + ஈ | கீ | kī | [kiː] |
க் + உ | கு | ku | [ku], [kɯ] |
க் + ஊ | கூ | kū | [kuː] |
க் + எ | கெ | ke | [ke] |
க் + ஏ | கே | kē | [keː] |
க் + ஐ | கை | kai | [kʌj] |
க் + ஒ | கொ | ko | [kɯ] |
க் + ஓ | கோ | kō | [koː] |
க் + ஔ | கௌ | kau | [kʌʋ] |
The special letter ஃ (called akh) is the visarga. It traditionally served a purely grammatical function, but in modern times it has come to be used as a diacritic to represent foreign sounds. For example, ஃப is used for the English sound f, not found in Tamil.
The long (nedil) vowels are about twice as long as the short (kuRil) vowels. The diphthongs are usually pronounced about one and a half times as long as the short vowels, though some grammatical texts place them with the long (nedil) vowels.
As can be seen in the compound form, the vowel sign can be added to the right, left or both sides of the consonants. It can also form a ligature. These rules are evolving and older use has more ligatures than modern use. What you actually see on this page depends on your font selection; for example, Code2000 will show more ligatures than Latha.
There are proponents of script reform who want to eliminate all ligatures and let all vowel signs appear on the right side.
Unicode encodes the character in logical order (always the consonant first), whereas legacy 8-bit encodings (such as TSCII) prefer the written order. This makes it necessary to reorder when converting from one encoding to another; it is not sufficient simply to map one set of codepoints to the other.
Compound table of Tamil letters
The following table lists vowel (uyir or life) letters across the top and consonant (mei or body) letters along the side, the combination of which gives all Tamil compound (uyirmei) letters.
Vowels →
Tholkapyam consonants ↓ |
அ | ஆ | இ | ஈ | உ | ஊ | எ | ஏ | ஐ | ஒ | ஓ | ஔ | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | ā | i | ī | u | ū | e | ē | ai | o | ō | au | ||
க் | k | க | கா | கி | கீ | கு | கூ | கெ | கே | கை | கொ | கோ | கௌ |
ங் | ṅ | ங | ஙா | ஙி | ஙீ | ஙு | ஙூ | ஙெ | ஙே | ஙை | ஙொ | ஙோ | ஙௌ |
ச் | c | ச | சா | சி | சீ | சு | சூ | செ | சே | சை | சொ | சோ | சௌ |
ஞ் | ñ | ஞ | ஞா | ஞி | ஞீ | ஞு | ஞூ | ஞெ | ஞே | ஞை | ஞொ | ஞோ | ஞௌ |
ட் | ṭ | ட | டா | டி | டீ | டு | டூ | டெ | டே | டை | டொ | டோ | டௌ |
ண் | ṇ | ண | ணா | ணி | ணீ | ணு | ணூ | ணெ | ணே | ணை | ணொ | ணோ | ணௌ |
த் | t | த | தா | தி | தீ | து | தூ | தெ | தே | தை | தொ | தோ | தௌ |
ந் | n | ந | நா | நி | நீ | நு | நூ | நெ | நே | நை | நொ | நோ | நௌ |
ப் | p | ப | பா | பி | பீ | பு | பூ | பெ | பே | பை | பொ | போ | பௌ |
ம் | m | ம | மா | மி | மீ | மு | மூ | மெ | மே | மை | மொ | மோ | மௌ |
ய் | y | ய | யா | யி | யீ | யு | யூ | யெ | யே | யை | யொ | யோ | யௌ |
ர் | r | ர | ரா | ரி | ரீ | ரு | ரூ | ரெ | ரே | ரை | ரொ | ரோ | ரௌ |
ல் | l | ல | லா | லி | லீ | லு | லூ | லெ | லே | லை | லொ | லோ | லௌ |
வ் | v | வ | வா | வி | வீ | வு | வூ | வெ | வே | வை | வொ | வோ | வௌ |
ழ் | ḻ | ழ | ழா | ழி | ழீ | ழு | ழூ | ழெ | ழே | ழை | ழொ | ழோ | ழௌ |
ள் | ḷ | ள | ளா | ளி | ளீ | ளு | ளூ | ளெ | ளே | ளை | ளொ | ளோ | ளௌ |
ற் | ṟ | ற | றா | றி | றீ | று | றூ | றெ | றே | றை | றொ | றோ | றௌ |
ன் | ṉ | ன | னா | னி | னீ | னு | னூ | னெ | னே | னை | னொ | னோ | னௌ |
Vowels →
Grantha consonants ↓ |
அ | ஆ | இ | ஈ | உ | ஊ | எ | ஏ | ஐ | ஒ | ஓ | ஔ | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | ā | i | ī | u | ū | e | ē | ai | o | ō | au | ||
ஶ் | ś | ஶ | ஶா | ஶி | ஶீ | ஶு | ஶூ | ஶெ | ஶே | ஶை | ஶொ | ஶோ | ஶௌ |
ஜ் | j | ஜ | ஜா | ஜி | ஜீ | ஜு | ஜூ | ஜெ | ஜே | ஜை | ஜொ | ஜோ | ஜௌ |
ஷ் | ṣ | ஷ | ஷா | ஷி | ஷீ | ஷு | ஷூ | ஷெ | ஷே | ஷை | ஷொ | ஷோ | ஷௌ |
ஸ் | s | ஸ | ஸா | ஸி | ஸீ | ஸு | ஸூ | ஸெ | ஸே | ஸை | ஸொ | ஸோ | ஸௌ |
ஹ் | h | ஹ | ஹா | ஹி | ஹீ | ஹு | ஹூ | ஹெ | ஹே | ஹை | ஹொ | ஹோ | ஹௌ |
க்ஷ் | kṣ | க்ஷ | க்ஷா | க்ஷி | க்ஷீ | க்ஷு | க்ஷூ | க்ஷெ | க்ஷே | க்ஷை | க்ஷொ | க்ஷோ | க்ஷௌ |
Numerals and symbols
Apart from the numerals (0-9), Tamil also has numerals for 10, 100 and 1000. Symbols for day, month, year, debit, credit, as above, rupee, numeral are present as well.
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 100 | 1000 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
௦ | ௧ | ௨ | ௩ | ௪ | ௫ | ௬ | ௭ | ௮ | ௯ | ௰ | ௱ | ௲ |
day | month | year | debit | credit | as above | rupee | numeral | time | quantity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
௳ | ௴ | ௵ | ௶ | ௷ | ௸ | ௹ | ௺ | ள | வ |
In Unicode
The Unicode range for Tamil is U+0B80–U+0BFF. Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points. Most of the non-assigned codepoints are designated reserved because they are in the same relative position as characters assigned in other South Asian script blocks that correspond to phonemes that don't exist in the Tamil script.
Like other South Asian scripts in Unicode, the Tamil encoding was originally derived from the ISCII standard. Both ISCII and Unicode encode Tamil as an abugida. In an abugida, each basic character represents a consonant and default vowel. Consonants with a different vowel or bare consonants are represented by adding a modifier character to a base character. Each codepoint representing a similar phoneme is encoded in the same relative position in each South Asian script block in Unicode, including Tamil. Although Unicode represents Tamil as an abugida all the pure consonants (consonants with no associated vowel) and syllables in Tamil can be represented by combining multiple Unicode codepoints, as can be seen in the Unicode Tamil Syllabary below.
In Unicode 5.1, named sequences were added for all Tamil pure consonants and syllables. Unicode 5.1 also has a named sequence for the Tamil ligature SRI (śrī), ஶ்ரீ . The name of this sequence is TAMIL SYLLABLE SHRII, and is composed of the Unicode sequence U+0BB6 U+0BCD U+0BB0 U+0BC0.
Tamil[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
U+0B8x | ஂ | ஃ | அ | ஆ | இ | ஈ | உ | ஊ | எ | ஏ | ||||||
U+0B9x | ஐ | ஒ | ஓ | ஔ | க | ங | ச | ஜ | ஞ | ட | ||||||
U+0BAx | ண | த | ந | ன | ப | ம | ய | |||||||||
U+0BBx | ர | ற | ல | ள | ழ | வ | ஶ | ஷ | ஸ | ஹ | ா | ி | ||||
U+0BCx | ீ | ு | ூ | ெ | ே | ை | ொ | ோ | ௌ | ் | ||||||
U+0BDx | ௐ | ௗ | ||||||||||||||
U+0BEx | ௦ | ௧ | ௨ | ௩ | ௪ | ௫ | ௬ | ௭ | ௮ | ௯ | ||||||
U+0BFx | ௰ | ௱ | ௲ | ௳ | ௴ | ௵ | ௶ | ௷ | ௸ | ௹ | ௺ | |||||
Notes |
Vowels → Consonants ↓ |
அ 0B85 |
ஆ 0B86 |
இ 0B87 |
ஈ 0B88 |
உ 0B89 |
ஊ 0B8A |
எ 0B8E |
ஏ 0B8F |
ஐ 0B90 |
ஒ 0B92 |
ஓ 0B93 |
ஔ 0B94 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
க் 0B95 0BCD |
க 0B95 |
கா 0B95 0BBE |
கி 0B95 0BBF |
கீ 0B95 0BC0 |
கு 0B95 0BC1 |
கூ 0B95 0BC2 |
கெ 0B95 0BC6 |
கே 0B95 0BC7 |
கை 0B95 0BC8 |
கொ 0B95 0BCA |
கோ 0B95 0BCB |
கௌ 0B95 0BCC |
ங் 0B99 0BCD |
ங 0B99 |
ஙா 0B99 0BBE |
ஙி 0B99 0BBF |
ஙீ 0B99 0BC0 |
ஙு 0B99 0BC1 |
ஙூ 0B99 0BC2 |
ஙெ 0B99 0BC6 |
ஙே 0B99 0BC7 |
ஙை 0B99 0BC8 |
ஙொ 0B99 0BCA |
ஙோ 0B99 0BCB |
ஙௌ 0B99 0BCC |
ச் 0B9A 0BCD |
ச 0B9A |
சா 0B9A 0BBE |
சி 0B9A 0BBF |
சீ 0B9A 0BC0 |
சு 0B9A 0BC1 |
சூ 0B9A 0BC2 |
செ 0B9A 0BC6 |
சே 0B9A 0BC7 |
சை 0B9A 0BC8 |
சொ 0B9A 0BCA |
சோ 0B9A 0BCB |
சௌ 0B9A 0BCC |
ஞ் 0B9E 0BCD |
ஞ 0B9E |
ஞா 0B9E 0BBE |
ஞி 0B9E 0BBF |
ஞீ 0B9E 0BC0 |
ஞு 0B9E 0BC1 |
ஞூ 0B9E 0BC2 |
ஞெ 0B9E 0BC6 |
ஞே 0B9E 0BC7 |
ஞை 0B9E 0BC8 |
ஞொ 0B9E 0BCA |
ஞோ 0B9E 0BCB |
ஞௌ 0B9E 0BCC |
ட் 0B9F 0BCD |
ட 0B9F |
டா 0B9F 0BBE |
டி 0B9F 0BBF |
டீ 0B9F 0BC0 |
டு 0B9F 0BC1 |
டூ 0B9F 0BC2 |
டெ 0B9F 0BC6 |
டே 0B9F 0BC7 |
டை 0B9F 0BC8 |
டொ 0B9F 0BCA |
டோ 0B9F 0BCB |
டௌ 0B9F 0BCC |
ண் 0BA3 0BCD |
ண 0BA3 |
ணா 0BA3 0BBE |
ணி 0BA3 0BBF |
ணீ 0BA3 0BC0 |
ணு 0BA3 0BC1 |
ணூ 0BA3 0BC2 |
ணெ 0BA3 0BC6 |
ணே 0BA3 0BC7 |
ணை 0BA3 0BC8 |
ணொ 0BA3 0BCA |
ணோ 0BA3 0BCB |
ணௌ 0BA3 0BCC |
த் 0BA4 0BCD |
த 0BA4 |
தா 0BA4 0BBE |
தி 0BA4 0BBF |
தீ 0BA4 0BC0 |
து 0BA4 0BC1 |
தூ 0BA4 0BC2 |
தெ 0BA4 0BC6 |
தே 0BA4 0BC7 |
தை 0BA4 0BC8 |
தொ 0BA4 0BCA |
தோ 0BA4 0BCB |
தௌ 0BA4 0BCC |
ந் 0BA8 0BCD |
ந 0BA8 |
நா 0BA8 0BBE |
நி 0BA8 0BBF |
நீ 0BA8 0BC0 |
நு 0BA8 0BC1 |
நூ 0BA8 0BC2 |
நெ 0BA8 0BC6 |
நே 0BA8 0BC7 |
நை 0BA8 0BC8 |
நொ 0BA8 0BCA |
நோ 0BA8 0BCB |
நௌ 0BA8 0BCC |
ப் 0BAA 0BCD |
ப 0BAA |
பா 0BAA 0BBE |
பி 0BAA 0BBF |
பீ 0BAA 0BC0 |
பு 0BAA 0BC1 |
பூ 0BAA 0BC2 |
பெ 0BAA 0BC6 |
பே 0BAA 0BC7 |
பை 0BAA 0BC8 |
பொ 0BAA 0BCA |
போ 0BAA 0BCB |
பௌ 0BAA 0BCC |
ம் 0BAE 0BCD |
ம 0BAE |
மா 0BAE 0BBE |
மி 0BAE 0BBF |
மீ 0BAE 0BC0 |
மு 0BAE 0BC1 |
மூ 0BAE 0BC2 |
மெ 0BAE 0BC6 |
மே 0BAE 0BC7 |
மை 0BAE 0BC8 |
மொ 0BAE 0BCA |
மோ 0BAE 0BCB |
மௌ 0BAE 0BCC |
ய் 0BAF 0BCD |
ய 0BAF |
யா 0BAF 0BBE |
யி 0BAF 0BBF |
யீ 0BAF 0BC0 |
யு 0BAF 0BC1 |
யூ 0BAF 0BC2 |
யெ 0BAF 0BC6 |
யே 0BAF 0BC7 |
யை 0BAF 0BC8 |
யொ 0BAF 0BCA |
யோ 0BAF 0BCB |
யௌ 0BAF 0BCC |
ர் 0BB0 0BCD |
ர 0BB0 |
ரா 0BB0 0BBE |
ரி 0BB0 0BBF |
ரீ 0BB0 0BC0 |
ரு 0BB0 0BC1 |
ரூ 0BB0 0BC2 |
ரெ 0BB0 0BC6 |
ரே 0BB0 0BC7 |
ரை 0BB0 0BC8 |
ரொ 0BB0 0BCA |
ரோ 0BB0 0BCB |
ரௌ 0BB0 0BCC |
ல் 0BB2 0BCD |
ல 0BB2 |
லா 0BB2 0BBE |
லி 0BB2 0BBF |
லீ 0BB2 0BC0 |
லு 0BB2 0BC1 |
லூ 0BB2 0BC2 |
லெ 0BB2 0BC6 |
லே 0BB2 0BC7 |
லை 0BB2 0BC8 |
லொ 0BB2 0BCA |
லோ 0BB2 0BCB |
லௌ 0BB2 0BCC |
வ் 0BB5 0BCD |
வ 0BB5 |
வா 0BB5 0BBE |
வி 0BB5 0BBF |
வீ 0BB5 0BC0 |
வு 0BB5 0BC1 |
வூ 0BB5 0BC2 |
வெ 0BB5 0BC6 |
வே 0BB5 0BC7 |
வை 0BB5 0BC8 |
வொ 0BB5 0BCA |
வோ 0BB5 0BCB |
வௌ 0BB5 0BCC |
ழ் 0BB4 0BCD |
ழ 0BB4 |
ழா 0BB4 0BBE |
ழி 0BB4 0BBF |
ழீ 0BB4 0BC0 |
ழு 0BB4 0BC1 |
ழூ 0BB4 0BC2 |
ழெ 0BB4 0BC6 |
ழே 0BB4 0BC7 |
ழை 0BB4 0BC8 |
ழொ 0BB4 0BCA |
ழோ 0BB4 0BCB |
ழௌ 0BB4 0BCC |
ள் 0BB3 0BCD |
ள 0BB3 |
ளா 0BB3 0BBE |
ளி 0BB3 0BBF |
ளீ 0BB3 0BC0 |
ளு 0BB3 0BC1 |
ளூ 0BB3 0BC2 |
ளெ 0BB3 0BC6 |
ளே 0BB3 0BC7 |
ளை 0BB3 0BC8 |
ளொ 0BB3 0BCA |
ளோ 0BB3 0BCB |
ளௌ 0BB3 0BCC |
ற் 0BB1 0BCD |
ற 0BB1 |
றா 0BB1 0BBE |
றி 0BB1 0BBF |
றீ 0BB1 0BC0 |
று 0BB1 0BC1 |
றூ 0BB1 0BC2 |
றெ 0BB1 0BC6 |
றே 0BB1 0BC7 |
றை 0BB1 0BC8 |
றொ 0BB1 0BCA |
றோ 0BB1 0BCB |
றௌ 0BB1 0BCC |
ன் 0BA9 0BCD |
ன 0BA9 |
னா 0BA9 0BBE |
னி 0BA9 0BBF |
னீ 0BA9 0BC0 |
னு 0BA9 0BC1 |
னூ 0BA9 0BC2 |
னெ 0BA9 0BC6 |
னே 0BA9 0BC7 |
னை 0BA9 0BC8 |
னொ 0BA9 0BCA |
னோ 0BA9 0BCB |
னௌ 0BA9 0BCC |
Programmatic access
See also
- Tamil numerals
- Tamil Braille
- Tamil units of measurement
- Grantha script
- Tamil letters (on Tamil Wikibooks)
- Tamil Keyboard
- Tamil bell
Notes
- ↑ https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/bfq/Main_Page
- ↑ Allen, Julie (2006), The Unicode 5.0 Standard (5 ed.), Upper Saddle River, NJ: Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-321-48091-0 at p. 324
- ↑ Lewis, M. Paul, ed. (2009), Ethnologue: Languages of the World (16th ed.), Dallas, Tex.: SIL International, retrieved 2009-08-28
- ↑ University of Madras Tamil Lexicon, page 148: "அலியெழுத்து [ aliyeḻuttu n ali-y-eḻuttu . < அலி¹ +. 1. The letter ஃ , as being regarded neither a vowel nor a consonant; ஆய்தம். (வெண்பாப். முதன்மொ. 6, உரை.) 2. Consonants; மெய்யெ ழுத்து. (பிங்.)."]
- 1 2 Mahadevan 2003, p. 173.
- ↑ Mahadevan 2003, p. 230.
- ↑ Mahadevan 2003, p. 211.
- ↑ Mahadevan 2003, p. 209.
- ↑ Mahadevan 2003, p. 213.
- ↑ Mahadevan 2003, p. 212.
- ↑ http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10256r-extended-tamil.pdf
- ↑ http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10407-ext-tamil-follow2.pdf
- ↑ https://pypi.python.org/pypi/Open-Tamil/
References
- Mahadevan, Iravatham (2003), Early Tamil Epigraphy from the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century A.D., Harvard Oriental Series, Volume 62, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-01227-5
- Steever, Sanford B. (1996), "Tamil Writing", in Bright, William R.; Daniels, Peter B., The World's Writing Systems, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-507993-0
External links
- Tamil Alphabet & Basics (PDF)
- Phonetics of spoken Tamil
- Unicode Chart - For Tamil (PDF)
- TACE 16 (PDF)
- Tamil Letters
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