Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease

For other diseases, see Charcot disease.
Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease

The foot of a person with Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease. The lack of muscle, a high arch, and claw toes are signs of this genetic disease.
Classification and external resources
Specialty Neurology
ICD-10 G60.0
ICD-9-CM 356.1
OMIM 311860 611566 311070 311850 (X Type 5)
302800 304040 (X Type 1)
DiseasesDB 5815 2343
MedlinePlus 000727
eMedicine orthoped/43 pmr/29
MeSH D002607
GeneReviews

Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (CMT), also known as Charcot–Marie–Tooth neuropathy and peroneal muscular atrophy is one of the hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies, a group of varied inherited disorders of the peripheral nervous system characterised by progressive loss of muscle tissue and touch sensation across various parts of the body. Currently incurable, this disease is the most commonly inherited neurological disorder, and affects approximately 1 in 2,500 people.[1][2] CMT was previously classified as a subtype of muscular dystrophy.[1]

Signs and symptoms

Symptoms of CMT usually begin in early childhood or early adulthood, but can begin earlier. Some people do not experience symptoms until their early thirties or forties. Usually, the initial symptom is foot drop early in the course of the disease. This can also cause hammer toe, where the toes are always curled. Wasting of muscle tissue of the lower parts of the legs may give rise to a "stork leg" or "inverted champagne bottle" appearance. Weakness in the hands and forearms occurs in many people as the disease progresses.

Loss of touch sensation in the feet, ankles and legs, as well as in the hands, wrists and arms occur with various types of the disease. Early and late onset forms occur with 'on and off' painful spasmodic muscular contractions that can be disabling when the disease activates. High arched feet (pes cavus) or flat arched feet (pes planus) are classically associated with the disorder.[3] Sensory and proprioceptive nerves in the hands and feet are often damaged, while pain nerves are left intact. Overuse of an affected hand or limb can activate symptoms including numbness, spasm, and painful cramping.

Symptoms and progression of the disease can vary. Involuntary grinding of teeth as well as squinting are prevalent and often go unnoticed by the person affected. Breathing can be affected in some; so can hearing, vision, as well as the neck and shoulder muscles. Scoliosis is common, causing hunching and loss of height. Hip sockets can be malformed. Gastrointestinal problems can be part of CMT,[4][5] as can difficulty chewing, swallowing, and speaking (due to atrophy of vocal cords).[6] A tremor can develop as muscles waste. Pregnancy has been known to exacerbate CMT, as well as extreme emotional stress. Patients with CMT must avoid periods of prolonged immobility such as when recovering from a secondary injury as prolonged periods of limited mobility can drastically accelerate symptoms of CMT.[7]

Pain due to postural changes, skeletal deformations, muscular fatigue and cramping is fairly common in people with CMT. It can be mitigated or treated by physical therapies, surgeries, and corrective or assistive devices. Analgesic medications may also be needed if other therapies do not provide relief from pain.[8] Neuropathic pain is often a symptom of CMT, though, like other symptoms of CMT, its presence and severity varies from case to case. For some people, pain can be significant to severe and interfere with daily life activities. However, pain is not experienced by all people with CMT. When neuropathic pain is present as a symptom of CMT, it is comparable to that seen in other peripheral neuropathies, as well as Postherpetic neuralgia and Complex regional pain syndrome, among other diseases.[9]

Causes

Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease is caused by mutations that cause defects in neuronal proteins. Nerve signals are conducted by an axon with a myelin sheath wrapped around it. Most mutations in CMT affect the myelin sheath, but some affect the axon.

The most common cause of CMT (70-80% of the cases) is the duplication of a large region on the short arm of chromosome 17 that includes the gene PMP22. Some mutations affect the gene MFN2, which codes for a mitochondrial protein. Cells contain separate sets of genes in their nucleus and in their mitochondria. In nerve cells, the mitochondria travel down the long axons. In some forms of CMT, mutated MFN2 causes the mitochondria to form large clusters, or clots, which are unable to travel down the axon towards the synapses. This prevents the synapses from functioning.[10]

CMT is divided into the primary demyelinating neuropathies (CMT1, CMT3, and CMT4) and the primary axonal neuropathies (CMT2), with frequent overlap. Another cell involved in CMT is the Schwann cell, which creates the myelin sheath, by wrapping its plasma membrane around the axon.[11]

Neurons, Schwann cells, and fibroblasts work together to create a functional nerve.[12][13] Schwann cells and neurons exchange molecular signals that regulate survival and differentiation. These signals are disrupted in CMT.[11]

Demyelinating Schwann cells causes abnormal axon structure and function. They may cause axon degeneration, or they may simply cause axons to malfunction.[1]

The myelin sheath allows nerve cells to conduct signals faster. When the myelin sheath is damaged, nerve signals are slower, and this can be measured by a common neurological test, electromyography. When the axon is damaged, on the other hand, this results in a reduced compound muscle action potential (CMAP).[14]

Diagnosis

CMT can be diagnosed through symptoms, through measurement of the speed of nerve impulses (nerve conduction studies), through biopsy of the nerve, and through DNA testing. DNA testing can give a definitive diagnosis, but not all the genetic markers for CMT are known. CMT is first noticed when someone develops lower leg weakness, such as foot drop; or foot deformities, including hammertoes and high arches. But signs alone do not lead to diagnosis. Patients must be referred to a physician specialising in neurology or rehabilitation medicine. To see signs of muscle weakness the neurologist will ask patients to walk on their heels or to move part of their leg against an opposing force. In order to identify sensory loss the neurologist will test for deep tendon reflexes, such as the knee jerk, which are reduced or absent in CMT. The doctor will also ask about family history because CMT is hereditary. The lack of family history does not rule out CMT, but it will allow the doctor to rule out other causes of neuropathy such as diabetes or exposure to certain chemicals or drugs.[15]

In 2010, CMT was one of the first diseases where the genetic cause of a particular patient's disease was precisely determined by sequencing the whole genome of an affected individual. This was done by the scientists employed by the Charcot Marie Tooth Association (CMTA)[16][17] Two mutations were identified in a gene, SH3TC2, known to cause CMT. Researchers then compared the affected patient's genome to the genomes of the patient's mother, father, and seven siblings with and without the disease. The mother and father each had one normal and one mutant copy of this gene, and had mild or no symptoms. The offspring that inherited two mutant genes presented fully with the disease. Sequencing the initial patient's whole genome cost $50,000, but researchers estimated that it would soon cost $5,000 and become common.

Microscopic Features

The constant cycle of demyelination and remyelination, which occurs in CMT, can lead to the formation of layers of myelin around some nerves, termed an "onion bulb". These are also seen in CIDP.[18] Muscles will show fiber type grouping, a similarly non-specific finding which is evidence of a cycle of denervation/reinnervation. Normally, type I and type II muscle fibers show a checkerboard-like random distribution. However, when reinnervation occurs the a group of fibers will all be associated with one nerve and will be of the same group. The gold standard for showing fiber type is the histoenzymatic adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase at pH 9.4).[19]

Classification

CMT is a result of genetic mutations in a number of genes. Based on the affected gene, CMT can be categorized into types and subtypes.[17]

Management


Often the most important goal for patients with CMT is to maintain movement, muscle strength, and flexibility. Therefore, physical therapy and moderate activity are usually recommended, but overexertion should be avoided. A physiotherapist should be involved in designing an exercise program that fits a patient’s personal strengths and flexibility. Orthoses (bracing) can also be used to correct problems caused by CMT. An orthotist may address gait abnormalities by prescribing the use of ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs). These orthoses help control foot drop and ankle instability and often provide a better sense of balance for patients. Appropriate footwear is also very important for people with CMT, but they often have difficulty finding well-fitting shoes because of their high arched feet and hammer toes. Due to the lack of good sensory reception in the feet, CMT patients may also need to see a podiatrist for help in trimming nails or removing calluses that develop on the pads of the feet. A final decision a patient can make is to have surgery. Using a podiatrist or an orthopedic surgeon, patients can choose to stabilize their feet or correct progressive problems. These procedures include straightening and pinning the toes, lowering the arch, and sometimes, fusing the ankle joint to provide stability.[7] CMT patients must take extra care to avoid falling because fractures take longer to heal in someone with an underlying disease process. Additionally, the resulting inactivity may cause the CMT to worsen.[7]

The Charcot-Marie-Tooth Association classifies the chemotherapy drug vincristine as a "definite high risk" and states that "vincristine has been proven hazardous and should be avoided by all CMT patients, including those with no symptoms."[20]

There are also several corrective surgical procedures that can be done to improve physical condition.

History

The disease is named after those who classically described it: Jean-Martin Charcot (1825–1893), his pupil Pierre Marie (1853–1940) ("Sur une forme particulière d'atrophie musculaire progressive, souvent familiale débutant par les pieds et les jambes et atteignant plus tard les mains". Revue médicale (Paris) 6: 97–138. 1886. ), and Howard Henry Tooth (1856–1925) ("The peroneal type of progressive muscular atrophy", dissertation, London, 1886.)

Media

There is a documentary titled Bernadette that follows a young woman battling the disease. It was made in 2012 and is currently sold online.[21]

A 2011 episode of Mystery Diagnosis featured a young girl who was eventually diagnosed with Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease.[22]

Notable people with CMT

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Krajewski, K. M. (2000). "Neurological dysfunction and axonal degeneration in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A". Brain 123 (7): 1516–27. doi:10.1093/brain/123.7.1516. PMID 10869062.
  2. ↑ Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation for Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease. Medscape. Retrieved March 20th, 2012.
  3. ↑ Le, Tao; Bhushan, Vikas (6 January 2014). First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2014. McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 9780071831420. Retrieved 4 September 2014. Typically autosomal dominant inheritance pattern associated with scoliosis and foot deformities (high or flat arches).
  4. ↑ http://www.lindacrabtree.com/cmt/basics/basics_article1.html[]
  5. ↑ Soykan I, McCallum RW (January 1997). "Gastrointestinal involvement in neurologic disorders: Stiff-man and Charcot-Marie-Tooth syndromes". The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 313 (1): 70–3. doi:10.1097/00000441-199701000-00012. PMID 9001170.
  6. ↑ http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/charcot_marie_tooth/detail_charcot_marie_tooth.htm#265923092[]
  7. 1 2 3 "Treatment and Management of CMT" (Press release). Charcot-Marie-Tooth Association. October 6, 2010. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
  8. ↑ "Charcot-Marie-Tooth Syndrome. CMT information. Patient - Patient". Patient.
  9. ↑ Carter, Gregory T.; Jensen, Mark P.; Galer, Bradley S.; Kraft, George H.; Crabtree, Linda D.; Beardsley, Ruth M.; Abresch, Richard T.; Bird, Thomas D. (1998). "Neuropathic pain in Charcot-Marie-tooth disease". Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 79 (12): 1560–4. doi:10.1016/S0003-9993(98)90421-X. PMID 9862301.
  10. ↑ Baloh, R. H.; Schmidt, R. E.; Pestronk, A.; Milbrandt, J. (2007). "Altered Axonal Mitochondrial Transport in the Pathogenesis of Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease from Mitofusin 2 Mutations". Journal of Neuroscience 27 (2): 422–30. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4798-06.2007. PMID 17215403.
  11. 1 2 Berger, Philipp; Young, Peter; Suter, Ueli (2002). "Molecular cell biology of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease". Neurogenetics 4 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1007/s10048-002-0130-z. PMID 12030326.
  12. ↑ Neuron
  13. ↑ Schwann cell
  14. ↑ Yiu, Eppie M.; Burns, Joshua; Ryan, Monique M.; Ouvrier, Robert A. (2008). "Neurophysiologic abnormalities in children with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A". Journal of the Peripheral Nervous System 13 (3): 236–241. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8027.2008.00182.x. PMID 18844790.
  15. ↑ http://www.charcot-marie-tooth.org/about_cmt/diagnosis.php[]
  16. ↑ Wade, Nicholas (2010-03-10). "Disease Cause Is Pinpointed With Genome". New York Times.
  17. 1 2 Lupski, James R.; Reid, Jeffrey G.; Gonzaga-Jauregui, Claudia; Rio Deiros, David; Chen, David C.Y.; Nazareth, Lynne; Bainbridge, Matthew; Dinh, Huyen; et al. (2010). "Whole-Genome Sequencing in a Patient with Charcot–Marie–Tooth Neuropathy". New England Journal of Medicine 362 (13): 1181–91. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0908094. PMID 20220177.
  18. ↑ Midroni, Gyl; Bilbao, Juan M.; with the technical assistance of Cohen, Sandra M. (1995). Biopsy diagnosis of peripheral neuropathy. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 75–103. ISBN 9780750695527.
  19. ↑ Dubowitz, Victor; Sewry, Caroline A.; toxic, Anders Oldfors ; with contribution on; Lane, drug-induced myopathies by Russell (2013). Muscle biopsy : a practical approach (Fourth edition. ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier. ISBN 0702043400.
  20. ↑ CMT Association: Medical Alert
  21. ↑ Bernadette at the Internet Movie Database
  22. ↑ Simple Symptoms Turn Threatening at the Internet Movie Database
  23. ↑ "Victor Bailey Battling Muscular Dystrophy". No Treble.

External links

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