Enkephalinase inhibitor

An enkephalinase inhibitor is a type of enzyme inhibitor which inhibits one or more members of the enkephalinase class of enzymes that break down the endogenous enkephalin opioid peptides. Examples include racecadotril, ubenimex (bestatin), RB-101, and D-phenylalanine, as well as the endogenous opioid peptides opiorphin and spinorphin.^[1] Analgesic, anticraving, antidepressant, anxiolytic, and antidiarrheal effects are common properties of enkephalinase inhibitors.^[1]

References

1 2 Thanawala V, Kadam VJ, Ghosh R (October 2008). "Enkephalinase inhibitors: potential agents for the management of pain". Current Drug Targets 9 (10): 887–94. doi:10.2174/138945008785909356. PMID 18855623.

Analgesics (N02A, N02B)

Opioids

Opiates/opium	Codeine^# Morphine^# Opium Laudanum Paregoric

Semisynthetic	Acetyldihydrocodeine Benzylmorphine Buprenorphine Desomorphine Diacetylmorphine (heroin) Dihydrocodeine Dihydromorphine Ethylmorphine Hydrocodone Hydromorphinol Hydromorphone Nicocodeine Nicodicodeine Nicomorphine Oxycodone Oxymorphone Thebacon

Synthetic	Alphaprodine Anileridine Butorphanol Dextromoramide Dextropropoxyphene Dezocine Fentanyl Ketobemidone Levorphanol Meptazinol Methadone Nalbuphine Pentazocine Pethidine Phenadoxone Phenazocine Piminodine Piritramide Propiram Tapentadol Tilidine Tramadol

Anilines

Acetanilide^‡
Bucetin^‡
Butacetin^‡
Paracetamol (acetaminophen)^#
Parapropamol^‡
Phenacetin^‡
Propacetamol^‡

NSAIDs

Propionates	Fenoprofen Flurbiprofen Ibuprofen^# Ketoprofen Naproxen Oxaprozin

Oxicams	Meloxicam Piroxicam

Acetates	Diclofenac Indometacin Ketorolac Nabumetone Sulindac Tolmetin

COX-2 inhibitors	Celecoxib Etoricoxib Lumiracoxib Parecoxib Rofecoxib ^‡ Valdecoxib ^‡

Fenamates	Meclofenamic acid Mefenamic acid

Salicylates	Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)^# (+paracetamol/caffeine) Benorylate Diflunisal Ethenzamide Magnesium salicylate Salicin Salicylamide Salsalate Wintergreen (methyl salicylate)

Pyrazolones	Aminophenazone^‡ Ampyrone Metamizole (dipyrone) Nifenazone Phenazone Propyphenazone

Others	Glafenine

Cannabinoids

Channelergics

Calcium blockers	Gabapentin Gabapentin enacarbil Pregabalin Ziconotide

Sodium blockers	Carbamazepine Lacosamide Local anesthetics (e.g., cocaine, lidocaine) Mexiletine Nefopam Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline^#)

Potassium openers	Flupirtine

Myorelaxants

Others

Camphor
Capsaicin
Clonidine
Ketamine
Menthol
Methoxyflurane
Nefopam
Proglumide
Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline^#)

^#WHO-EM
^‡Withdrawn from market
Clinical trials:
- ^†Phase III
- ^§Never to phase III

Antidiarrheals, intestinal anti-inflammatory and anti-infective agents (A07)

Rehydration	Oral rehydration therapy

Intestinal anti-infectives	Antibiotics Amphotericin B Colistin Fidaxomicin Kanamycin Natamycin Neomycin Nystatin Paromomycin Polymyxin B Rifaximin Streptomycin Vancomycin Sulfonamides Phthalylsulfathiazole Succinylsulfathiazole Sulfaguanidine Nitrofuran Nifuroxazide Nifurzide) Imidazole Miconazole Arsenical Acetarsol Oxyquinoline Broxyquinoline

Intestinal adsorbents	Charcoal Bismuth Pectin Kaolin Crospovidone Attapulgite Diosmectite

Antipropulsives (opioids)	Opium tincture (laudanum) Codeine Morphine Camphorated opium tincture (paregoric) crosses BBB: Diphenoxylate (Diphenoxylate/atropine) Difenoxin does not cross BBB: Eluxadoline Loperamide

Intestinal anti-inflammatory agents	corticosteroids acting locally Prednisolone Hydrocortisone Prednisone Betamethasone Tixocortol Budesonide Beclometasone antiallergic agents, excluding corticosteroids Cromoglicic acid aminosalicylic acid and similar agents Sulfasalazine Mesalazine Olsalazine Balsalazide

Antidiarrheal micro-organisms	Saccharomyces boulardii

Other antidiarrheals	Albumin tannate Ceratonia Crofelemer Octreotide Racecadotril

Opioidergics

Receptor
(ligands)

MOR	Agonists (abridged; see here for a full list): 7-Acetoxymitragynine 7-Hydroxymitragynine ψ-Akuammigine α-Chlornaltrexamine α-Narcotine Acetyldihydrocodeine Acetylfentanyl Adrenorphin (metorphamide) AH-7921 Akuammicine Akuammidine Alfentanil Anileridine Apparicine β-Endorphin BAM-12P BAM-18P BAM-22P Benzhydrocodone Benzylmorphine Bezitramide Biphalin BU08070 Buprenorphine Butorphanol Butyrfentanyl BW-373U86 Carfentanil Casokefamide Cebranopadol Chloroxymorphamine Codeine DADLE DAMGO (DAGO) Dermorphin Desomorphine Dextromoramide Dextropropoxyphene (propoxyphene) Dezocine Dimethylaminopivalophenone Eluxadoline Diamorphine (heroin) Dihydrocodeine Dihydroetorphine Dihydromorphine Diphenoxylate Dipipanone Dynorphin A Embutramide Endomorphin-1 Endomorphin-2 Eseroline Ethylmorphine Etorphine Fentanyl Fluorophen Frakefamide Hemorphin-4 Herkinorin Hodgkinsine Hydrocodone Hydromorphinol Hydromorphone IBNtxA Ketamine Ketobemidone Kratom Laudanosine Lefetamine Leu-enkephalin Levacetylmethadol Levorphanol Lexanopadol Loperamide Matrine Meptazinol Met-enkephalin (metenkefalin) Methadone Metkefamide Metopon Mitragynine Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl Morphiceptin Morphine Nalbuphine NalBzOH Nalmexone Naltalimide Neopine Nicocodeine Nicodicodeine Nicomorphine NKTR-181 Norketamine O-Desmethyltramadol Octreotide Oripavine Oxycodone Oxymorphazone Oxymorphonazine Oxymorphone Oxymorphone phenylhydrazone OxyPNPH Papaver somniferum (opium) Pentazocine Pericine Pethidine (meperidine) Phenazocine Phencyclidine Piminodine Piritramide PL-017 Prodine Propiram Remifentanil Salsolinol Sinomenine Sufentanil Tapentadol Tetrahydropapaveroline TH-030418 Thebaine Thienorphine Tianeptine Tilidine Tramadol Trimebutine TRIMU 5 TRV130 TRV734 Tubotaiwine U-47700 Valorphin Viminol PAMs: BMS-986121 BMS-986122 Antagonists: (3S,4S)-Picenadol 2-(S)-N,N-(R)-Viminol 4-Caffeoyl-1,5-quinide 4′-Hydroxyflavanone 4',7-Dihydroxyflavone 6β-Naltrexol 6β-Naltrexol-d4 18-MC α-Gliadin β-Chlornaltrexamine β-Funaltrexamine Akuammine Alvimopan Apigenin AT-076 Axelopran Bevenopran Catechin Catechin gallate Clocinnamox CTAP CTOP Cyclofoxy Cyprodime Diacetylnalorphine Diprenorphine ECG EGC Epicatechin Eptazocine Gemazocine Ginsenoside R Hyperoside Ibogaine Levallorphan Lobeline LY-255582 LY-2196044 Methocinnamox Methylnaltrexone Methylsamidorphan chloride Naldemedine Nalmefene Nalorphine Nalorphine dinicotinate Naloxazone Naloxegol Naloxol Naloxonazine Naloxone Naltrexazone Naltrexonazine Naltrexone Naltrindole Naringenin Noribogaine Oxilorphan Pawhuskin A Quadazocine Samidorphan Taxifolin Unknown/unsorted: Cannabidiol Coronaridine Cyproterone acetate Dihydroakuuamine Tabernanthine Tetrahydrocannabinol

DOR	Agonists: 6'-GNTI 7-SIOM ADL-5747 (PF-04856881) ADL-5859 Amoxapine AR-M100390 (ARM390) AZD2327 β-Endorphin BAM-18P Biphalin BU-48 Butorphanol BW-373U86 Casokefamide Cebranopadol Codeine Cyclazocine DADLE Deltorphin A Deltorphin I Deltorphin II Desmethylclozapine Dezocine Diamorphine (heroin) Dihydroetorphine Dihydromorphine DPDPE DPI-221 DPI-3290 DSLET Ethylketazocine Etorphine Fentanyl FIT Fluorophen Hemorphin-4 Hydrocodone Hydromorphone Ibogaine Isomethadone JNJ-20788560 KNT-127 Kratom Laudanosine Leu-enkephalin Levorphanol Lexanopadol Lofentanil Met-enkephalin (metenkefalin) Metazocine Metkefamide Mitragynine Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl Morphine N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon Norbuprenorphine NalBzOH O-Desmethyltramadol Oripavine Oxycodone Oxymorphone Pethidine (meperidine) Proglumide RWJ-394674 SB-235863 SKF-10047 SNC-80 SNC-162 TAN-67 (SB-205,607) TH-030418 Thebaine Thiobromadol (C-8813) Tianeptine Tonazocine Tramadol TRV250 Xorphanol Zenazocine Antagonists: 4',7-Dihydroxyflavone 5'-NTII 6β-Naltrexol 6β-Naltrexol-d4 α-Santolol β-Chlornaltrexamine Apigenin AT-076 Axelopran Bevenopran BNTX Catechin Catechin gallate Clocinnamox Diacetylnalorphine Diprenorphine ECG EGC Eluxadoline Epicatechin ICI-154129 ICI-174864 LY-255582 LY-2196044 Methylnaltrexone Methylnaltrindole N-Benzylnaltrindole Nalmefene Nalorphine Naltrexone Naltriben Naltrindole Naloxone Naringenin Noribogaine Pawhuskin A Quadazocine SDM25N SoRI-9409 Taxifolin Thienorphine Unknown/unsorted: 18-MC Cannabidiol Coronaridine Cyproterone acetate Tabernanthine Tetrahydrocannabinol

KOR	Agonists: 6'-GNTI 8-CAC 18-MC 14-Methoxymetopon β-Chlornaltrexamine β-Funaltrexamine Adrenorphin (metorphamide) Akuuamicine Alazocine Allomatrine Asimadoline BAM-12P BAM-18P BAM-22P Big dynorphin Bremazocine BRL-52537 Butorphanol BW-373U86 Cebranopadol Ciprefadol CR665 Cyclazocine Cyclorphan Cyprenorphine Diamorphine (heroin) Diacetylnalorphine Difelikefalin Dihydroetorphine Dihydromorphine Dynorphin A Dynorphin B (rimorphin) Eluxadoline Enadoline Eptazocine Erinacine E Ethylketazocine Etorphine Fedotozine Fentanyl Gemazocine GR-89696 GR-103545 Hemorphin-4 Herkinorin HS665 Hydromorphone HZ-2 Ibogaine ICI-199,441 ICI-204,448 Ketamine Ketazocine Laudanosine Leumorphin (dynorphin B-29) Levallorphan Levorphanol Lexanopadol Lofentanil LPK-26 Lufuradom Matrine MB-1C-OH Menthol Metazocine Metkefamide Mianserin Mirtazapine Morphine Moxazocine MR-2034 N-MPPP Nalbuphine NalBzOH Nalfurafine Nalmefene Nalorphine Naltriben Norbuprenorphine Norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide Noribogaine Norketamine O-Desmethyltramadol Oripavine Oxilorphan Oxycodone Pentazocine Pethidine (meperidine) Phenazocine Proxorphan RB-64 Salvinorin A (salvia) Salvinorin B ethoxymethyl ether Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether SKF-10047 Spiradoline (U-62,066) TH-030418 Thienorphine Tifluadom Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, desipramine, imipramine, nortriptyline) U-50,488 U-54,494A U-69,593 Xorphanol Antagonists: 4′-Hydroxyflavanone 4',7-Dihydroxyflavone 5'-GNTI 6'-GNTI 6β-Naltrexol 6β-Naltrexol-d4 β-Chlornaltrexamine Buprenorphine/samidorphan Amentoflavone ANTI Apigenin Arodyne AT-076 Axelopran Binaltorphimine BU09059 Buprenorphine Catechin Catechin gallate CERC-501 (LY-2456302) Clocinnamox Cyclofoxy Dezocine DIPPA Diprenorphine EGC ECG Epicatechin Hyperoside JDTic LY-255582 LY-2196044 LY-2459989 LY-2795050 MeJDTic Methylnaltrexone ML190 ML350 MR-2266 N-Fluoropropyl-JDTic Naloxone Naltrexone Naltrindole Naringenin Norbinaltorphimine Noribogaine Pawhuskin A PF-4455242 RB-64 Quadazocine Taxifolin UPHIT Zyklophin Unknown/unsorted: Akuammicine Akuammine Coronaridine Cyproterone acetate Dihydroakuuamine Ibogamine Tabernanthine

NOP	Agonists: (Arg14,Lys15)Nociceptin ((pF)Phe⁴)Nociceptin(1-13)NH₂ (Phe¹Ψ(CH₂-NH)Gly²)Nociceptin(1-13)NH₂ Ac-RYYRWK-NH₂ Ac-RYYRIK-NH₂ BU08070 Buprenorphine Cebranopadol Dihydroetorphine Etorphine JNJ-19385899 Levorphanol Lexanopadol MCOPPB MT-7716 NNC 63-0532 Nociceptin (orphanin FQ) Nociceptin (1-11) Nociceptin (1-13)NH₂ Norbuprenorphine Ro64-6198 Ro65-6570 SCH-221510 SCH-486757 SR-8993 SR-16435 TH-030418 Antagonists: (Nphe¹)Nociceptin(1-13)NH₂ AT-076 BAN-ORL-24 J-113397 JTC-801 LY-2940094 NalBzOH Nociceptin (1-7) Nocistatin SB-612111 SR-16430 Thienorphine Trap-101 UFP-101

Unsorted / unknown	β-Casomorphins Amidorphin BAM-20P Cytochrophin-4 Deprolorphin Gliadorphin (gluteomorphin) Gluten exorphins Hemorphins Kava constituents MEAGL MEAP NEM Neoendorphins Peptide B Peptide E Peptide F Peptide I Rubiscolins Soymorphins

Enzyme
(inhibitors)

Enkephalinase	Amastatin BL-2401 Candoxatril D -Phenylalanine Dexecadotril (retorphan) Ecadotril (sinorphan) Kelatorphan Racecadotril (acetorphan) RB-101 RB-120 RB-3007 Opiorphan Selank Semax Spinorphin Thiorphan Tynorphin Ubenimex (bestatin)

Others

Propeptides: β-Lipotropin (proendorphin)
Prodynorphin
Proenkephalin
Pronociceptin
Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)

Others: Kyotorphin (met-enkephalin releaser/degradation stabilizer)

See also: Neuropeptidergics • Peptidergics

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