List of weather records

This is a list of weather records, a list of the most extreme occurrences of weather phenomena for various categories. Many weather records are measured under specific conditions—such as surface temperature and wind speed—to keep consistency among measurements around the Earth. Each of these records is understood to be the record value officially observed, as these records may have been exceeded before modern weather instrumentation was invented, or in remote areas without an official weather station. This list does not include remotely sensed observations such as satellite measurements, since those values are not considered official records.[1]

Temperature

Measuring conditions

The standard measuring conditions for temperature are in the air, 1.5 meters above the ground, and shielded from direct sunlight (hence the term, x degrees "in the shade").[2] The following lists include all officially confirmed claims measured by those methods.

Temperatures measured directly on the ground may exceed air temperatures by 30 to 50 °C.[2] A ground temperature of 84 °C (183.2 °F) has been recorded in Port Sudan, Sudan.[3] A ground temperature of 93.9 °C (201 °F) was recorded in Furnace Creek, Death Valley, California, USA on 15 July 1972; this may be the highest natural ground surface temperature ever recorded.[4] The theoretical maximum possible ground surface temperature has been estimated to be between 90 and 100 °C for dry, darkish soils of low thermal conductivity.[5]

Satellite measurements of ground temperature taken between 2003 and 2009, taken with the MODIS infrared spectroradiometer on the Aqua satellite, found a maximum temperature of 70.7 °C (159.3 °F), which was recorded in 2005 in the Lut Desert, Iran. The Lut Desert was also found to have the highest maximum temperature in 5 of the 7 years measured (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2009). These measurements reflect averages over a large region and so are lower than the maximum point surface temperature.[2]

Satellite measurements of the surface temperature of Antarctica, taken between 1982 and 2013, found a coldest temperature of −93.2 °C (−136 °F) on 10 August 2010, at 81°48′S 59°18′E / 81.8°S 59.3°E / -81.8; 59.3. Although this is not comparable to an air temperature, it is believed that the air temperature at this location would have been lower than the official record lowest air temperature of −89.2 °C.[6][7]

Heat

Highest temperatures ever recorded

A world map showing areas with Köppen BWh (hot desert climate). The temperatures in these regions have the potential to exceed 50 °C (122 °F) during the hottest seasons.

There are reports of temperatures higher than the listed world record of 56.7 °C (134.1 °F) during phenomena known as heat bursts, including a report of 87 °C (188 °F) in Abadan, Iran in June 1967. There are also reports made by satellite analysis, including one of 66.8 °C (152.2 °F) measured in the Flaming Mountains of China in 2008.[8] These temperatures have never been confirmed, and are not recognized as world records.[9] The former highest official temperature on Earth, held for 90 years by ‘Aziziya, Libya, was de-certified by the WMO (World Meteorological Organization) in January 2012 as the record for the world's highest surface temperature. (This temperature of 58 °C (136.4 °F), registered on 13 September 1922, is currently considered to have been a recorder's error.[10])

Christopher C. Burt, the weather historian writing for Weather Underground who shepherded the Libya reading's 2012 disqualification, believes that the 1913 Death Valley reading is "a myth", and is at least four or five degrees Fahrenheit too high,[11] as do other weather historians Dr. Arnold Court and William Taylor Reid.[12] Burt proposes that the highest reliably recorded temperature on Earth is still at Death Valley, but is instead 53.9 °C (129 °F) recorded five times: 20 July 1960, 18 July 1998, 20 July 2005, 7 July 2007, and 30 June 2013.[13][14]

Country/Region Temperature Town/Location Date
Africa
 Algeria 50.6 °C (123.1 °F) In Salah, Tamanrasset Province 12 July 2002[15]
 Botswana 44.0 °C (111.2 °F) Maun 7 January 2016[16]
 Cameroon 47.7 °C (117.9 °F) Kousseri ?
 Chad 47.6 °C (117.7 °F) Faya-Largeau 22 June 2010[17]
 Ghana 43.3 °C (109.9 °F) Navrongo 10 April 2015[18]
 Niger 48.2 °C (118.8 °F) Bilma 23 June 2010[17]
 Morocco 49.1 °C (120.4 °F) Agadir Airport 30 July 2009
 Nigeria 46.4 °C (115.5 °F) Yola 3 April 2010[17]
 South Africa 50.0 °C (122 °F) Dunbrody, Eastern Cape 1918[19]
 Sudan 49.7 °C (121.5 °F) Dongola 25 June 2010[17]
 Tunisia 55.0 °C (131 °F) Kebili 7 July 1931[15][20]
 Zambia 42.4 °C (108.3 °F) Mfuwe, Eastern Province 13 October 2010[17]
Antarctica
 Antarctica 17.5 °C (63.5 °F) Hope Bay, Trinity Peninsula 24 March 2015[21]
South Pole −12.3 °C (9.9 °F) Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station 25 December 2011[22]
Asia
 Bangladesh 45.1 °C (113.2 °F) Rajshahi 30 April 1972[23]
 Bhutan 40.0 °C (104.0 °F) Phuentsholing 27 August 1997[24]
 China 50.3 °C (122.5 °F) Ayding Lake, Turpan, Xinjiang 24 July 2015[25]
 Hong Kong 37.8 °C (100.0 °F) Happy Valley 8 August 2015[18]
 India 50.6 °C (123.1 °F) Alwar, Rajasthan 10 May 1956[26]
 Indonesia 39.5 °C (103.1 °F) Jatiwangi, Cirebon, West Java /
Semarang, Central Java		 December 2006 /
27 October 2015 [27]
 Iraq 53.0 °C (127.4 °F) Ali Air Base, Nasiriyah 3 August 2011[28][29]
 Israel 54.0 °C (129.2 °F) Tirat Zvi 21 June 1942.[30]
 Japan 41.0 °C (105.8 °F) Shimanto, Kōchi 12 August 2013[31]
 Kuwait 53.6 °C (128.5 °F) Sulaibya 31 July 2012[32][33]
 Laos 42.0 °C (107.6 °F) Thakhek 20 April 2015[18]
 Malaysia 40.1 °C (104.2 °F) Chuping 9 April 1998[34]
 Myanmar 47.0 °C (116.6 °F) Myinmu 12 May 2010[17]
 Pakistan 53.5 °C (128.3 °F) Mohenjo-daro, Sindh 26 May 2010[17]
 Philippines 42.2 °C (108.0 °F) Tuguegarao, Cagayan Valley 12 April 1912[35]
 Qatar 50.4 °C (122.7 °F) Doha 14 July 2010[17]
 Russia 42.3 °C (108.1 °F) Belogorsk, Amur Oblast 12 July 2010[36]
 Saudi Arabia 52.0 °C (125.6 °F) Jeddah 23 June 2010[37]
 Singapore 36.7 °C (98.1 °F) Seletar 13 April 2016[38]
 South Korea 40.0 °C (104 °F) Daegu 1 August 1942[39]
 Taiwan 40.2 °C (104 °F) Taitung County 9 May 2004[40]
 Thailand 44.5 °C (112.1 °F) Uttaradit 27 April 1960[41]
 Turkey 48.8 °C (119.8 °F) Mardin 14 August 1993[42]
 Vietnam 42.7 °C (108.9 °F) Con Cuong 30 May 2015[18]
Europe
 Andorra 38.5 °C (101.3 °F) Andorra la Vella ?
 Austria 40.5 °C (104.9 °F) Bad Deutsch-Altenburg 8 August 2013[43]
 Belarus 38.9 °C (102 °F) Gomel 7 August 2010[17]
 Belgium 38.8 °C (102 °F) Uccle 27 June 1947
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 43.2 °C (111.16 °F) Mostar 31 July 1900
 Bulgaria 45.2 °C (113.3 °F) Sadovo, Plovdiv Province 5 August 1916[44]
 Croatia 42.8 °C (109 °F) Ploče 5 August 1998[45]
 Cyprus 46.6 °C (115.9 °F) Lefkoniko 1 August 2010[17]
 Czech Republic 40.4 °C (104.7 °F) Dobřichovice, Prague-West District 20 August 2012[46]
 Denmark 36.4 °C (97.5 °F) Holstebro, Midtjylland 10 August 1975[47]
 Estonia 35.6 °C (96.1 °F) Võru 11 August 1992[48]
 Finland 37.2 °C (99 °F) Liperi 29 July 2010[49]
 France 44.1 °C (111.4 °F) Conqueyrac / Saint-Christol-lès-Alès 12 August 2003[50]
 Germany 40.3 °C (104.5 °F) Kitzingen, Lower Franconia, Bavaria 5 July 2015 / 7 August 2015[51]
 Greece 48.0 °C (118.4 °F ) Athens, Greece 10 July 1977[52]
 Hungary 41.9 °C (107.4 °F) Kiskunhalas 20 July 2007[53]
 Iceland 30.5 °C (86.9 °F) Teigarhorn, Djúpivogur 22 June 1939[54][55]
 Ireland 33.3 °C (92 °F) Kilkenny Castle, County Kilkenny 26 June 1887[56]
 Italy 47.0  °C (116.6 °F) Foggia, Apulia [notes 1] 25 June 2007[57][58]
 Latvia 37.8 °C (100.03 °F) Ventspils 4 August 2014[59]
 Lithuania 37.5 °C (99.5 °F) Zarasai, Utena County 30 July 1994[60]
 Macedonia 45.7 °C (114.26 °F) Demir Kapija, Demir Kapija 24 July 2007[61]
 Malta 43.8 °C (110.84 °F) Malta International Airport 9 August 1999[62]
 Moldova 42.4 °C(108.3 °F) Falesti 7 August 2012[63]
 Montenegro 44.8 °C (112.6 °F) Podgorica & Danilovgrad 16 August 2007 /
8 August 2012[63]
 Netherlands 38.6 °C (102 °F) Warnsveld 23 August 1944[64]
 Norway 35.6 °C (96.1 °F) Nesbyen, Buskerud 20 June 1970[65]
 Poland 40.2 °C (104.4 °F) Proskau [notes 2] 29 July 1921[67]
 Portugal 47.4 °C (117.3 °F) Amareleja, Beja 1 August 2003[68]
 Romania 44.5 °C (112.1 °F) Ion Sion, Brăila County 10 August 1951[69]
 Russia 45.4 °C (113.7 °F) Utta, Kalmykia 12 July 2010[70]
 Serbia 44.9 °C (112.8 °F) Smederevska Palanka, Podunavlje 24 July 2007[71]
 Slovakia 40.3 °C (104.5 °F) Hurbanovo 20 July 2007[72]
 Slovenia 40.8 °C (105.4 °F) Cerklje ob Krki 8 August 2013[73]
 Spain 47.2 °C (116.9 °F) Murcia 4 July 1994[74]
 Sweden 38.0 °C (100.4 °F) Ultuna, Uppsala County/
Målilla, Kalmar County (tied)		 9 July 1933 /
29 June 1947[75]
  Switzerland 41.5 °C (106.7 °F) Grono, Moesa District 11 August 2003[76]
 Ukraine 42.0 °C (107.6 °F) Luhansk 12 August 2010[77]
 United Kingdom
 England 38.5 °C (101.3 °F) Faversham, Kent 10 August 2003[78]
 Northern Ireland 30.8 °C (87.4 °F) Knockaravan, County Fermanagh /
Belfast, County Antrim (tied)		 30 June 1976 /
12 July 1983[78]
 Scotland 32.9 °C (91.2 °F) Greycrook, Scottish Borders 9 August 2003[78]
 Wales 35.2 °C (95.4 °F) Hawarden Bridge, Flintshire 2 August 1990[78]
North America
 Anguilla 34.2 °C (93.6 °F) The Valley 12 September 2015 [18]
 Canada 45.0 °C (113 °F) Yellow Grass, Saskatchewan
Midale, Saskatchewan		 5 July 1937[79]
 Cuba 38.8 °C (102 °F) Jucarito (Granma Province) 17 April 1999[80]
 Dominica 35.5 °C (95.9 °F) Canefield Airport 3 October 2015[18]
 Dominican Republic 43.0 °C (109.4 °F) Mao 31 August 1954[81]
 Greenland 25.9 °C (78.6 °F) Maniitsoq 30 July 2013[82]
 Guatemala 45 °C (113 °F) Estanzuela, Zacapa ?[83]
 Mexico 52 °C (125.6 °F) San Luis Río Colorado, Sonora 6 July 1966[84][85]
 Puerto Rico 37.2 °C (99 °F) Arecibo 25 June 1985[86]
 United States 56.7 °C (134.1 °F) Furnace Creek Ranch
(formerly Greenland Ranch),
Death Valley, California		 10 July 1913[11][87]
 US Virgin Islands 37.2 °C (99 °F) Saint Thomas 4 August 1994 /
23 June 1996[88]
Oceania [notes 3]
 Australia 50.7 °C (123.3 °F) Oodnadatta, South Australia 2 January 1960[21][89][90]
 Cook Islands 35.4 °C (95.7 °F) Rarotonga 9 February 2014
 New Zealand 42.4 °C (108.3 °F) Rangiora, Canterbury /
Jordan, Marlborough (tied)		 7 February 1973[91]
 Solomon Islands 36.1 °C (97.0 °F) Honiara, Guadalcanal Province 1 February 2010[17]
 Wallis and Futuna 35.5 °C (95.9 °F) Futuna Airport 19 January 2015[18]
South America
 Argentina 48.9 °C (120.0 °F) Rivadavia, Salta Province 11 December 1905[21][92][93]
 Bolivia 46.7 °C (116.1 °F) Villamontes, Tarija Department 29 October 2010 [17][notes 4]
 Brazil 44.7 °C (112.5 °F) Bom Jesus, Piauí 21 November 2005 [94]
 Colombia 45.0 °C (113.0 °F) Puerto Salgar, Cundinamarca 29 December 2015 [95]
 French Guiana 37.8 °C (100.0 °F) Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni 22 October 2015 [27]
 Paraguay 45.0 °C (113.0 °F) Pratts Gill, Boquerón Department 14 November 2009[96]
 Uruguay 44.0 °C (111.2 °F) Paysandú, Paysandú Department 20 January 1943[97]
 Venezuela 43.6 °C (110.5 °F) Santa Ana de Coro, Falcón 29 April 2015[18]

Other high-temperature records

Cold

Lowest temperatures ever recorded

Country/Region Temperature Town/Location Date
Africa
 Algeria −20 °C (−4 °F) Batna, Batna Province 1945-01-04[101]
 Lesotho −20.4 °C (−4.7 °F) Letseng-la-Draai (Letseng-la-Terae), Mokhotlong District 1967-06-12[102]
 Morocco −23.9 °C (−11 °F) Ifrane 1935-02-11[21]
 South Africa −20.1 °C (−4.2 °F) Buffelsfontein, near Molteno, Eastern Cape 2013-08-23[103]
Antarctica −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) Vostok Station 1983-07-21[21][98][104]*
Dome A −82.5 °C (−116.5 °F) Dome A 2005–07[105]
South Pole −82.8 °C (−117.0 °F) Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station 1982-06-23[106]
Asia
 Bangladesh 2.8 °C (37.0 °F) Sreemangal 1968-?-?[107]
 China −52.3 °C (−62.1 °F) Mohe County 1969-02-13[108]
 Hong Kong −6.0 °C (21.2 °F) Tai Mo Shan 2016-01-24[109]
 India −52 °C (−62 °F)/−33.9 °C (−29.0 °F) Dras, Jammu and Kashmir January ??/1911-03-22[110]
 Indonesia −1 °C (30 °F) Dieng Plateau 19??
 Iran −46 °C (−43.3 °F) Saqqez 1972[111]
 Iraq −17.6 °C (0.4 °F) Mosul, Ninawa Governorate 1911-01-24[112]
 Israel −14.2 °C (6.4 °F) Merom Golan 2015-01-10
 Japan −41.0 °C (−41.8 °F) Asahikawa, Hokkaidō 1902-01-25[31]
 Malaysia 7.8 °C (46.0 °F) Cameron Highlands 1978-02-01[34]
   Nepal −45.0 °C (−49.0 °F) Mt. Everest, Sagarmatha 1999-05-15[31]
 North Korea −43.6 °C (−46.5 °F) Chunggangjin 1933-01-12[113]
 Pakistan −24.1 °C (−11.4 °F) Skardu, Gilgit–Baltistan 1995-01-07[114]
 Russia −67.8 °C (−90 °F) Verkhoyansk and
Oymyakon, both in Sakha Republic		 1892-02-07
1933-02-06[21]
 South Korea −32.8 °C (−27.0 °F) Yangpyeong 1981-01-05[115]
 Thailand −1.4 °C (29.5 °F) Sakon Nakhon 1974-01-02[41]
Europe
 Albania −27.5 °C (−17.5 °F) Voskopojë 1967-01-27
 Austria −47.1 °C (−52.78 °F) Grünloch doline 1932-02-19[116]
 Belarus −42.2 °C (−44.0 °F) Slavnom, Vitsebsk Voblast 1940-01-17[117]
 Belgium −30.1 °C (−22.2 °F) Valley of the Lesse in Rochefort 1940-01-20[118]
 Bosnia and Herzegovina −42 °C (−44 °F) Veliko Polje on the Igman plateau 1963-01-24
 Bulgaria −38.3 °C (−37 °F) Tran 1947-01-25[44]
 Croatia −35.5 °C (−31.5 °F) Čakovec 1929-02-03[45]
 Czech Republic −42.2  °C (−44.0 °F) Litvínovice 1929-02-11[46]
 Cyprus -12.8 °C (8.96 °F) Troodos January 3, 1964[17]
 Denmark −31.2  °C (−24.2 °F) Thisted Municipality, North Denmark Region 1982-01-08[47]
 Estonia −43.5 °C (−46.0 °F) Jõgeva, Jõgeva County 1940-01-17[48]
 Finland −51.5 °C (−60.7 °F) Kittilä, Lapland 1999-01-28[119]
 France −41.0 °C (−41.8 °F) Mouthe, Doubs 1985-01-17[120]
 Germany −45.9 °C (−50.6 °F) Funtensee, Berchtesgadener Land, Bavaria 2001-12-24[121]
 Greece −27.8 °C (−18.0 °F) Ptolemaida 1967-01-27[122]
 Hungary −35.0 °C (−31.0 °F) Görömbölytapolca 1940-02-16[53]
 Iceland −37.9 °C (−36.2 °F) Grímsstaðir 1918-01-21[54]
 Ireland −19.1 °C (−2.4 °F) Markree Castle, County Sligo 1881-01-16[56]
 Italy −49.6 °C (−57.2 °F) Busa Fradusta, Pale di San Martino 2013-02-10[123]
 Latvia −43.2 °C (−45.8 °F) Daugavpils 1956-02-08[59]
 Lithuania −42.9 °C (−45.2 °F) Utena, Utena County 1956-02-01[60]
 Macedonia −31.5 °C (−24.7 °F) Berovo, Berovo Municipality 1954-01-27[124]
 Malta 1.4 °C (34.5 °F) Malta International Airport 1981-01-29[62]
 Netherlands −27.4 °C (−17.3 °F) Winterswijk 1942-01-27[64]
 Norway −51.4 °C (−60.5 °F) Karasjok, Finnmark 1886-01-01[65]
 Poland −41.0 °C (−41.8 °F) Siedlce, Masovian Voivodeship 1940-01-11[67]
 Portugal −16.0 °C (3.2 °F) Penhas da Saúde, Covilhã Municipality
Miranda do Douro		 1945-01-16 and 1954-02-05[125]
 Romania −38.5 °C (−37.3 °F) Bod, Braşov County 1942-01-25[126]
 Russia (European part only) −58.1 °C (−72.6 °F) Ust' Shchugor, Komi Republic 1978-12-31[52]
 Serbia −39.5 °C (−39.1 °F) Karajukica Bunari, Zlatibor District 1985-01-13[71]
 Slovakia −41.0 °C (−41.8 °F) Vígľaš-Pstruša 1929-02-11[127]
 Slovenia −34.5 °C (−30.1 °F) Babno Polje 1956-02-15 / 1956-02-16 / 1968-01-13[notes 5][128]
 Spain −32.0 °C (−25.6 °F) Estany Gento,[129] Lleida 1956-02-02[74]
 Sweden −53.0 °C (−63.4 °F) Malgovik, Västerbotten County 1941-12-13[75]
  Switzerland −41.8 °C (−43.2 °F) La Brévine 1987-01-12[76]
 Turkey −50.3 °C (−58.5 °F) Ardahan Province 1941-01-14[42]
 Ukraine −41.9 °C (−43.4 °F) Luhansk 1935-02-08[130]
 United Kingdom
 England −26.1 °C (−15.0 °F) Newport, Shropshire 1982-01-10[78]
 Northern Ireland −18.7 °C (−1.7 °F) Castlederg, County Tyrone 2010-12-24[131]
 Scotland −27.2 °C (−17.0 °F) Braemar, Aberdeenshire
Altnaharra, Sutherland		 1895-02-11 and 1982-01-10
1995-12-30[78]
 Wales −23.3 °C (−9.9 °F) Rhayader, Powys 1940-01-21[78]
North America
 Canada −63 °C (−81 °F) Snag, Yukon 1947-02-03[21][98]
 Cuba 0.6 °C (33.1 °F) Bainoa, Mayabeque Province 1996-02-18[132]
 Dominican Republic −7 °C (19.4 °F) Valle Nuevo, Constanza 1983-01-17[133]
 Greenland −66.1 °C (−87.0 °F) North Ice 1954-01-09[21]
 Guatemala −11.5 °C (11.3 °F) Olintepeque, Quetzaltenango ?[83]
 Mexico −29 °C (−20.2 °F) Rancho Los Lamentos, Chihuahua 1962-01-11[134][135]
 Puerto Rico 4.4 °C (40 °F) Adjuntas
Aibonito
Corozal		 1989-12-28[136]
1906-02-26[136]
1945-01-19[136]
 US Virgin Islands 11.1 °C (52 °F) Saint Thomas 1999-11-26[88]
 United States
 Alaska −62.1 °C (−80 °F) Prospect Creek, Alaska 1971-01-23[137]
United States Contiguous United States −57 °C (−70 °F) Rogers Pass, Montana 1954-01-20[138]
South America
 Argentina −32.8 °C (−27.0 °F) Sarmiento, Chubut Province 1907-06-01[139][140]
 Bolivia −25.7 °C (−14.3 °F) Uyuni, Potosí Department 1946-08-04[141]
 Brazil −14 °C (7 °F) Caçador, Santa Catarina 1952-06[142][143]
 Chile −37 °C (−35 °F) Coyhaique Alto, Aisén 2002-06-21[144]
 Paraguay −7.5 °C (18.5 °F) Pratts Gill, Boquerón Department 2000-07-13[145]
 Peru −25.2 °C (−13.4 °F) Mazo Cruz, Puno Region 1966-06-30[146]
 Uruguay −11 °C (12 °F) Melo, Cerro Largo Department 1967-06-14[147]
 Venezuela −11 °C (12 °F) Sierra La Culata, Mérida [148]
Oceania
 Australia −23 °C (−9.4 °F) Charlotte Pass, New South Wales 1994-06-29[149]
 New Zealand −25.6 °C (−14.1 °F) Ranfurly, Central Otago 1903-07-18[150]
 Philippines† 6.3 °C (43.3 °F) Baguio 1961-01-18[151]
* This temperature is considered the lowest ever officially recorded in Antarctica and in the World, as it was perceived by ground-positioned thermometers in 1983. Satellite analyses made on 10 August 2010 pointed to a temperature of −93.2 °C (−135.8 °F) near Dome F in Queen Maud Land, but this record is not officially listed because it was measured by remote sensing methods that are not totally consistent, unlike the 1983 temperature. See Lowest temperature recorded on Earth for details.
† It is reported by local news outlet that temperatures in Mt. Pulag in the Philippines which is 2,922 meters above sea level plunges as low as 2 °C (35.6 °F). PAGASA cannot verify[152]

Other low-temperature records

Precipitation

Rain

Snow

Wind speed

Tornadoes

Main article: Tornado records
The Tri-State Tornado holds many records, including the longest known tornado track, fastest speed for a significant tornado, and the deadliest tornado outside of Bangladesh.

Deadliest in history

Outbreaks

Tropical cyclones

Most intense (by minimum surface air pressure)

[167]

Other severe weather

A picture of the Aurora, Nebraska hailstone, measured at 47.6 cm (18.75 in) in circumference

Hail

Lightning

Lightening

Other categories

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ A disputed record temperature of 48.5 °C (119.3 °F) was measured on 10 August 1999 in Catenanuova, Sicily.[57]
  2. ↑ Record measured on German territory at that time: Proskau, Landkreis Oppeln, Oberschlesien (now Prószków, Opole Voivodeship). The record in Poland proper at that time was attained on the same day by the village of Zbiersk at 40.0 °C.[66]
  3. ↑ On 16 January 1889, a temperature of 53 °C (128 °F) was recorded at Cloncurry, Queensland. It was measured with a non-standard thermometer, so it is unknown if this reading was valid or not.[21] The reading is not recognised by Australia's Bureau of Meteorology.[89]
  4. ↑ Temperature reached on multiple occasions; this is the most recent.
  5. ↑ The lowest unofficially measured temperature in Slovenia was recorded at Komna on 9 January 2009 and reached −49 °C (−56 °F).

References

  1. ↑ "World Meteorological Organization: Global Weather & Climate Extremes". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
  2. 1 2 3 Mildrexler, David J.; Zhao, Maosheng; Running, Steven W. "Satellite Finds Highest Land Skin Temperatures on Earth". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 2011: 855–860. doi:10.1175/2011BAMS3067.1.
  3. ↑ Table 9.2, p. 158, Dryland Climatology, Sharon E. Nicholson, Cambridge University Press, 2011, ISBN 1139500244.
  4. ↑ Kubecka, Paul (2001). "A possible world record maximum natural ground surface temperature". Weather 56 (7): 218–221. doi:10.1002/j.1477-8696.2001.tb06577.x.
  5. ↑ Garratt, J. R. (1992). "Extreme Maximum Land Surface Temperatures". Journal of Applied Meteorology 31 (9): 1096–1105. doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031<1096:EMLST>2.0.CO;2.
  6. ↑ Coldest spot on Earth identified by satellite, Jonathan Amos, BBC News, 9 December 2013.
  7. ↑ The Coldest Place on Earth: -90°C and below from Landsat 8 and other satellite thermal sensors, Ted Scambos, Allen Pope, Garrett Campbell, and Terry Haran, American Geophysical Union fall meeting, 9 December 2013.
  8. ↑ "Satellite Finds Highest Land Skin Temperatures on Earth". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 92: 855–860. July 2011. doi:10.1175/2011BAMS3067.1. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
  9. ↑ Burt, Christopher C (2004). Extreme Weather. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 36. ISBN 0-393-32658-6. Retrieved 21 June 2007.
  10. ↑ Weather Extremes, Weather Underground - Retrieved 14 September 2012.
  11. 1 2 "Doubts Cloud Death Valley's 100-year Heat Record". Retrieved 30 December 2013.
  12. ↑ "Death Valley's 134F Record Temperature Study Part One". Retrieved 30 December 2013.
  13. ↑ Burt, Christopher C. "Hottest air temperatures reported on Earth". Weather Underground. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
  14. ↑ Burt, Christopher C. "Summary of Southwest Heat Event through July 2nd". Weather Underground. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
  15. 1 2 Hottest air temperatures reported on Earth Weather Underground. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
  16. ↑ "Botswana: Heat Wave Breaks Maximum Temperature Records".
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Masters, Jeff (7 August 2010). "Bolivia ties its all-time heat record". Weather Underground. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "New all-time national and territorial heat records set or tied in 2015". Retrieved January 2016.
  19. ↑ "Details of the temperature, rainfall and wind extremes recorded in SA". South African Weather Service. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
  20. ↑ Khalid Ibrahim El Fadli, Randall S. Cerveny, Christopher C. Burt, Philip Eden, David Parker, Manola Brunet, Thomas C. Peterson, Gianpaolo Mordacchini, Vinicio Pelino, Pierre Bessemoulin, José Luis Stella, Fatima Driouech, M.M Abdel wahab, Matthew B. Pace (2012). "World Meteorological Organization Assessment of the Purported World Record 58°C Temperature Extreme at El Azizia, Libya (13 September 1922)". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 94: 199–204. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00093.1. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation. National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved 21 June 2007.
  22. ↑ "Heat wave: South Pole hits record high temperature on Christmas Day". United States Antarctic Program. 29 December 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
  23. ↑ "Bangladesh records highest temperature 42.2 degree Celsius in last 14 years". Asian Tribune. 2009-04-27. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
  24. ↑ Passang Norbu (14 June 2013). "The heat has got into the Himalayas". Kuensel. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
  25. ↑ "50.3℃吐鲁番市艾丁湖刷新"中国热极"记录". news.ts.cn.
  26. ↑ India Meteorological Department. "Ever recorded Maximum temperature, Minimum temperature upto 2010". India Meteorological Department. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
  27. 1 2 "Indonesia ties all-time national heat record". Retrieved January 2016.
  28. ↑ "Temperature history for Tallil, Iraq". Weather Underground. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
  29. ↑ Burt, Christopher C. "August 2011 Global Weather Extremes Summary". Weather Underground. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
  30. ↑ "Asia: Highest Temperature". ASU World Meteorological Organization. 1942-06-21. Retrieved 2011-01-28.
  31. 1 2 3 "former National Rankings". Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  32. ↑ Masters, Jeff (2012-01-15). "2012: Earth's 10th warmest year on record, and warmest with a La Niña - New country and territory hottest temperature records set in 2012". Weather Underground, Jeff Masters. Archived from the original on 2013-01-17. Retrieved 2014-08-18.
  33. ↑ Burt, Christopher (2010-10-22). "2012: Hottest air temperatures reported on Earth". Weather Underground, Jeff Masters. Retrieved 2014-08-18.
  34. 1 2 "General Climate Information". Malaysia Meteorological Department. Retrieved 30 June 2010.
  35. ↑ "Oceania: Highest Temperature". ASU World Meteorological Organization. 1967. Retrieved 10 June 2011.
  36. ↑ "Wunder Blog". Weather Underground. 19 July 2010. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
  37. ↑ "saudigazette". Archived from the original on 30 September 2015.
  38. ↑ "Singapore recorded highest temperature in 10 years on Wednesday at 36.7 deg C: NEA". AsiaOne. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  39. ↑ "Climate of Korea". Korea Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
  40. ↑ "Temperature hits 38.7℃ , breaks 82-year-old record". Taipei Times. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  41. 1 2 "Thai Meteorological Department". Thai Meteorological Department.
  42. 1 2 "Sıkça Sorulan Sorular – Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü". Dmi.gov.tr. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  43. ↑ "Neuer Hitze-Rekord: 40,5°C in Bad Deutsch-Altenburg". ZAMG. 9 August 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
  44. 1 2 "Bulgaria Second National Communication" (PDF). Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  45. 1 2
  46. 1 2 "Česká republika – Česká nej". atlasceska.cz. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
  47. 1 2 Vejrekstremer i Danmark DMI
  48. 1 2 "EMHI". Emhi.ee. 11 August 1992. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  49. ↑ "Kaikkien aikojen lämpöennätys rikki Liperissä: 37,2!". Iltasanomat.fi. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  50. ↑ http://www.meteo.fr/meteonet/temps/france/clim/prod/tmd/dept30/TMD300803.pdf
  51. ↑ "Wetterrekorde - Lufttemperatur". DWD. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
  52. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Global Weather & Climate Extremes". World Meteorological Organisation. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
  53. 1 2 "Website of the Hungarian Meteorological Service". Met.hu. Retrieved 7 August 2015.
  54. 1 2 Einarsson, Markús. Climate of Iceland pg 683. Retrieved 29 April 2009.
  55. ↑ Heat Wave Hits Iceland, New Records Set Iceland Review 2008-07-31. Retrieved 29 April 2009.
  56. 1 2 "Temperature – Climate – Met Éireann – The Irish Meteorological Service Online". Met.ie. 2 January 1979. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  57. 1 2 "BATTUTI I RECORD DI CALDO: Italia del Sud nella fornace africana, punte di +47 °C" (in Italian). Meteogiornale. 25 June 2007. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
  58. ↑ "Il record italiano di caldo: +48.5 °C" (in Italian). CentroMeteoToscana. 7 July 2012. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
  59. 1 2 LVGMC Twitter account. Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre. Retrieved 4 August 2014. (Latvian)
  60. 1 2 "(Meteorologiniai rekordai Lietuvoje)". meteo.lt. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  61. ↑ "Climate in DEMIR KAPIJA in July 2007 - Historical weather records". Tutiempo.net. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  62. 1 2 Malta Airport MetOffice
  63. 1 2 Masters, Jeff. "2012: Earth's 10th warmest year on record, and warmest with a La Niña". Weather Underground. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  64. 1 2 "Dagrecords van het weer van KNMI stations in Nederland - De top 10 van De Bilt op 1 Januari". weergegevens.nl.
  65. 1 2 "Klima". met.no. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  66. ↑ Pogoda i Klimat (Polish weather records)
  67. 1 2 "Zakład Klimatologii – Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Kraków". Klimat.geo.uj.edu.pl. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  68. ↑ Extremes Instituto de Meteorologia, IP Portugal
  69. ↑ THERMAL EXTREMES Administratiei Nationale de Meteorologie
  70. ↑ "Погода и Климат – В России установлен новый абсолютный температурный максимум". Pogoda.ru.net. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
  71. 1 2 "TEMPERATURE REGIME IN SERBIA, Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia". Hidmet.gov.rs. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  72. ↑ "Rekord: V Hurbanove namerali 40,3 °C" (in Slovak). pravda.sk. Retrieved 20 July 2007.
  73. ↑ "V Cerkljah ob Krki namerili rekordnih 40,8 stopinje Celzija" (in Slovenian). 24ur.com. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
  74. 1 2 http://www.aemet.es/documentos/es/divulgacion/resumen_efemerides/Resumen_extremos.pdf
  75. 1 2 Temperaturrekord. Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute. Retrieved 19 December 2009.
  76. 1 2 "Weather in Switzerland". High-end-travel-switzerland.com. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  77. ↑ "Погода и Климат – Климатический монитор: погода в Луганске". Pogoda.ru.net. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
  78. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Extreme weather". Met Office. Retrieved 10 August 2003.
  79. ↑ "Private Tutor". Infoplease.com. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
  80. ↑ "Temperaturas máxima y mínima absolutas registradas" [Absolute maximum and minimum temperatures record] (in Spanish). Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
  81. ↑ "Resumen Agrometeorológico del mes de Agosto del 2011" (PDF) (in Spanish). ONAMET. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
  82. ↑ By, Forecast. "Greenland soars to its highest temperature ever recorded, almost 800 degrees F.". Washington Post. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
  83. 1 2 "Datos metorologicos de los departamentos" (in Spanish). INSIVUMEH. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
  84. ↑ "PROYECTO BASES DE DATOS CLIMATOLÓGICOS" (in Spanish). Servicio Meteológico Nacional. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
  85. ↑ "Máximas temperaturas registradas en San Luis Río Colorado" (in Spanish). Servicio Meteológico Nacional. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
  86. ↑ "ARECIBO 3 ESE, PUERTO RICO – Climate Summary". Sercc.com. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
  87. ↑ World: Highest Temperature World Meteorological Organization Retrieved 13 September 2012.
  88. 1 2 "Average Conditions Saint Thomas, VI". weather.com. Retrieved May 16, 2010.
  89. 1 2 "Australian Temperature Extremes" (PDF). Bureau of Meteorology. 1 April 2009. Retrieved 16 December 2009.
  90. ↑ "50.5 °C – W.A.'s Highest Ever Temperature". Bureau of Meteorology. 20 February 1998. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
  91. ↑ "Carl Walrond. 'Natural environment', Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 25-Sep-2007". Teara.govt.nz. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  92. ↑ "Continental Weather & Climate Extremes: Based on World Meteorological Organization Defined Regions". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  93. ↑ The record of 49.1 °C (120.4 °F) in Villa de María, Córdoba Province, Argentina, on January 2, 1920, is disputed and considered dubious"Servicio Meteorólogico Nacional (Argentina)". Retrieved 31 March 2014.
  94. ↑ "Piauí tem a temperatura mais alta em 96 anos". November 26, 2005.
  95. ↑ "Informe Técnico Diario N°364" (PDF). IDEAM. 30 December 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
  96. ↑ "Boletín UGR/MAG" [Boletín UGR/MAG] (PDF) (in Spanish). Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
  97. ↑ "Boletín meteorológico" [Meteorologic records of Uruguay] (in Spanish). Dirección Nacional de Meteorología. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  98. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Lyons, Walter A (1997). The Handy Weather Answer Book (2nd ed.). Detroit, Michigan: Visible Ink press. ISBN 0-7876-1034-8.
  99. ↑ "Marble Bar heatwave, 1923–1924". Australian Climate Extremes. Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 17 March 2009. Retrieved 21 September 2008.
  100. ↑ "Finding the hottest spots on Earth by satellite". Earth Observatory. NASA. 2012-05-02.
  101. ↑ Bulletin Mensuel 1945, Algérie du Nord, Institut de Météorologie et de Physique du Globe de l’Algérie, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
  102. ↑ http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/lesnc1.pdf Lesotho – National report on climate change
  103. ↑ "New minimum temperature record for South Africa". Retrieved 12 June 2014.
  104. ↑ Budretsky, A.B. (1984). "New absolute minimum of air temperature". Bulletin of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition (in Russian) (Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat) (105).
  105. ↑ Web Team (5 September 2005). "Australian Antarctic Division". Aad.gov.au. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  106. ↑ "Office of Polar Programs". Nsf.gov. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  107. ↑ "Cold claims 8 more". Retrieved 18 January 2013.
  108. ↑ "China weather, Weather of China, China weather forecast". Weatherchina.org. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  109. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mSpjtXUOu98
  110. ↑ Extreme Weather Events India Meteorological Department
  111. ↑ "رکورد گرمترین و سردترین نقطه ایران مربوط به کی و کجاست؟ / ثبت دمای بالای 71 درجه تا 46 درجه زیر صفر".
  112. ↑ Climatological Means for Iraq, Government of Iraq Meteorological Department, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project, page 29. Retrieved 29 March 2007.
  113. ↑ 선종일 (1 August 1942). "Korean Climate". User.chollian.net. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
  114. ↑ http://web.archive.org/web/20100613053345/http://www.pakmet.com.pk/cdpc/Climate/Skardu_Climate_Data.txt
  115. ↑ 선종일 (5 January 1981). "Korean Climate". tistory.com. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
  116. ↑ http://www.cnrm.meteo.fr/icam2007/ICAM2007/extended/manuscript_95.pdf
  117. ↑ Baglasov Andrey, Belov Alexandr, Sinitsa Valentina, Bychenkov Alexandr. "Department of Hydrometeorology". Pogoda.by. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  118. ↑ "KMI (Belgian Royal Meteorological Institute) site". Kmi.be. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
  119. ↑ "Ilmatieteen laitos – Sää ja ilmasto – Ilmastotilastot – Lämpötilaennätyksiä – kk". Fmi.fi. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  120. ↑ "MétéoFrance". Comprendre.meteofrance.com. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
  121. ↑ Andreas Wagner (August 2009). "Wetterextreme (Temperaturspanne von bis zu 146,5°C)". MeteoGroup. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
  122. ↑ "OnlineFX destination guide to Greece". Onlinefx.com. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  123. ↑ "Record di freddo in Italia: -49.6°C sulle Pale di San Martino".
  124. ↑ "meteo". Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2010.
  125. ↑ "Terras da Beira – "Reveillon" português sem chuva, mas a bater o dente de frio" (in Portuguese). 27 March 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
  126. ↑ infoTURIST (25 January 1942). "Romania". Infoturist.ro. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  127. ↑ ":: travel to SLOVAKIA". Travel-to-slovakia.biz. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  128. ↑ http://www.arso.gov.si/vreme/podnebje/slo_vremenski_rekordi.pdf
  129. ↑ "Estany Gento". climamas.com.
  130. ↑ "Погодные рекорды Украины | Новости Украины | СЕГОДНЯ". Segodnya.ua. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  131. ↑ "Lowest daily minimum temperature records in Northern Ireland". Met Office Weather Extremes. 24 December 2010. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
  132. ↑ "III Congreso Cubano de Meteorología" [Third Cuban Congress of Meteorology] (PDF) (in Spanish). ACQ & Asociados. p. 36. Retrieved 27 October 2011. Desde el punto de vista sinóptico, se realizó un estudio del día 18 de febrero de 1996, cuando se registraron temperaturas notablemente frías en la región occidental, y muy frías en el resto del país. Ese día, en la estación meteorológica de Bainoa se registró el record nacional de 0.6°C.
  133. ↑ Cassá Bernaldo de Quirós, Constancio (July 2012). "Valle Nuevo: su historia y naturaleza" (PDF). Clío (in Spanish) (Academia Dominicana de la Historia) (184): 222. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  134. ↑ Datos Contenidos en la Base de Datos Climatológica, a Noviembre de 2011, Climatología Estadística, Los Lamentos, Servicio Meteorológico Nacional, México. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
  135. ↑ A temperature of -30.4 °C claimed at Villa Ahumada on the same day was not recorded in the town and it was probably an unofficial value recorded in a remote location of the municipality. Temperatures as low as -32 °C reported in the municipalities of Temosachic and Santa Barbara are either dubious and unofficial or plain wrong. Unofficial temperatures as low as -31 °C has been reported on the peak of Cerro Mohinora and -42 °C in Ciudad Madera, Chihuahua.
  136. 1 2 3 "NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
  137. ↑ National Climate Extremes Committee. National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved 11 February 2009.
  138. ↑ "Top Ten Montana Weather Events of the 20th Century". National Weather Service Unveils Montana's Top Ten Weather/Water/Climate Events of the 20th Century. National Weather Service. Retrieved 9 March 2007.
  139. ↑ "World Meteorological Organization Global Weather & Climate Extremes Archive". Arizona State University. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
  140. ↑ There is another record (unofficial), of −40 °C (−40 °F), registered in Pampa Alta Pass, also known as Puesto Viejo, on the border between Argentina and Chile, on 2002-06-21. (See Extreme temperatures around the World. Retrieved 12 February 2011.)
  141. ↑ Boletín Mensual del Tiempo 1946, Bolivia Servicio Meteorológico, NOAA Central Library, Climate Data Imaging Project. Retrieved 27 January 2007.
  142. ↑ "História de Caçador" [Quarta-feira pode ter recorde de temperatura mínima neste ano em Santa Catarina] (in Portuguese). A Notícia. 2010. Retrieved 22 December 2010. [Caçador has the lowest recorded temperature, officially, in Brazil, of −14 °C in 1952. Another record, unofficial, of −17.8 °C in 1996-06-29, at the summit of Morro da Igreja, Urubici, also in Santa Catarina, would give the record to this locality.
  143. ↑ "Recordes de Frio em SC". Retrieved 17 October 2014.
  144. ↑ (Spanish) Boletines Anteriores, Junio 2002, Sección de Meteorología del Departamento de Geofísica de la Universidad de Chile. Retrieved 13 June 2007.
  145. ↑ (Spanish) Con 1,2 grados bajo cero en Asunción, la ola polar llegó para quedarse, La Nación. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
  146. ↑ Programa de Capacitación Para la Estimación del Riesgo, Biblioteca Virtual en Prevención y Atención de Desastres (BVPAD). Retrieved 30 August 2009.
  147. ↑ "Boletín meteorológico" [Meteorologic records of Uruguay] (in Spanish). Dirección NAcional de Meteorología. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
  148. ↑ "Extreme Low Temp in Venezuela". Wunderground. Retrieved 16 October 2012. NOTE: Pass the cursor over the subrayed record to see the source of this. "This location is probably uninhabited, but is close to the town of San Isidro de Apartaderos. −11 °C (12 °F) has been reported from an uninhabited high altitude at Páramo de Piedras Blancas, Mérida state."
  149. ↑ "Climate statistics for Australian locations". Bom.gov.au. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  150. ↑ "New record for New Zealand's coldest day". TVNZ. 12 July 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
  151. ↑ Luces, Kim (31 January 2014). "‘Abnormally cold’ temperatures recorded in January". GMA News. Retrieved 2 March 2015. However, these are nothing compared to the all-time lowest temperature ever felt in Baguio City and in the Philippines – the 6.3-degree cold felt on January 18, 1961.
  152. ↑ Yap, DJ (25 January 2013). "Zero in Mt. Pulag? Pagasa clueless". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
  153. ↑ Christopher C. Burt. "Time to Update World’s Driest and Wettest Locations?". Weather Underground. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
  154. ↑ "Service Hydrologique de 1’O.R.S.T.O.M: Intensité extraordinaire de la précipitation du 26 novembre 1970 dans la région des Grands-Fonds de Guadeloupe" (PDF). Retrieved 4 June 2013.
  155. ↑ http://edition.cnn.com/2015/03/10/europe/italy-possible-snow-record/
  156. 1 2 Burt, Christopher (2004), Extreme Weather: A Guide and Record Book, W.W. Norton & Co., p. 77, ISBN 0-393-32658-6
  157. ↑ Frank H. Forrester, 1001 Questions Answered about the Weather (ISBN 0486242188), page 235: "The greatest amount of snowfall for a calendar month occurred at Tamarack, California, in January, 1911—390 inches."
  158. ↑ http://www.weather.com/storms/winter/news/worlds-deepest-snow-photos
  159. ↑ Center for Severe Weather Research (2006). "Doppler On Wheels". Retrieved 18 February 2007.
  160. ↑ World: Maximum Surface Wind Gust (3-Second) at the World Meteorological Organization website
  161. ↑ "101 Amazing Earth Facts". SPACE.com. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  162. ↑ "Tornadoes in Bangladesh". Tornadoproject.com. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  163. ↑ "Research: Tornado Extremes". TORRO. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  164. ↑ " "A 39 años del tornado en San Justo, el único F5 en toda Sudamérica y Latinoamérica". Uno Santa Fe. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
  165. ↑ National Climate Centre. "Australian Climate Extremes-Storm". BOM. Archived from the original on 17 March 2009. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
  166. ↑ World: Largest tornado Outbreak at the World Meteorological Organization website
  167. ↑ "Catastrophic Landfall Expected in Mexico Friday; Patricia Becomes Strongest Hurricane Ever Recorded". weather.com. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
  168. ↑ "Extreme Weather: A Guide and Record Book". Extremeweatherguide.com. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  169. 1 2 "Appendix I – Weather Extremes" (PDF). San Diego, California: National Weather Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2008. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
  170. ↑ NWS (30 July 2010). "Record Setting Hail Event in Vivian, South Dakota on July 23, 2010". Aberdeen, South Dakota: National Weather Service. Archived from the original on 3 August 2010. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
  171. ↑ "Largest Hailstone in U.S. History Found". News.nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  172. ↑ Cerveny, Randall S.; Jay Lawrimore, Roger Edwards, and Christopher Landsea (June 2007). "Extreme Weather Records. Compilation, Adjudication, and Publication". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 88 (6): 853–860. Bibcode:2007BAMS...88..853C. doi:10.1175/BAMS-88-6-853.
  173. ↑ "NASA – NASA Satellite Identifies the World's Most Intense Thunderstorms". Nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  174. ↑ "Blazing World Record: Strongest UV Rays Measured in South America". LiveScience.com.
  175. 1 2 "World: Highest Sea Level Air Pressure Above 750 meters". Arizona State University. Retrieved 7 October 2012.
  176. 1 2 "World: Highest Sea Level Air Pressure Below 750 meters". Arizona State University. Retrieved 7 October 2012.

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Thursday, May 05, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.