Australia–Indonesia relations

Australia–Indonesia relations

Australia
Indonesia

Australia–Indonesia relations refers to the foreign relations between Australia and Indonesia, which began as early as 1640 with contact between Indigenous Australians and Makassan trepangers from southwest Sulawesi, and formalised with Australia's full recognition of the Republic of Indonesia in 1949.[1][2] In recent years, the relationship has been characterised by growing mutual trade of $14.9 billion in 2011–2012, an increase of 8.3% on the previous year,[3] in addition to close links in government, education, and defence under the Lombok Treaty.[4] Both nations are members of the G20, ASEAN Regional Forum, and the Australia-New Zealand-ASEAN Free Trade Agreement. Indonesia received $541.6 million in Australian development aid in 2012–2013.[5]

History

Pre-European settlement

A Makassan perahu depicted in an Aboriginal rock painting.

Before European settlement of Australia, Makassan trepangers from southwest Sulawesi established trading contact with Indigenous communities in northern Australia as early as 1640.[2][6] They constructed outdoor factories to process trepang, a type of sea cucumber prized by Chinese traders, but did not establish permanent settlements in Australia.

At the height of the trade, Makassans visited thousands of kilometres of Australian coastline, arriving with the monsoon season each December. Their boats, or perahu, carried up to 30 crew members and it is estimated that as many as 1,000 trepangers arrived each year.[2] The crews established temporary settlements at various points along the coast to boil and dry the trepang before returning home to sell their cargo.[7] Marege, meaning 'wild country' was their name for Arnhem Land, from the Cobourg Peninsula to Groote Eylandt in the Gulf of Carpentaria.

Using Daeng Rangka, the last Makassan trepanger to visit Australia, lived well into the 20th century, and first made the voyage to northern Australia as a young man. He recalled generally positive but occasionally conflicting relationships with Indigenous Australians, and was the first trepanger to pay the South Australian government trepanging licence in 1883, an impost that made the trade less viable.[8] The trade continued to dwindle toward the end of the 19th century due to the imposition of customs duties and licence fees. This decline was probably compounded by overfishing.[9] Using Daeng Rangka commanded the last perahu, which left Arnhem Land in 1907.

There is significant evidence of contact with Makassan fishers in the rock art and bark painting of northern Australia, with the perahu featuring prominently in many locations.[10] Studies by anthropologists have also found traditions that indicate Makassans negotiated for the right to fish certain waters. The exchange involved the trade of cloth, tobacco, metal axes and knives, rice and gin. The Yolgnu of Arnhem land also traded turtle-shell, pearls and cypress pine, and some were employed as trepangers.[11]

A Makassan pidgin became a lingua franca along the north coast, not just between Makassan and Aboriginal people, but also between different Aboriginal groups, who were brought into greater contact with one another by the seafaring Makassar culture. Words from the Makassarese language (related to the Javanese and Indonesian languages) can still be found in Aboriginal language varieties of the north coast; examples include rupiah (money), jama (work) and balanda (white person). It is speculated that the Makassans may have also been the first to introduce Islam to Australia.[12]

Colonization, Federation, and World War II

An 1870 map depicting the Dutch East Indies, Australia, and New Zealand.

From the 1870s, Indonesians were recruited to work in the pearling and sugar cane industries in northern Australia. Around 1,000 Indonesians were living in Australia by Federation in 1901, almost all in Queensland and Western Australia. With the introduction of the White Australia Policy at this time, most sugar workers returned to Indonesia, although some pearl divers remained.[13]

During the Second World War, many Indonesian nationalists were based in Melbourne.[13] Following the Japanese surrender, Australian forces participated in the occupation of eastern Indonesia in coordination with the British Southeast Asia Command's occupation of Java. As Allies during the War, Australia and Britain say they were both under obligations to help the Netherlands restore their occupation over the former Dutch East Indies. Australian forces participated in the Borneo campaign alongside US forces against the Japanese, including the Battle of Balikpapan in 1945.[14] On 17 August 1945, Indonesian nationalist leaders Sukarno and Mohammed Hatta proclaimed the independence of the Republic of Indonesia.

Indonesian independence

Two men in light-coloured clothing, seated on a couch
Australian Consul-General Charles Eaton meeting with Sukarno in 1947.

Despite sympathies among the political left for the Indonesian Revolution, Australia cautiously withheld de facto recognition of the Republic of Indonesia until 9 July 1947, albeit only over the regions of Java, Sumatra, and Madura. Following disagreements over negotiations with Indonesian republicans, the Netherlands launched a major military offensive (Operation Product) in Java and Sumatra on 20 July 1947. From that point until the Netherlands' recognition of Indonesian sovereignty in December 1949, Australian waterside workers banned Dutch vessels and vessels taking munitions and equipment to Indonesia which became known as the "Black Aramada".[15]

Australia referred the conflict to the United Nations Security Council on 30 July 1947, naming the Netherlands as the violators of the peace. Later, Australia raised the matter of Indonesia's decolonisation in the United Nations. Two days later, the UN Security Council ordered a cease-fire and established a committee to broker a truce and a renewal of negotiations. The Indonesian Republic nominated Australia to sit on the committee, which produced the Renville Agreement of January 1948.[1] The Dutch launched a second major military offensive (Operation Crow) and occupied Republican-held territory in Java. Following a Dutch-Indonesian Round Table Conference from August to November 1949, the Republic's sovereignty over Indonesia was officially recognised by the Netherlands in December 1949. The Australian government, led by Robert Menzies, was amongst the first to recognise the new state.[1]

Both countries afforded each other most favoured nation with respect to trade and tariffs in 1959, an agreement which has continued to the present day with the exception of 1970–1972.[16]

The Sukarno era

The Menzies Government in Australia held strong reservations about Sukarno's flirtation with the Indonesian Communist Party, continuing through to 1965. Nevertheless, in 1959 Robert Menzies was the first Australian Prime Minister to visit Indonesia.[17][18]

In 1961, Sukarno, with the support of the Communist Party, annexed West Papua ahead of a planned transition to independence following Dutch rule.[19] The territory was formally transferred to Indonesia in 1963, and the Act of Free Choice achieved its incorporation as such in 1969.

An agreement between Indonesia and several Commonwealth countries on the management of war graves in Indonesia was signed in 1964.[20]

An Australian soldier on active duty during the Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation.

Australia conducted warfare in aid of Malaysia during the period of Konfrontasi between April 1964 and August 1966. Australian forces in Sarawak were frequently deployed across the border into Indonesia to ambush patrols moving towards Malaysia during 1965 and 1966.[21] Wary of direct conflict with Indonesia, Minister for External Affairs Garfield Barwick characterised Australia's involvement as "a carefully graduated response" to British and Malayan requests for support.[22] Seven Australians died in active service in the conflict.[22]

Throughout, Australia sought to maintain aid to Indonesia, including the development of the Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network, a project which addressed deficiencies in Indonesia's civil aviation system and allowed international operators flying through Indonesian airspace – including Australia's QANTAS – improved safety.[23] Indonesia had joined the Colombo Plan in 1953, which also continued throughout the conflict. The United States opted to withdraw foreign aid in 1964, prompting Sukarno's famous "go to hell" remark, however the AFTN project, amongst others, continued in spite of shipping around Singapore and Malaysia.[23]

A cultural agreement encouraging wider mutual understanding and cooperation in culture, education, arts and sport was signed in 1968.[24]

The New Order and East Timor

The avowedly anti-communist stance of new President Suharto and his “New Order” government was a point of common cause with successive Australian governments.[25]

Australian foreign minister Paul Hasluck visited Indonesia to meet Suharto three times between August 1966 and January 1968, before Suharto's formal appointment as acting President.[26] Suharto made his first visit to Australia in 1972, and met with Prime Minister William McMahon.[27]

Following his election in December 1972, Gough Whitlam met President Suharto in Yogyakarta in September 1973. The leaders again met in Townsville in 1975, Suharto's last visit to Australia.

Australia contributed $1 million for the restoration and reconstruction of Borobudur in 1973.[28] In the same year, negotiations on seabed boundaries between Australia and Indonesia were concluded for an area in the Arafura Sea from west of Cape York to a point south of West Timor, excluding points south of Portuguese Timor.[29]

In the build-up to the Indonesian invasion of East Timor in 1975, five Australian journalists were killed in the East Timorese border town of Balibo. According to a 2007 Australian coronial enquiry, the journalists were deliberately shot by members of the Indonesian special forces.[30] According to the Indonesian government, the men were killed in cross-fire between the military and pro-independence militia.[31]

Australia's Prime Minister at the time, Gough Whitlam made assurances that Australia would not intervene in the conflict, and encouraged Indonesian action to take over East Timor in 1975 on the basis of concerns over the left-leaning Fretilin movement. Subsequent killings and famine eliminated one-third, or 200,000, of the territory's population.[32]

Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser met Suharto in October 1976,[33] offering de facto recognition of the Indonesian annexation of East Timor, which was followed by Australia's de jure recognition in 1979, the only foreign government to afford complete recognition of the incorporation.[27][34]

The Balibo Five proved a significant sticking point in the relationship between Australia and Indonesia, a weakness which was compounded by a 1986 Sydney Morning Herald article which discussed Suharto's business dealings in a negative light.[35] The growing prominence of trade and investment for the relationship, however, led to the steady growth of trade between the two countries beginning in the 1980s, with average growth of up to 19%.[35]

The Timor Gap Treaty was signed between the two countries in December 1989, and came into effect in 1991. The agreement established a zone of cooperation in the Timor Gap, an oil- and gas-rich area between the Australian and Indonesian maritime borders, and resolved competing claims between the two countries dating back to Indonesia's annexation of Timor.[36] The Maritime Boundary Treaty, signed in 1997, finalised the border in areas not already addressed by existing agreements.[37][38]

In 1992, an agreement was concluded for the avoidance of double taxation on income tax, and on co-operation to prevent tax evasion between the two countries.[39] Prime Minister Paul Keating visited Indonesia to meet Suharto a number of times in the 1990s. During a visit in 1994, he said:[40]

"No country is more important to Australia than Indonesia. If we fail to get this relationship right, and nurture and develop it, the whole web of our foreign relations is incomplete [and] ... the emergence of the New Order government of President Suharto, and the stability and prosperity which [it] has brought to [Indonesia] was the single most beneficial strategic development to have affected Australia and its region in the past thirty years. We need to encourage the use of popular media with positive input [such as] "Why can't we be friends? Why can't we be friends? Why can't we be friends? Why can't we be friends?" [this is] the exact sort of opinions we need".

Under Keating’s government, the first Indonesia-Australia Ministerial Forum was held in 1994, and brought together ministers for foreign affairs, trade, immigration and the environment. Meetings were subsequently held every two years.[41][42][43] In December 1995, Australia and Indonesia signed a security agreement, committing both parties to consultation on "matters affecting their common security", to promotion of cooperative activities, and to joint responses to mutual threats. The agreement was viewed by some observers as a "surprise".[44]

An extradition treaty was signed in 1995, providing for extradition for a range of crimes, excluding 'political crimes' other than the attempted murder of a head of state.[45] In 1997, an agreement was signed regarding the use of nuclear energy for social and economic development.[46]

During the Asian Financial Crisis, Australia provided $8.8 million for programs designed to relieve issues caused by drought, increasing food prices and unemployment, particularly in eastern Indonesia. The Australian government made an additional $1 billion loan available to Indonesia as a form of 'second line' support, in the event that IMF assistance could not stabilise the rupiah.[35]

East Timor and Reformasi

Official visits
Year Indonesia Australia
1959 Menzies to Jakarta
1968 Gorton to Jakarta
1972 Suharto to Canberra McMahon to Jakarta
1973 Whitlam to Jakarta
1974 Whitlam to Yogyakarta
1975 Suharto to Townsville
1976 Fraser to Jakarta
1983 Hawke to Jakarta
1992 Keating to Jakarta
1994 Keating to Bogor
(APEC meeting)
1996 Howard to Jakarta
2001 Gus Dur to Sydney
2002 Howard to Jakarta
2003 Howard to Jakarta
2004 Howard to Jakarta
2005 Howard to Aceh
2006 Howard to Batam
2007 Rudd to Bali
2008 Rudd to Jakarta and Aceh
2010 SBY to Canberra Gillard to Jakarta
2012 SBY to Darwin Gillard to Bali
2013 Rudd to Jakarta, Bogor
Abbott to Jakarta and Bali
2014 Jokowi to Brisbane
(G20 meeting)		Abbott to Batam
Abbott to Jakarta
2015 Turnbull to Jakarta

Related videos (all produced by the ABC)

  • Political context of Konfrontasii, 1966.
  • Whitlam's visit to Indonesia, April 1973
  • Keating's visit to Indonesia, 1992.
  • SBY addressing the Parliament of Australia, 2010.

Relations between the two countries reached a low point following East Timor's secession from Indonesia in 1999.[47] Following a United Nations agreement between the Republic of Indonesia and Portugal,[48] a UN-supervised referendum held on 30 August 1999 offered a choice between autonomy within Indonesia and full independence. The people of East Timor voted overwhelmingly for independence. An Australian-led and Indonesian-sanctioned peacekeeping force, INTERFET, was sent into the territory to restore order following a violent 'scorched-earth' policy carried out by pro-integration militia and supported by elements of the Indonesian military.

In response to Australia's involvement, the Indonesian government abrogated the 1995 security pact, asserting that Australia's actions in East Timor were inconsistent with 'both the letter and spirit of the agreement'.[43] Official meetings were cancelled or delayed, including the Indonesia-Australia Ministerial Dialogue, which would not reconvene until March 2003. INTERFET was later replaced by a UN force of international police, UNTAET, which formed a detachment to investigate alleged atrocities.

Bali bombings and the Tampa affair

The relationship came under strain in August 2001 during the Tampa affair, when the Australian government refused permission for the Norwegian freighter ship MV Tampa to enter Australian waters while carrying Afghan asylum seekers that it had rescued from a distressed fishing vessel in international waters. The Indonesian Search and Rescue Agency did not immediately respond to requests from Australia to receive the vessel. When the ship entered Australian territorial waters after being refused permission, the Australian government tried without success to persuade Indonesia to accept the asylum seekers. Norway also refused to accept the asylum seekers and reported Australia to international maritime authorities. The incident prompted closer coordination between Indonesian and Australian authorities, including regional conferences on people smuggling, trafficking in persons and other trans-national crime.[43]

In 2002, a terrorist attack in Kuta, Bali killed 202 people, including 88 Australians, and injured a further 240. Jemaah Islamiyah, a violent Islamist group, claimed responsibility for the attack, allegedly in retaliation for Australia's support for East Timorese independence and the War on Terror.[49][50] A subsequent attack in 2005 resulted in the deaths of a further 20 people, including 15 Indonesians and 4 Australians.[51]

The 2003 Marriott Hotel bombing was also perceived as targeted at Western interests in Indonesia; Al Qaeda claimed the attack was carried out by a Jemaah Islamiyah suicide bomber in response to actions of the United States and its allies, including Australia.[52] A 2004 attack on the Australian embassy in Jakarta by Jemaah Islamiyah resulted in the deaths of nine Indonesians. The following year, Indonesian diplomatic and consular premises in Australia received a number of hoax and threat messages. Since then, both the United States and Australian governments have issued warnings against travel to Indonesia, advising their citizens of a continued risk of attacks.[53]

These incidents prompted greater cooperation between law enforcement agencies in the two countries, building on a 1999 agreement on drug trafficking and money laundering.[54] The Australian Federal Police's Jakarta Regional Cooperation Team provided assistance to the Indonesian National Police, and has contributed to the Jakarta Centre for Law Enforcement Cooperation.[55] This relationship has attracted criticism, particularly following the arrest and sentencing of the Bali Nine, a group of nine Australians arrested in Denpasar while attempting to smuggle heroin from Indonesia to Australia.[56] The 2005 conviction of Schapelle Corby for attempting to smuggle drugs to Bali also attracted significant attention in the Australian media.[57]

The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake prompted a significant humanitarian response from Australia, including a $1 billion aid package from the federal government, a further $17.45 million contribution from state and territory governments, and the commitment of 900 Australian Defence Force personnel to relief efforts in northern Sumatra and Aceh.[58] A telethon broadcast on Australia's three major commercial television networks called "Australia Unites: Reach Out To Asia" generated pledges of more than $10 million, contributing to total private aid of $140 million.[59]

The Eighth Australia-Indonesia Ministerial Forum (AIMF) was held in Bali on 29 June 2006 and was attended by five Australian and eleven Indonesian ministers. A key outcome was support for the conclusion of a security agreement, later realised as the Lombok Agreement, providing a framework for the development of the security relationship by the end of 2006 on defence, law enforcement, counter-terrorism, intelligence, maritime security, aviation safety, WMD non-proliferation, and bilateral nuclear cooperation for peaceful purposes.[60]

Australia-Indonesia-East Timor Trilateral Ministerial Meetings occurred three times to September 2006.[61]

Recent relations

Yudhoyono and Kevin Rudd during Rudd's visit to Bogor, July 5th, 2013.

President Yudhoyono visited Australia in April 2010, and became the second foreign leader to address federal parliament:[62]

Finally, I look forward to a day in the near future. The day when policy makers, academicians, journalists and other opinion leaders all over the world take a good look at the things we are doing so well together. And they will say: these two used to be worlds apart. But they now have a fair dinkum of a partnership. Why can’t we all do likewise?

During the same visit, President Yudhoyono was appointed an Honorary Companion of the Order of Australia, the country's highest civilian honour, for strengthening the bilateral relationship, and promoting democracy and development.[63]

A Four Corners documentary on animal cruelty in Indonesian abattoirs broadcast in May 2011 highlighted significant issues regarding the treatment and welfare of Australian live export cattle in Indonesia.[64] The public response to the documentary led the Australian government to ban live cattle exports to Indonesia in June 2011. The decision attracted significant criticism from the federal opposition, and Indonesia threatened to take the dispute to the World Trade Organisation.[65] Following the establishment of a new "supply chain assurance regulatory model", exports resumed in July 2011.[66]

In November 2013, documents leaked to The Guardian and the Australian Broadcasting Corporation reported that in 2009, the Australian Signals Directorate attempted to monitor the mobile phone calls of Indonesian president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, his wife Kristiani Herawati, and senior officials including foreign affairs spokesman Dino Patti Djalal and trade minister Hatta Rajasa.[67][68] The allegations followed earlier reports by Der Spiegel and Fairfax Media in October 2013, which suggested that Australian embassies and diplomatic posts in Asia were being used to intercept phone calls and data, including during the 2007 United Nations Climate Change Conference.[69]

The allegations prompted Indonesia to immediately recall its ambassador to Australia, Nadjib Riphat Kesoema.[70] Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott initially declined to apologise or comment on the matter, prompting accusations from President Yudhoyono that he had "belittled" Indonesia's response to the issue.[70] Speaking to Parliament, Abbott argued that Australia "should not be expected to apologise for...reasonable intelligence-gathering activities".[70] Indonesia immediately responded by reviewing all areas of bilateral cooperation, including on issues around people smuggling, a major component of the Abbott Government's Operation Sovereign Borders policy.[71]

Trade and investment

Monthly value (A$ millions) of Australian imports from Indonesia since 1988
Monthly value (A$ millions) of Australian merchandise exports to Indonesia since 1988

Two-way trade between Australia and Indonesia was worth $14.9 billion in 2011–12, an increase of 8.3% from the previous year.[3] Australian investment in Indonesia totalled $5.4 billion, while Indonesian investment in Australia grew 11% to $454 million over the same period. Austrade estimates that more than 400 Australian companies operate in Indonesia.[72]

The level of trade between Australia and Indonesia has grown, on average, by 7.3% per year, although it has been susceptible to drops in demand following events such as the Asian economic crisis and the 2002 outbreak of SARS.[73] Each country represents approximately 3% of the other's export market.[73]

Australia and Indonesia are both members of the ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Area, signed in February 2009.[3] Both countries are currently negotiating an Indonesia-Australia Closer Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA), intended to build upon existing agreements. The first round of discussions was held in Jakarta in September 2012.[72] Indonesia applies most favoured nation status to Australian imports, while Australia applies equivalent concessions through its developing country tariff rate.[73]

Australia's primary exports to Indonesia include wheat, livestock (beef and cattle), petroleum, aluminium and cotton, while Indonesia's major exports include crude and refined petroleum, gold, iron, steel, and aluminium structures.[74] More than 15,000 Indonesians students are enrolled in Australian schools and universities, making a contribution of $500 million to the Australian economy.[3]

Indonesian imports of beef and cattle from Australia amount to about $12 billion annually. Since the trade began in the 1990s, more than 6.5 million cattle have been shipped to Indonesia.[75] Australia is a natural choice to supply Indonesian cattle needs due to its proximity that reduces shipping costs compared to other countries. Since 2009, when Indonesia adopted Law No. 18/2009 on Animal Husbandry and Animal Health, Indonesia can only import cattle from countries which are free from mouth and feet diseases which also favours Australia as the main source of beef.

The significance of Australian trade to Indonesia is less than that of its ASEAN co-members, particularly its close neighbours Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand, and also to major economic powers such as China, Japan and the United States. Australia is ranked 8th in Indonesia's import list.[76] Indonesia's highest trade volumes are with China, Japan, the United States, Singapore, Malaysia, India, South Korea, Thailand and Taiwan.[77][78]

Both nations are members of APEC and the East Asia Summit.

Australian aid to Indonesia

Indonesia is the largest recipient of Australian aid, and Australia is the fourth-largest donor of foreign aid to Indonesia.[5][79] Australian development aid to Indonesia traces back to 1953 with Indonesia's participation in the Colombo Plan, in addition to projects such as the Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network, a project intended to address deficiencies in Indonesia's civil aviation system.[23]

The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami saw the creation of the Australia-Indonesia Partnership for Reconstruction and Development, which was launched in early 2005 with A$1 billion of funding to assist with the rebuilding of communities in Aceh and other disaster-affected areas, and to promote economic growth across Indonesia.[80] Combined with the pre-existing Australia-to-Indonesia program, it boosted the value of Australia-to-Indonesia aid between 2005–2010 to $2 billion, including A$500 million in concessional loans.

In 2008, Australia provided funding of $650 million to Indonesia to assist its economy during the global financial crisis.[81] A further development partnership was announced by Prime Minister Kevin Rudd with President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono in Jakarta the same year. Following the 2009 Black Saturday bushfires, Indonesia donated $1 million to assist with reconstruction in affected communities, in addition to a forensic team to assist in identifying the victims.[82][83]

Australian aid to Indonesia was worth $541.6 million in 2012–13, and is expected to grow to $646.8 million the following year.[5] Australia's aid efforts in Indonesia primarily focus on education, sustainable development and effective governance.[5] Recent AusAID programs have included funding for the construction and improvement of Islamic schools, a roads improvement project for eastern Indonesia, and the Indonesia Infrastructure Initiative, designed to improve water, sanitation, and transport infrastructure.[5][84][85][86] A report by the Australian National Audit Office into Australia's infrastructure programs found that although effective, they lacked explicit strategies for engagement in the sector, and did not effectively manage key risks, contributing to delays in the program's implementation.[87]

Aside from humanitarian efforts to combat poverty and rebuild tsunami-affected areas, development programs also include economic reforms and political governance in supporting anti-corruption measures in parliamentary and electoral institutions and in the financial sector. The Australian Electoral Commission formed a partnership with Indonesia's General Elections Commission (Komisi Pemilihan Umum), with the aim of improving its capacity and procedures in the lead-up to the 2014 presidential election.[88]

Migration

The number of permanent settlers arriving in Australia from Indonesia since 1991 (monthly)

In the 2011 Australian Census, 63,159 people listed their country of birth as Indonesia, of whom 38.1% were Australian citizens.[89] 30.5% of the current Indonesian population in Australia arrived in the country between 2006–2011, with the majority of earlier residents arriving after 1991.[89] In contrast with the broader Indonesian population, a quarter of Indonesian-born residents in Australia list Catholicism as their religion, followed by 19.4% who listed Islam. Most are employed as professional, clerical or administrative workers, or as labourers.[89]

According to the 2001 Australian census, 42.9% of Indonesian-born people living in Australia resided in New South Wales, followed by 24.7% in Victoria, 15.5% in Western Australia, and 10.4% in Queensland.[90] 40.7% listed their ancestry as Chinese, 39.8% as Indonesian, and 7.2% as Dutch.

Statistics Indonesia does not measure the number of Australian residents in Indonesia, however tourist arrivals indicate that 931,109 Australians visited Indonesia in 2011.[91] According to research conducted in 2009 by Bank Indonesia, there were approximately 45,384 foreigners working in Indonesia, of whom 5% (or 2,209) were Australian.[92] The majority (63%) of foreign workers were based in Jakarta, working mainly as professionals, technicians, and managers.[92]

Tourism and transportation

A Garuda Indonesia Airbus A330-300 landing at Melbourne Airport.
Australian residents travelling to Indonesia for less than one year, since 1991 (monthly)

Indonesia is Australia's second-most popular tourism destination after New Zealand. 2,137,537 passengers travelled between Australia and Indonesia in 2012, including 910,000 visitors to Indonesia.[93][94]

In 2012, Australia was Indonesia's 12th-largest inbound market for visitor arrivals, with the majority of visitors travelling for holiday or to visit relatives.[95]

Garuda Indonesia is the largest airline with routes between Australia and Indonesia, with 45% market share through its services from Jakarta and Denpasar to Sydney, Melbourne and Perth.[95] In March 2013, the airline announced plans to resume daily flights between Brisbane and Denpasar beginning in August.[96] Qantas also offers services between Sydney and Jakarta, while Virgin Australia, Indonesia Air Asia and Jetstar offer flights to Bali.[95]

A transport safety partnership between the two countries was established in 2007, and expanded in December 2012. The partnership covers air, sea, rail and road transport, providing for up to 27,500 seats between Indonesia and Australia's main airports each week.[97] The plans also include ship tracking arrangements, and an exchange program between the Australian Maritime Safety Authority and Indonesia's National Search and Rescue Agency aimed at speeding up asylum seeker boat rescues.[98]

Nineteen Australian passengers, including government officials Elizabeth O'Neill, Allison Sudradjat, and Australian Financial Review journalist Morgan Mellish, were killed when Garuda Indonesia Flight 200 crashed in Yogyakarta on 7 March 2007.[99] The following year, both countries signed a memorandum of understanding on air transport safety, which included $24 million of funding to train 40 Indonesian airworthiness inspectors, improve air traffic management, and enhance Indonesia's capacity to undertake investigation of transport accidents.[100]

Current issues

Public opinion

Public opinion polls conducted by the Lowy Institute, an Australian foreign relations think tank, found that Australians rated their views towards Indonesia as 54 degrees, on a scale between 0 and 100 degrees ranging from 'very unfavourable' to 'very warm'.[101] This represented an increase of 4 degrees from the previous survey, conducted in 2006.[101] By contrast, in 2012 Indonesians rated their views towards Australia at 62 degrees, up from 51 degrees in 2006. This polling also found that in 2012, just under a third of Indonesians saw Australia as a potential threat to their country.[102]

Polling conducted in 2006 also indicated that, in general, Australians agreed that "Indonesia is essentially controlled by the military" and that it represents a "dangerous source of Islamic terrorism". Nevertheless, more than three-quarters of respondents to the same survey said that "‘it is very important that Australia and Indonesia work to develop a close relationship", with only 22% agreeing that "Australia and Indonesia are too different to develop a close relationship".[103]

Espionage allegations

In October 2013, the relationship between the two nations was strained due to allegations of spying.[104] In response, Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott said of the bilateral relations: "I will never say or do anything that might damage the strong relationship and the close cooperation that we have with Indonesia, which is all in all our most important relationship."[105] Indonesia then froze ties with Australia,[106] as Abbott refused to apologise.[107] Indonesians then protested Australia's actions, including burning the flag of Australia as Australians were warned to be vigiliant in the country.[108]

Security

The proportion of Australian voters naming Indonesia as a security threat reached one in five after the Santa Cruz massacre in 1991, subsequently increasing to three in ten following the 1999 crisis in East Timor. In 2004, an Australian Strategic Policy Institute survey showed 29% of those polled identified Indonesia as 'most likely' to pose a security threat to Australia in the future, a slight decline from the figure of 31% recorded in 2001. In all surveyed periods, Indonesia was identified as Australia's foremost security threat.[109]

Polling conducted in 2009 suggested that 39% of Australians saw no specific country as representing a potential threat to Australia's security, followed by 20% naming Indonesia. In his 2010 speech to Australian parliament, President Yudhoyono described the perception of Indonesia as a military threat as a "preposterous mental caricature".[110] Indonesia's military is generally not considered to have the capability to invade Australia.[111] Public opinion surveys in Indonesia have indicated that Australia is its fourth most "warmly regarded" country, with significant support for closer ties in education, health, trade, and democracy.[112]

People smuggling

The issue of people smuggling and the movement of asylum seekers through Indonesia has attracted significant attention in the Australian media, particularly following the Tampa affair and the subsequent introduction of the "Pacific Solution" under the Howard government. Many asylum seekers seeking refuge in Australia transit through Indonesia, often waiting in Indonesia before attempting to reach Australia by boat.[113] According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, in 2012 there were 1225 refugees and 5429 asylum seekers registered with the United Nations in Indonesia.[114]

In 2002, the Bali Process was established to provide a framework for negotiations and to improve cooperation on the issue.[115] An expert panel on asylum seekers appointed by the Gillard government in 2012 advocated "high-level and broad-ranging bilateral cooperation" with Indonesia and Malaysia on the issue.[116]

Laws criminalising people smuggling were passed by the Indonesian parliament in 2011, and impose penalties of between five and 15 years in prison for those convicted. The laws include penalties for corrupt officials, and for failing to report officials, smugglers and asylum seekers guilty of immigration violations.[117] The same year, Australia contributed three patrol boats to assist Indonesian law enforcement officials in combatting the trade.[114] The Australian government also agreed to accept a further 400 asylum seekers from Indonesia.[114]

West Papua

Australia officially recognises Indonesian sovereignty over the West Papua region, a position which is recognised in the 2006 Lombok Treaty. Some members of the Australian parliament, however, from the Labor, Greens and Liberal parties have expressed concerns over potential human rights breaches, and the lack of access for journalists and observers.[118][119]

Wikinews has related news: Indonesia warns Australia over West Papuan asylum seekers

In 2006, Australia's decision to grant temporary protection visas to 42 West Papuan asylum seekers who said they were being threatened by the military, prompted the Indonesian president, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, to recall Indonesia's ambassador to Australia.[120] Indonesian officials indicated that the issue could affect efforts to reduce people smuggling, guaranteeing the safety of the group. The incident led to a "war of cartoons" between the two countries, after The Australian newspaper depicted the president as a dog mounting a Papuan, and prompted Indonesian student activists to demand an end to ties with Australia.[121]

In 2008, five Australian citizens were detained by local authorities for attempting to enter the West Papuan town of Merauke without visas.[122] The group were later sentenced to between two and three years in prison each, a ruling that was overturned by the Jayapura High Court. This decision was appealed in Indonesia's Supreme Court and subsequently rejected in June 2009.[122]

Live stock export

On 30 May 2011, ABC broadcast a report about how Australian cattle were slaughtered in Indonesian abattoirs.[123] The Ministry for Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry responded on the 7th of June 2011 and suspended all live animal exports to Indonesia “for slaughter following evidence of animal welfare abuses in some abattoirs”.[124] The ban caused beef scarcity and price-hikes in Indonesian markets, leading some in Indonesia to see Australia as an unreliable trade partner.[125]

Some 700,000 cattle are exported from Australia each year, the vast majority to Indonesia, and the meat and livestock industry feared that rural livelihoods could be destroyed if a blanket ban came into effect. After the ban, export dropped by 10-15%.[126] A total ban lasted for 5 weeks.[127]

Indonesian officials blamed local abattoirs for not meeting the halal standards, which fuelled the debate about self independence.[128] There is high demand for meat in Indonesia, due to the growing economy,[129] and Indonesians sought to become less dependent and improve their own industry, including by having Indonesian owned cattle stations in Australia.[130]

Indonesia responded to the ban by imposing quotas, seeking to punish the Australian government, but primarily impacting the rural economy. Eventually, Australia and Indonesia managed to normalise relations, boosting hopes for the future.[131]

In November 2013, the Australian spying scandal on Indonesia prompted the Indonesian government to review its trade policy with Australia, including the live cattle trade. Indonesian Coordinating Minister for Economic Affairs, Hatta Rajasa, said that Indonesia should not depend on one country, and contemplated revising Law No. 18/2009 on Animal Husbandry and Animal Health, a country-based cattle importing system which favoured Australia. If it was revised, Indonesia could import cattle from other countries, except those not free from cattle mouth and feet disease, such as India.[75] Other countries including Brazil and Argentina have expressed interest in supplying Indonesian beef needs.

Capital punishment

Australia last carried out a death sentence in February 1967 and abolition of the death penalty occurred as early as 1922 in the state of Queensland, with final abolishment in all jurisdictions by 1984. The death penalty in Indonesia has been permitted for the entire history of the Republic of Indonesia, but no Australian citizen has been subject to it prior to 2015. The Australia-Indonesia Extradition Treaty agreed upon in 1992 precludes any extradition which might enable the death penalty to be carried out in either country.[132] The Australian Federal Police are required to consider the likelihood of the death penalty being imposed when deciding whether to extend any cooperation with law enforcement agencies in Indonesia.[133]

The case of the Bali Nine Australian heroin traffickers convicted in Indonesia in 2005 resulted in six death sentences being imposed either at trial or on appeal. Four of these were struck down on further appeal. In January 2015, Indonesian President Joko Widodo refused to grant clemency for Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran, the two remaining Australians facing death sentences after their convictions as the orchestrators of the enterprise.[134] Subsequently, the Australian government has pleaded with Indonesia not to execute the two Australians. The issue has led to a bilateral diplomatic spat, with calls for Australian tourists to boycott Bali,[135] and Prime Minister Tony Abbott's call for Indonesians not to forget Australia's billion dollars worth of assistance after the Aceh tsunami in 2004.[136] Indonesia's foreign ministry reacted sharply to the comments, saying "no one responds well to threats."[136]

On 29 April 2015, Australian citizens Myuran Sukumaran and Andrew Chan were executed for drug trafficking. Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott responded by recalling the Australian Ambassador to Indonesia and suspending ministerial contact.[137]

Military

60% of Australia's exports pass by its northern approaches near Indonesia.[138] Indonesia is also the most populous country neighbouring Australia, and is nearer by landfall to Australia than all countries excluding Papua New Guinea. A maritime boundary exists between Australia and Indonesia, and both countries have been concerned to definitively delimit that boundary for the purpose of protecting fisheries from encroachment,[139] and determining the limits of responsibility for vessels found in that area.

In response to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, which resulted in widespread damage across northern Sumatra and Aceh, more than 900 Australian military personnel were sent to provide humanitarian aid in the area. This included 15 air traffic controllers, C-130 Hercules, helicopters, and HMAS Kanimbla.[140] In April 2005, a Royal Australian Navy Sea King helicopter crashed while attempting to land in Nias, resulting in the deaths of nine personnel.[140] Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, who was visiting Australia on a state visit at the time, bestowed posthumous medals of valour on the nine personnel killed in the crash,[141] while four men from a nearby village, Tuindrao, were presented with Australian Bravery Medals for their response to the crash, which two personnel survived.[142] They were the first Indonesians to receive the medal.[142]

In 2005, Australia's Special Air Service Regiment announced plans to resume cooperation with its Indonesian counterpart, Kopassus.[143] The new partnership would involve an officer training and exchange program at the SAS base in Perth, in addition to anti-guerilla training in Indonesia.[143] The partnership had been cancelled in 1999 following allegations of Indonesian human rights abuses and violence during the East Timorese crisis.[143][144]

The Lombok Treaty, a bilateral security agreement, was signed by Indonesia's foreign minister Hassan Wirajuda and his Australian counterpart, Alexander Downer, in 2006. The treaty commits both countries to cooperate and consult in the fields of defence and defence technology, law enforcement and combating transnational crime, counter-terrorism, and intelligence-sharing, as well as maritime and aviation security.[4]

A 2011 agreement between Australia and the United States to station up to 2,500 United States Marine Corps in Darwin was met with concern by the Indonesian government.[145] Indonesian foreign minister Marty Natalegawa highlighted the potential for the development to "provoke a reaction and counter-reaction", resulting in "[a] vicious circle of tensions and mistrust",[145] while the head of Indonesia's military warned that a greater US presence in the region could increase tension over territorial disputes in the South China Sea.[146]

IKAHAN, the Indonesia-Australia Alumni Association, was founded in 2011 to improve people-to-people links between both defence forces.[147]

In 2012, Indonesia took part in Exercise Pitch Black, a biennial warfare exercise conducted by the Royal Australian Airforce. For the first time, four Indonesian Air Force Sukhoi Su-27s took part in the exercise, which also included military aircraft from Singapore, Thailand, New Zealand and the United States.[148] The exercise marked the first time Indonesian military planes had appeared alongside those of a foreign country, and was described by both leaders as an example of "co-operation between Australian and Indonesian defence forces [going] from strength to strength".[148]

The same year, Indonesia accepted a gift of four Australian C-130 Hercules aircraft, a contribution intended to support humanitarian assistance and disaster relief operations within Indonesia.[149] Following the second "2+2" dialogue between Australian and Indonesian foreign ministers in April 2013, the Australian government agreed to sell an additional five aircraft to Indonesia at "mates rates".[150]

Diplomacy

Indonesian Embassy in Canberra
Julia Gillard and Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono with other world leaders at the 2010 G-20 Seoul summit.

The two countries have maintained diplomatic relations since the Netherlands' recognition of Indonesian sovereignty in 1949.[1] Indonesia's first representative to Australia, Dr Usman Sastroamidjojo, was initially sent to Australia in 1947.[151] Dr Usman returned to Canberra in 1949, opening Indonesia's embassy in the Hotel Canberra, before moving to a permanent building in Yarralumla in 1971.[151] Indonesian consulates are located in Sydney, Melbourne, and Perth, and honorary consuls are located in Darwin and Adelaide.[152] Indonesia's current ambassador to Australia, Nadjib Riphat Kesoema, was posted to Canberra in 2012.[153]

Australia's largest foreign mission is its embassy in Jakarta, and there is also an Australian consulate in Denpasar, Bali.[154] In 2012, the Australian government announced plans to open a second consulate in eastern Indonesia "when circumstances allow".[154] Paul Grigson, Australia's current Ambassador to Indonesia, was appointed in 2014.[155]

Australia and Indonesia participate in the following multilateral organisations:

Education

In 2011, more than 17,000 Indonesian students were enrolled in Australian schools, universities, and VET courses, the majority of whom were studying management, commerce, social sciences and hospitality.[159] Through the Australia Awards, the Australian government offers more than 300 educational and professional development scholarships to Indonesians, an initiative which commenced under the Colombo Plan.[3] More than 10,000 Indonesian students have studied at Australian universities under the scholarship program, including the Vice President of Indonesia, Boediono, and Foreign Minister Marty Natalegawa.[154]

In 2011, 455 Australian students studied at Indonesian universities, a quarter of whom undertook semester-long programs.[160] The Australian Consortium for In-Country Indonesian Studies, or ACICIS, was founded at Murdoch University in 1994 to develop and coordinate study programs for Australian students in Indonesia, at institutions including Gadjah Mada University, Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang, and Atma Jaya University.[161]

Indonesian language classes are taught in many Australia schools and universities. Between 1994 and 2002, funding provided by the Keating and Howard governments through the National Asian Languages and Studies in Australian Schools Strategy doubled Indonesian language enrolments in schools and universities.[162] A similar program was implemented by the Rudd and Gillard governments with the National Asian Languages and Studies in Schools Program between 2007 and 2012.[162]

Since 2001, however, enrolments have continued to decline.[162][163] Between 2001 and 2010, enrolments dropped by 40%, with fewer students studying Indonesian in 2012 than in 1972.[163] The Australian government identified Indonesian language studies as a 'nationally strategic language' in 2008, while a 2004 Senate inquiry into Australia's relationship with Indonesia recommended it should be designated a "strategic national priority".[164][165] The 2012 Australia in the Asian Century white paper further suggested that all school students should have access to one of four priority languages: Indonesian, Mandarin, Hindi and Japanese.[166]

Culture

Media

Radio Australia, a division of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, produces Indonesian language programming broadcast on shortwave radio, by satellite, and online from studios in Southbank, Melbourne. In 2013, the potential closure of the station's shortwave broadcasts to Indonesia was flagged as a result of high costs and the growing popularity of news coverage online and through social media.[167] A daily Indonesian-language breakfast program is broadcast, in addition to English educational programming.

SBS Radio produces a regular Indonesian-language program targeted at Indonesian communities in Australia, while a number of newspapers, magazines and community radio stations including Ozip, BUSET, 3ZZZ and Buletin Indonesia also produce Indonesian-language content.

Fairfax Media and the Australian Broadcasting Corporation both have correspondents in Jakarta, while Indonesia's Kompas has a reporter in Sydney.

The ABC was the first Australian news organisation to establish a bureau in Indonesia, establishing offices in Jakarta in 1961 led by Ken Henderson.[168] Prior to this, Australian war correspondents covered World War II and the subsequent war of independence against the Netherlands. John Thompson, an ABC journalist, and Graeme Jenkins of the Melbourne Herald were amongst the first to be posted to the country. Indonesia was also covered from an ABC bureau in Singapore, led by Bruce Grant and Colin Mason, from 1956. The Year of Living Dangerously, a 1978 novel by Christopher Koch, described the experiences of an Australian journalist covering the 30 September Movement in 1965.[168]

In the build-up to the Indonesian invasion of East Timor in 1975, five Australian journalists were killed in the East Timorese border town of Balibo. According to a 2007 Australian coronial enquiry, the journalists had been deliberately shot by members of the Indonesian special forces.[30] According to the Indonesian government, the men were killed in cross-fire between the military and pro-independence militia.[31] As the crisis escalated, Australian journalists from the ABC, Radio Australia and the Sydney Morning Herald were expelled from the country between 1976 and 1980. The ban continued until 1983, when the Australian Associated Press was again permitted a resident correspondent in Jakarta.[168]

David Jenkins, a journalist for the Sydney Morning Herald, was expelled from Indonesia in 1986 following the publication of an article on corruption in Suharto's immediate family.[168] The article, which compared the family's fortune with Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos, was published on the front page of the newspaper, and eventually led to the expulsion of Jenkins from the country until 1994.[168] The Herald was not permitted to reopen its bureau in the country until 1995.[168]

Sport

With the exception of participation in the Arafura Games, sporting ties between the two nations are insignificant. No Indonesian athlete or sporting team has achieved a high profile by visiting Australia. Popular Australian sports such as rugby, cricket, Australian rules football, swimming and netball raise little interest in Indonesia. Both countries maintain professional Football (soccer) leagues: Liga Indonesia and A-league. The two leading teams from the Australian A-League and the champions of the Indonesian Liga compete in the Asian Champions League.

Youth Exchange

The Indonesian Students Association of Australia, or Perhimpuan Pelajar Indonesia Australia, was established in March 1981 as a community organisation for Indonesian students in Australia.[169] The PPIA has chapters at major universities in most Australian states and territories.[169] A reciprocal organisation, the Australia-Indonesia Youth Association, was established at the Australian National University in 2011, and now has chapters in all Australian capitals and Jakarta.[170]

The Australia Indonesia Institute, part of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, funds a number of programs designed to improve people-to-people links between young people, including the Australia-Indonesia Youth Exchange Program and the Muslim Exchange Program.[171]

Further reading

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Australia & Indonesia's Independence:The Transfer Of Sovereignty: Documents 1949". Minister for Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
  2. 1 2 3 MacKnight, C.C. (1976).The Voyage to Marege': Macassan Trepangers in Northern Australia. Melbourne University Press. ISBN 0-522-84088-4
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 "Indonesia country brief". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
  4. 1 2 Thompson, Geoff (14 November 2006). "Australia, Indonesia sign security pact". http://www.abc.net.au/. ABC Radio. Retrieved 20 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 "AusAID: Indonesia". http://www.ausaid.gov.au. AusAID. May 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  6. ↑ Ganter, R.(2008) Journal of Australian Studies, Volume 32,4, 2008: "Muslim Australians: the deep histories of contact." Retrieved on 6 April 2012
  7. ↑ Stephenson, P.(2010)Islam Dreaming: Indigenous Muslims in Australia. P.22-6. University of New South Wales Press, Sydney. ISBN 978-1-74223-247-8
  8. ↑ Macknight, C. C., 'Using Daeng Rangka (1845–1927)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, Retrieved on 6 April 2012
  9. ↑ Schwerdtner Máñez, K & Ferse, S.C.A. (2010) The History of Makassan Trepang Fishing and Trade. PLoS ONE 5(6) e11346. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011346 Retrieved on 6 April 2012
  10. ↑ Woodford, J. (2008)The Sydney Morning Herald, 20 September 2008. "The Rock Art That Redraws Our History" Retrieved on 6 April 2012
  11. ↑ May, S.K., McKinnon, J.F., Raupp, J.T. (2009) The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. "Boats on Bark: an Analysis of Groote Eylandt Aboriginal Bark-Paintings featuring Macassan Praus from the 1948 Arnhem Land Expedition, Northern Territory, Australia." Retrieved on 6 April 2012
  12. ↑ Stephenson, P (2004) "Islam in Indigenous Australia: Historic Relic or Contemporary Reality" in Politics and Culture 2004, Issue 4. Retrieved on 6 April 2012
  13. 1 2 "History of immigration from Indonesia". Museum Victoria. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
  14. ↑ Vickers (2005), p. 95–97
  15. ↑ "Workers Online : History : 2001 – Issue 106 : Indonesia Calling". Workers Online. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
  16. ↑ "Exchange of Notes constituting an Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Republic of Indonesia further extending the Trade Agreement of 17 December 1959 [1972] ATS 2". Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  17. ↑ "page not found – National Archives of Australia". Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  18. ↑ "Menzies on Tour: Indonesia". The Robert Menzies Collection: A Living Library. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  19. ↑ "Relations with Indonesia during the Confrontation". Australian involvement in South-East Asian Conflicts. Department of Veterans' Affairs. 2009. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
  20. ↑ "Agreement between the Governments of Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand, Pakistan and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the Government of the Republic of Indonesia, respecting the War Cemeteries, Graves and Memorials of the Commonwealth in Indonesian Territory [1964] ATS 12". Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  21. ↑ Peter Dennis and Jeffrey Grey, Emergency and Confrontation, Australian Military Operations in Malaya and Borneo 1950–1966, Allen & Unwin in association with the Australian War Memorial, Sydney, 1996
  22. 1 2 "Australia's Involvement". Australian involvement in South-East Asian Conflicts. Department of Veterans' Affairs. 2009. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
  23. 1 2 3 Pierre van der Eng (May 2008). "Konfrontasi And Australia's Aid To Indonesia During The 1960s" (PDF). Australian National University. Australian National University. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
  24. ↑ "Cultural Agreement between the Government of the Commonwealth of Australia and the Government of the Republic of Indonesia [1968] ATS 12". Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  25. ↑ Paul Keating (2 February 2013). "Soeharto's unsung legacy". http://www.theage.com.au (Melbourne: The Age). Retrieved 8 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  26. ↑ http://www.asia-pacific-action.org/southeastasia/indonesia/publications/military/history.htm See 5th para
  27. 1 2 "Asia Pacific Action - Protests Over Energy Costs". Asia Pacific Action. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  28. ↑ "Agreement concerning the Voluntary Contributions to be Given for the Execution of the Project to Preserve Borobudur [1973] ATS 34". Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  29. ↑ "Agreement between the Government of the Commonwealth of Australia and the Government of the Republic of Indonesia establishing Certain Seabed Boundaries [1973] ATS 31". Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  30. 1 2 Hamish McDonald (17 November 2007). "Killing of newsmen in Timor ruled a war crime". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
  31. 1 2 "Australia and Indonesia: The Balibo five". The Economist (The Economist). 9 August 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
  32. ↑ "Whitlam Ducks Queries on ET Views". Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  33. ↑ See Fraser, 'Address at the Special Session of the House of the People's Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia' 9 October 1976.
  34. ↑ Secret Timor documents implicate former Whitlam government in Australia
  35. 1 2 3 Dr Stephen Sherlock (8 April 1998). "Crisis in Indonesia: Economy, Society and Politics". http://www.aph.gov.au. Parliament House. Retrieved 8 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  36. ↑ "Australia's Prime Ministers: Robert Hawke". http://www.naa.gov. National Archives of Australia. 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  37. ↑ "Report on the Australia-Indonesia Maritime Delimitation Treaty" (PDF). http://www.austlii.edu.au. Austlii. November 1997. Retrieved 8 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  38. ↑ Agreements, Treaties and Negotiated Settlements Project
  39. ↑ http://www.austlii.edu.au//cgi-bin/disp.pl/au/other/dfat/treaties/1992/40.htmlquery=Indonesia
  40. ↑ "Defense Relations Between Australia and Indonesia in the Post-Cold War Era", pp. 89–93, By Bilveer Singh, 2002 Published by Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, ISBN 0-313-32226-0
  41. ↑ Gareth Evans (1994). "AUSTRALIA INDONESIA MINISTERIAL FORUM" (PDF). http://www.gevans.org. Gareth Evans. Retrieved 8 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  42. ↑ Mark Vaile (12 November 2008). "Joint Ministerial Statement – 9th Australia-Indonesia Ministerial Forum". http://www.foreignminister.gov.au/. Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 8 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  43. 1 2 3 Imron Cotan (1 March 2005). "Indonesia-Australia Relations: East Timor, Bali Bombing, Tsunami and Beyond". http://www.kbri-canberra.org.au. Indonesian Embassy, Canberra. Retrieved 8 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  44. ↑ "The Australian-Indonesian Security Agreement – Issues and Implications". http://www.aph.gov.au. Australian Parliament House. 1995. Retrieved 8 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  45. ↑ "Extradition Treaty between Australia and the Republic of Indonesia [1995] ATS 7". Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  46. ↑ "AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF AUSTRALIA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA CONCERNING COOPERATION IN NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (Jakarta, 11 November 1997) [1997] ATNIF 9". Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  47. ↑ http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200605/s1646781.htm
  48. ↑ http://www.un.org/peace/etimor99/agreement/agreeFrame_Eng01.html
  49. ↑ Nicholson, Brendan (15 June 2006). "Bashir's release a cause of great pain". The Age (Melbourne, Australia). Retrieved 19 September 2006.
  50. ↑ Jakarta and jihad : Indonesia faces more terror – International Herald Tribune Archived 7 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
  51. ↑ "Channel NewsAsia". Channel NewsAsia. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  52. ↑ "Al Qaeda singles out Australia". Sydney Morning Herald. 12 August 2003. Retrieved 5 August 2007.
  53. ↑ http://www.smartraveller.gov.au/zw-cgi/view/Advice/Indonesia Australian Consular Travel Advice (Indonesia), 15 February 2007
  54. ↑ "Treaty with Indonesia on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters, done at Jakarta on 27 October 1995 [1996] ATNIA 6". Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  55. ↑ "Fighting terrorism at its source". http://www.afp.gov.au. Australian Federal Police. 2013. Retrieved 13 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  56. ↑ David Penberthy (7 May 2013). "Bali 9 have only themselves to blame". http://www.perthnow.com.au/. Perth Now. Retrieved 8 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  57. ↑ Kruger, Colin (13 May 2005). "It's a mad, mad world for Ron". The Age (Melbourne). Retrieved 2 July 2008.
  58. ↑ "Australia boosts relief package". http://news.bbc.co.uk (BBC News). 5 January 2005. Retrieved 20 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  59. ↑ Evans, Chris; Krien, Anna (9 January 2005). "Australians dig deeper". http://www.theage.com.au (Melbourne: The Age). Retrieved 20 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  60. ↑ "AGREEMENT BETWEEN AUSTRALIA AND THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA ON THE FRAMEWORK FOR SECURITY COOPERATION (Mataram, Lombok, 13 November 2006) - [2006] ATNIF 25". Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  61. ↑ "Media Release from the Minister for Foreign Affairs: Australia-Indonesia-East Timor Trilateral Ministerial Meeting". Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  62. ↑ Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (10 March 2013). "Speech at Australia Parliament". http://www.presidenri.go.id/. President of Indonesia. Retrieved 14 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  63. ↑ "Yudhoyono receives Order of Australia". http://www.sbs.com.au/news. SBS World News Australia. 9 March 2012. Retrieved 23 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  64. ↑ Sarah Ferguson (30 May 2011). "A Bloody Business". http://www.abc.net.au. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 8 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  65. ↑ Tom Allard and Richard Willingham (9 June 2011). "Indonesia, Coalition cry foul over live cattle ban". http://www.theage.com.au (Melbourne: The Age). Retrieved 11 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  66. ↑ "Government lifts live cattle export ban". http://www.abc.net.au. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 9 July 2011. Retrieved 8 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  67. ↑ MacAskill, Ewen; Taylor, Lenore (18 November 2013). "Australia's spy agencies targeted Indonesian president's mobile phone". http://www.theguardian.com. The Guardian. Retrieved 24 November 2013. External link in |website= (help)
  68. ↑ Brissenden, Michael (18 November 2013). "Australia spied on Indonesian president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, leaked Edward Snowden documents reveal". http://www.abc.net.au/news/. ABC News. Retrieved 24 November 2013. External link in |website= (help)
  69. ↑ Dorling, Philip (31 October 2013). "Exposed: Australia's Asia spy network". http://www.smh.com.au/ (Sydney Morning Herald). Retrieved 24 November 2013. External link in |website= (help)
  70. 1 2 3 Taylor, Lenore (19 November 2013). "Tony Abbott: no explanation, no apology to Indonesia for spying". http://www.guardian.com. The Guardian. Retrieved 24 November 2013. External link in |website= (help)
  71. ↑ Bachelard, Michael; Kenny, Mark (November 23, 2013). "Indonesia suspends police co-operation in phone- tapping fallout". http://www.smh.com.au (Sydney Morning Herald). Retrieved 24 November 2013. External link in |website= (help)
  72. 1 2 "Indonesia-Australia Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement negotiations". http://www.dfat.gov.au. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  73. 1 2 3 "Estimating the impact of an Australia–Indonesia trade and investment agreement" (PDF). http://www.dfat.gov.au. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. January 2009. Retrieved 15 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  74. ↑ "Fact sheet: Indonesia" (PDF). http://www.dfat.gov. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. December 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  75. 1 2 Aditia Maruli (November 27, 2013). "Indonesia can import beef from India: minister". Antara News.com. Antara. Retrieved December 1, 2013.
  76. ↑ "Perkembangan Impor NonMigas (Negara Asal) Periode : 2008-2013". kemendag.go.id. Ministry of Trade of Republic Indonesia. Retrieved December 1, 2013.
  77. ↑ "Perkembangan Ekspor NonMigas (Negara Tujuan) Periode : 2008-2013". kemendag.go.id. Ministry of Trade of Republic Indonesia. Retrieved December 1, 2013.
  78. ↑ "Indonesia - Atlapedia® Online". Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  79. ↑ Dugay, Christine (13 August 2012). "Indonesia's top 10 donors: Responding to the promise of transformation". https://www.devex.com/. devex. Retrieved 30 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  80. ↑ A Joint Ministerial Statement between Indonesian and Australian ministers was issued on 17 March 2005.
  81. ↑ Mercer, Phil (10 December 2008). "Australia Offers Funds to Help Indonesia Survive Global Credit Crisis". Voice of America. Retrieved 2008-12-28.
  82. ↑ "Indonesia commits bushfire aid". http://www.abc.net.au/news. ABC News. 12 February 2009. Retrieved 15 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  83. ↑ Tom Allard (16 February 2009). "Indonesians fly in to help identify bodies". http://www.smh.com.au (Sydney Morning Herald). Retrieved 15 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  84. ↑ "Over $600 Million in New Partnership Funding Agreed by Australian and Indonesian Ministers". http://ministers.treasury.gov.au/. Department of Treasury. 7 December 2005. Retrieved 15 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  85. ↑ Bachelard, Michael (5 April 2013). "Schools getting Australian aid free of radicalism, Carr told". http://www.smh.com.au (Sydney Morning Herald). Retrieved 30 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  86. ↑ "Indonesia Infrastructure Initiative". http://www.indii.co.id. Indonesia Infrastructure Initiative. 2013. Retrieved 30 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  87. ↑ "AusAID's Management of Infrastructure Aid to Indonesia" (PDF). http://www.anao.gov.au. Australian National Audit Office. 28 May 2013. Retrieved 30 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  88. ↑ "About AEC Indonesia". http://www.aecindonesia.org/. Australian Electoral Commission. 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  89. 1 2 3 "2011 QuickStats Country of Birth". http://www.abs.gov.au. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2011. Retrieved 26 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  90. ↑ "Community Information Summary: Indonesian-born" (PDF). http://www.immi.gov.au. Department of Immigration and Citizenship. Retrieved 29 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  91. ↑ "Jumlah Kedatangan Wisatawan Mancanegara ke Indonesia Menurut Negara Tempat Tinggal 2002–2011". http://www.bps.go.id/. Statistics Indonesia. 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  92. 1 2 "Laporan Survei Nasional Tenaga Kerja Asing di Indonesia Tahun 2009" (PDF). http://www.bi.go.id. Bank Indonesia. 2009. Retrieved 29 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  93. ↑ Robert Upe (30 April 2013). "Hottest destinations for Australians revealed". http://www.smh.com.au/ (Sydney Morning Herald). Retrieved 14 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  94. ↑ Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics (December 2012). "International airline activity 2012" (PDF). http://www.bitre.gov.au/. Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics. Retrieved 14 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  95. 1 2 3 "Indonesia Market Profile" (PDF). http://www.tourism.australia.com/. Tourism Australia. April 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  96. ↑ Jabour, Bridie (20 March 2013). "Garuda restarts Brisbane to Bali flights". http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au. Brisbane Times. Retrieved 15 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  97. ↑
  98. ↑ "First elements of Indonesian transport deal sealed". ABC News. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  99. ↑ "Indonesian crash pilot sentenced". BBC News. 6 April 2009.
  100. ↑ http://www.minister.infrastructure.gov.au/aa/releases/2008/January/AA009_2008.aspx
  101. 1 2 Hanson, Fergus. "The Lowy Institute Poll 2012: Public Opinion and Foreign Policy" (PDF). Lowy Institute. p. 16. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
  102. ↑ Lane, Bernard (20 March 2012). "Indonesians 'warmer' to Australians now". The Australian. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
  103. ↑ Hanson, Fergus. "Australia, Indonesia, and the World: Public Opinion and Foreign Policy" (PDF). Lowy Institute. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
  104. ↑ Roberts, George. "Spying row: Indonesia gives Tony Abbott two days to respond to claims SBY's phone tapped". ABC News. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
  105. ↑ "Indonesia recalls envoy over Australia spying". Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  106. ↑ "Indonesia freezes ties with Australia". Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  107. ↑ "Tony Abbott refuses to apologise for Indonesian spying program". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  108. ↑ "Indonesian protesters burn Australian flags". Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  109. ↑ McAllister, Ian (June 2005). "Representative Views: Mass and elite opinion on Australian security" (PDF). http://www.aspi.org. Australian Strategic Policy Institute. Retrieved 15 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  110. ↑ Yudhoyono, Susilo Bambang (11 March 2010). "Stereotypes do our peoples an injustice". The Age (Melbourne).
  111. ↑ Brown, Colin (30 November 2012). "Time to get to know our neighbours for real". http://app.griffith.edu.au/news/. Griffith University. Retrieved 20 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  112. ↑ Hanson, Fergus (20 March 2012). "Indonesia: Our biggest blind spot". http://www.lowyinterpreter.org/. The Interpreter. Retrieved 20 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  113. ↑ Belford, Aubrey (5 April 2013). "Resort of Last Resort". http://www.theglobalmail.org/. The Global Mail. Retrieved 15 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  114. 1 2 3 Crouch, Melissa; Missbach, Antje (10 September 2012). "Australia-Indonesia commitment a must on people smuggling". http://www.crikey.com.au. Crikey. Retrieved 15 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
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  116. ↑ "Report of the Expert Panel on Asylum Seekers" (PDF). http://expertpanelonasylumseekers.dpmc.gov.au/. Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet. August 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  117. ↑ Brown, Matt (27 May 2011). "Indonesia passes laws criminalising people smuggling". http://www.abc.net.au/news/. ABC News. Retrieved 15 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  118. ↑ Clarke, Tom (30 November 2012). "Australia's evolving position on West Papua". http://www.theaustralian.com.au/ (The Australian). Retrieved 15 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  119. ↑ "Foreign Minister Bob Carr – Question Without Notice – West Papua". http://foreignminister.gov.au/. Foreign Minister. 20 March 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  120. ↑ Allard, Tom (4 February 2006). "Indonesia ups ante on Papuans". http://www.theage.com.au/ (Melbourne: The Age). Retrieved 15 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  121. ↑ Forbes, Mark (5 April 2006). "Papuan boat arrival fuels crisis". http://www.theage.com.au/ (Melbourne: The Age). Retrieved 15 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  122. 1 2 Guest, Anne (24 June 2009). "Merauke Five 'felt they'd been forgotten'". http://www.abc.net.au/news/. ABC News. Retrieved 15 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  123. ↑ Sarah Ferguson and Michael Doyle (May 30, 2011). "A Bloody Business". abc.net.au. ABC News. Retrieved December 1, 2013.
  124. ↑ "Australian Government response to mistreatment of Australian cattle in Indonesian abattoirs, Australian Government action on live exports". Australian Government Department of Agriculture. 7 June 2011. Retrieved December 1, 2013.
  125. ↑ Roberts, George (16 December 2011), The full story.... Indonesia cattle decision linked to live trade ban, Australian Broadcasting Commission, archived from the original on 12 September 2014
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  127. ↑ "High hopes for live exports as Indonesia lifts cattle quotas". The Australian. 5 September 2013.
  128. ↑ "That's not halal killing: Indonesian cleric joins attack on cattle slaughter". The Australian. 1 June 2011.
  129. ↑ http://www.mla.com.au/Prices-and-markets/Trends-and-analysis/Beef/Forecasts/MLA-cattle-industry-projections-2013/878-beef-exports-Indonesia-and-SE-Asia
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  131. ↑ Sue Neales (September 5, 2013). "High hopes for live exports as Indonesia lifts cattle quotas". theaustralian.com.au (The Australian). Retrieved December 1, 2013.
  132. ↑ Article 7 Australia-Indonesia Extradition Treaty
  133. ↑ http://www.afp.gov.au/~/media/afp/pdf/ips-foi-documents/ips/publication-list/afp%20national%20guideline%20on%20international%20police-to-police%20assistance%20in%20death%20penalty%20situations.pdf AFP National Guideline on international police-to-police assistance in death penalty situations (2009)
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  135. ↑ Nettikkara, Samiha (18 February 2015). "Boycotting Bali over the death sentence". BBC. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
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  138. ↑ http://www.aph.gov.au/House/committee/jsct/reports/report12/report12.pdf Australia-Indonesia Maritime Delimitation Treaty, 12th Report to the Joint Standing Committee on Treaties, Parliament of Australia, p.1
  139. ↑ http://www.dfat.gov.au/media/releases/foreign/1996/fa96.html Announcement of the Finalisation of the Maritime Boundary by the Australian Minister for Foreign Affairs, 13 September 1996
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  143. 1 2 3 Forbes, Mark (26 October 2005). "SAS to work with Indonesia's feared unit". http://www.smh.com.au (Sydney Morning Herald). Retrieved 20 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  144. ↑ McGrath, Catherine (16 October 2002). "Australia-Indonesia anti-terrorism task force". http://www.abc.net.au/. ABC Radio. Retrieved 20 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  145. 1 2 McDonnel, Stephen; Brown, Helen (27 November 2011). "China, Indonesia wary of US troops in Darwin". http://www.abc.net.au/news. ABC News. Retrieved 19 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  146. ↑ Arthur, Gordon (31 October 2012). "US MARINE DEPLOYMENT IN DARWIN – "BORDERING ON THE REMARKABLE!"". http://www.asiapacificdefencereporter.com/. Asia Pacific Defence Reporter. Retrieved 15 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  147. ↑ ""IKAHAN Discussion Series – Malam Ceramah" on the Australia-Indonesia Defence Relationship". http://www.minister.defence.gov.au. Minister for Defence. 3 April 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  148. 1 2 Murdoch, Lindsay; Bachelard, Michael (18 July 2012). "Indonesian jets in Australian war games". http://www.smh.com.au (Sydney Morning Herald). Retrieved 19 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  149. ↑ "Minister for Defence – C-130 Hercules aircraft gifted to Indonesia". http://www.minister.defence.gov.au/. Minister for Defence. 2 July 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  150. ↑ "Aust and Indonesia hail bilateral ties". http://www.theaustralian.com.au (Australian Associated Press). 3 April 2012. Retrieved 19 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
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  152. ↑ "Indonesia: State offices". http://www.dfat.gov.au. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 16 May 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  153. ↑ "Australia welcomes Indonesia's new ambassador, Amb. Nadjib Riphat Kesoema". http://projectingindonesia.com/. Projecting Indonesia. 16 October 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  154. 1 2 3 "Towards 2025: Australia's Indonesia Strategy in the Asian Century" (PDF). http://www.dfat.gov.au. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. April 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  155. ↑ Ririhena, Yohanna (4 December 2014). "PM Abbott appoints Paul Grigson as new envoy to RI". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 17 March 2015.
  156. ↑ (Chinese) Australia signs ASEAN friendship pact
  157. ↑ "Select Documents on International Affairs No. 44 (1996) 15". Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  158. ↑ "Marrakesh Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO Agreement) [1995] ATS 8". Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  159. ↑ "Indonesia Education Country Briefing" (PDF). http://www.austrade.gov.au. Austrade. 1 March 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  160. ↑ "Study in Asia a key to Asia competence: ACICIS responds to the Australia in the Asian Century White Paper" (PDF). http://www.acicis.murdoch.edu.au/. Australian Consortium for In-Country Indonesian Studies. 30 November 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  161. ↑ "What is ACICIS?". http://www.acicis.murdoch.edu.au. Australian Consortium for In-Country Indonesian Studies. 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  162. 1 2 3 Lindsey, Tim (2012). "‘Preposterous Caricatures’: Fear, Tokenism, Denial and the Australia-Indonesia Relationship" (PDF). http://www.acicis.murdoch.edu.au/. Australian Consortium for In-Country Indonesian Studies. Retrieved 15 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  163. 1 2 David Hill (April 2012). "Indonesian Language in Australian Universities: Strategies for a stronger future" (PDF). http://altcfellowship.murdoch.edu.au/=. Murdoch University. Retrieved 15 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  164. ↑ "School Language Program". http://deewr.gov.au/. Department of Education, Employment, and Workplace Relations. 2 December 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  165. ↑ Williams, Louise (10 September 2004). "Fading expertise in close neighbour". http://www.smh.com.au/ (Sydney Morning Herald). Retrieved 15 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  166. ↑ McRae, David (29 October 2012). "What the Asian Century White Paper means for our ties with Indonesia". http://www.lowyinterpreter.org/. Lowy Interpreter. Retrieved 15 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  167. ↑ Flitton, Daniel (9 May 2013). "ABC may pull plug on China broadcast". http://www.smh.com.au (Sydney Morning Herald). Retrieved 31 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  168. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Tapsell, Ross (2009). "A history of Australian journalism in Indonesia". http://www.uow.edu.au. University of Wollongong. Retrieved 31 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  169. 1 2 "Tentang PPIA". http://www.ppi-australia.org. PPI Australia. 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  170. ↑ "ANU Students and Alumni Deepen the Australia-Indonesia Relationship". http://www.aiya.org.au/. Australia-Indonesia Youth Association. 31 January 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)
  171. ↑ "About the Australia-Indonesia Institute". http://www.dfat.gov.au. Australia-Indonesia Institute. 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2013. External link in |work= (help)

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