Foreign relations of Finland

The foreign relations of Finland are the responsibility of the President of Finland, who leads foreign policy in cooperation with the government. Implicitly the government is responsible for internal policy and decision making in the European Union. Within the government, preparative discussions are conducted in the government committee of foreign and security policy (ulko- ja turvallisuuspoliittinen ministerivaliokunta), which includes the Prime Minister and at least the Minister of Foreign Affairs and the Minister of Defence, and at most four other ministers as necessary.^[1] The committee meets with the President as necessary. Laws concerning foreign relations are discussed in the parliamentary committee of foreign relations (ulkoasiainvaliokunta, utrikesutskottet). The Ministry of Foreign Affairs implements the foreign policy.

During the Cold War, Finland's foreign policy was based on official neutrality between the Western powers and the Soviet Union, while simultaneously stressing Nordic cooperation in the framework of the Nordic Council and cautious economic integration with the West as promoted by the Bretton-Woods Agreement and the free trade treaty with the European Economic Community. Finland shares this history with close neighbour Sweden, which Finland was a part of until the split of the Swedish empire in 1809. Finland did not join the Soviet Union's economic sphere (Comecon) but remained a free-market economy and conducted bilateral trade with the Soviet Union. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Finland unilaterally abrogated the last restrictions imposed on it by the Paris peace treaties of 1947 and the Finno-Soviet Agreement of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance. The government filed an EU membership application three months after the dissolution of the USSR and became a member in 1995. Finland did not attempt to join NATO, even though post-Soviet countries on the Baltic Sea and elsewhere joined. Nevertheless, defence policymakers have quietly converted to NATO equipment and contributed troops.

President Martti Ahtisaari and the coalition governments led Finland closer to the core EU in the late 1990s. Finland was considered a cooperative model state, and Finland did not oppose proposals for a common EU defence policy.^[2] This was reversed in the 2000s, when Tarja Halonen and Erkki Tuomioja made Finland's official policy to resist other EU members' plans for common defense.^[2] However, Halonen allowed Finland to join European Union Battlegroups in 2006 and the NATO Response Force in 2008.

Relations with Russia are cordial and common issues include bureaucracy (particularly at the Vaalimaa border crossing), airspace violations, development aid Finland gives to Russia (especially in environmental problems that affect Finland), and Finland's energy dependency on Russian gas and electricity. Behind the scenes, the administration has witnessed a resurrection of Soviet-era tactics. The National Security Agency, SUPO, estimates that the known number of Russian agents from SVR and GRU now exceeds Cold War levels and there are unknown numbers of others.^[3]

History

After independence from Russia in 1917, the Finnish Civil War, including interventions by Imperial Germany and Soviet Russia, and failure of the Communist revolution, resulted in the official ban on Communism, and strengthening relations with Western countries. Overt alliance with Germany was not possible due to the result of the First World War, but in general the period of 1918 to 1939 was characterised by economic growth and increasing integration to the Western world economy. Relations with Soviet Russia from 1918 to 1939 were icy; voluntary expeditions to Russia called heimosodat ended only in 1920. However, attempts to establish military alliances were unsuccessful. Thus, when the Winter War broke out, Finland was left alone to resist the Soviet attack. Later, during the Continuation War, Finland declared "co-belligerency" with Nazi Germany, and allowed Northern Finland to be used as a German attack base. The peace settlement in 1944 with the Soviet Union led to the Lapland War in 1945, where Finland fought Germans in Northern Finland.

From the end of the Continuation War with the Soviet Union in 1944 until 1991, the policy was to avoid superpower conflicts and to build mutual confidence with the Western powers and the Soviet Union. Although the country was culturally, socially, and politically Western, Finns realised they had to live in peace with the USSR and take no action that might be interpreted as a security threat. The dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 opened up dramatic new possibilities for Finland and has resulted in the Finns actively seeking greater participation in Western political and economic structures. The popular support for the strictly self-defensive doctrine remains.

2000 constitution

In the 2000 constitution, where diverse constitutional laws were unified into one statute, the leading role of the President was slightly moderated. However, because the constitution still stipulates only that the President leads foreign policy and the government internal policy, the responsibility over European Union affairs is not explicitly resolved. Implicitly this belongs to the powers of the government. In a cohabitation situation as with Matti Vanhanen's recent second government right-wing government and left-wing President Tarja Halonen, there can be friction between government ministers and the president.

The arrangement has been criticised by Risto E.J. Penttilä for not providing a simple answer of who's in charge.^[2]

Multilateral Relations

Finnish foreign policy emphasises its participation in multilateral organisations. Finland joined the United Nations in 1955 and the European Union in 1995. As noted, the country also is a member of NATO's Partnership for Peace as well as an observer in the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council and the Western European Union. The military has been prepared to be more compatible with NATO, as co-operation with NATO in peacekeeping is needed, but military alliance does not have popular support.

In the European Union, Finland is a member of the Eurozone, and in addition, the Schengen treaty abolishing passport controls. 60% of foreign trade is to the EU. Other large trade partners are Russia and the United States.

Finland is well represented in the UN civil service in proportion to its population and belongs to several of its specialised and related agencies. Finnish troops have participated in United Nations peacekeeping activities since 1956, and the Finns continue to be one of the largest per capita contributors of peacekeepers in the world. Finland is an active participant in the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and in early 1995 assumed the co-chairmanship of the OSCE's Minsk Group on the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.

Cooperation with the other Scandinavian countries also is important to Finland, and it has been a member of the Nordic Council since 1955. Under the council's auspices, the Nordic countries have created a common labor market and have abolished immigration controls among themselves. The council also serves to coordinate social and cultural policies of the participating countries and has promoted increased cooperation in many fields.

In addition to the organisations already mentioned, Finland is a member of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the International Monetary Fund, the World Trade Organization, the International Finance Corporation, the International Development Association, the Bank for International Settlements, the Asian Development Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, the Council of Europe, and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Finland has moved steadily towards integration into Western institutions and abandoned its formal policy of neutrality, which has been recast as a policy of military nonalliance coupled with the maintenance of a credible, independent defence. Finland's 1994 decision to buy 64 F-18 Hornet fighter planes from the United States signalled the abandonment of the country's policy of balanced arms purchases from Communist countries and Western countries.

In 1994, Finland joined NATO's Partnership for Peace; the country is also an observer in the North Atlantic Cooperation Council. Finland became a full member of the European Union (EU) in January 1995, at the same time acquiring observer status in the EU's defence arm, the Western European Union.

Generally, Finland has abided by the principle of neutrality and has good relations with nearly all countries, as evidenced by the freedom of travel that a Finnish passport gives.

Europe

Baltic States

With the exception of Russia, all neighboring and Baltic states are members of the European Union or the Nordic Council, both of which allow free movement of people and capital between the countries.

Estonia

Finland's main language, Finnish, is related to Estonian, and there is and has been a certain feeling of kinship. 76% of Finns have visited Estonia and in 2004, 1.8 million Finns reported visiting Estonia. Finnish and Swedish investors are the largest foreign investors in Estonia.^[4] Both Finland and Estonia are members of the European Union and the Schengen agreement, freeing international travel and trade between the countries.

Finland's government recognised Estonia's independence in 1920. In response to the Soviet invasion, diplomatic missions were de facto removed. However, when Estonia declared independence, this "temporary obstruction" was resolved. Both countries restored diplomatic relations on August 29, 1991. Finland has an embassy in Tallinn and an honorary consulate in Tartu. Estonia has an embassy in Helsinki and five honorary consulates in Oulu, Turku, Raseborg, Tampere and Kotka.

Finland contributed and continues to contribute military aid to Estonia; e.g. training of officers, provision of equipment.

Latvia

• Finland recognised Latvia's independence de facto on September 23, 1919, and de jure on January 21, 1921.
• Finland has an embassy in Riga.
• Latvia has an embassy in Helsinki and four honorary consulates (in Åland, Satakunta, Kymenlaakso and Oulu).
• Both countries are full members of the Council of the Baltic Sea States and of the European Union.
• Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Latvia
• Latvian Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Finland

Lithuania

• Finland recognised Lithuania's independence de facto on November 14, 1919, and de jure on October 14, 1921.
• Finland has an embassy in Vilnius and an honorary consulate in Klaipėda.
• Lithuania has an embassy in Helsinki.
• Both countries are full members of the Council of the Baltic Sea States and of the European Union.
• Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Lithuania

Germany

• Germany recognised Finland's independence on January 4, 1918.
• Germany gave direct military support to Finnish independence by training Finnish Jägers and successfully intervened in Finnish Civil War in favor of the nationalist Whites.
• During World War II, the secret protocol in Molotov-Ribbentrop pact enabled Winter War (1939–40), a Soviet attack on Finland. Finland and Nazi Germany were "co-belligerents" against Soviet Union during Continuation War (1941–44), but a separate peace with Soviet Union led to the Finnish-German Lapland War (1944–45).
• The Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic (West and East Germany) were both recognised on January 7, 1972 by Finland.
• Diplomatic relations between Finland and West Germany were established on January 7, 1973.
• Germany has an embassy in Helsinki.^[5]
• Finland has an embassy in Berlin, a consulate general in Hamburg, two honorary consulates general in Düsseldorf and Munich and other honorary consulates in Bremen, Dresden, Frankfurt am Main, Hanover, Kiel, Lübeck, Rostock, Stuttgart, and Wilhelmshaven.
• German Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Germany: relations with Finland
• Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Germany

Poland

• Finland has an embassy in Warsaw and an honorary consulate in Gdynia.
• Poland has an embassy in Helsinki.^[6]
• Both countries are full members of the Council of the Baltic Sea States and of the European Union.
• Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs: relations with Poland

Russia

Relations with Russia are peaceful and friendly. Finland imports a lot of goods and basic necessities, such as fuel, and the two nations are agreeing on issues more than disagreeing on them. Russia has an embassy in Helsinki, a consulate-general in Turku and consulates in Lappeenranta and Mariehamn. Finland has an embassy in Moscow, a consulate-general in Saint Petersburg and two branches of the consulate (in Murmansk and Petrozavodsk).

Finland was a part of the Russian Empire for 108 years, after being annexed from the Swedish empire. Discontent with Russian rule, Finnish national identity, and World War I eventually caused Finland to break away from Russia, taking advantage of the fact that Russia was withdrawing from World War I and a revolution was starting in earnest. Following the Finnish Civil War and October revolution, Russians were virtually equated with Communists and due to official hostility to Communism, Finno-Soviet relations in the period between the world wars remained tense. Voluntary activists arranged expeditions to Karelia (heimosodat), which ended when Finland and the Soviet Union signed the Treaty of Tartu in 1920. However, the Soviet Union did not abide by the treaty when they blockaded Finnish naval ships. Finland was attacked by the USSR in 1939. Finland fought the Winter War and the Continuation War against the Soviet Union in World War II. During these wars the Finns suffered 90,000 casualties and inflicted severe casualties on the Russians (120,000 dead in the Winter War and 200,000 in the Continuation War).

Contemporary issues include problems with border controls causing persistent truck queues at the border, airspace violations, pollution of the Baltic Sea, and Russian duties on exported wood to Finland's pulp and paper industry. Right-wing commentators accuse the government of continuing the policy of Finlandisation.

Relations With the Soviet Union

The principal architect of the post-1944 foreign policy of neutrality was J.K. Paasikivi, who was President from 1946 to 1956. Urho Kekkonen, President from 1956 until 1981, further developed this policy, stressing that Finland should be active rather than passive neutral. This policy is now popularly known as the "Paasikivi-Kekkonen Line".

Finland signed the Paris Peace Treaty with the Allies in February 1947, which:

• confirmed Finland's concessions in the Moscow Peace Treaty with exception for the Soviet lease of Hanko Peninsula in south-westernmost Finland
• limited the size of Finland's armed forces
• ratified the cessions after the Winter War and the Continuation War
• gave the Soviet Union a naval base at Porkkala 30 kilometres (19 mi) west of Helsinki including rights of free transit
• contained provisions directed against "Fascism in Finland"
• called for Finland to pay to the Soviet Union war reparations amounting to an estimated $570 million in 1952, the year the payments ended.

The development from the Abyssinia crisis, indicating the failure of the League of Nations, to the Paris Peace Treaty, when the last hope of more than oral support from the ideologically akin Western countries faded, convinced the Finns that they had absolutely no-one other than themselves to rely on in their problematic relations with the Soviet Union.

The Finnish Army, which in defence against the Soviet Union had numbered to over 500,000, was to be limited to 34,400 men, the navy to 4,500 men and 10,000 tons, and the air force to 3,000 men and 60 planes. With this provision the Western Allies had, seemingly, left Finland in the Soviet Union's power.

The political clauses of the Paris Peace Treaty were particularly alienating. Through this clause, the Allies agreed to the Kremlin view that the Soviet Union represented "Liberty" and Finland represented "Fascism". The peace treaty stipulated that the country should take all measures necessary to secure "human rights and the fundamental freedoms, including freedom of expression, of press and publication, of religious worship, of political opinion and of public meeting." Finland's government undertook further to prevent the resurgence of Fascist organisations or any others, "whether political, military or semi-military, whose purpose it is to deprive the people of their democratic rights." In practice, the "anti-fascist" clauses had few practical effects. Most significantly, the extreme left was no longer officially banned and was allowed to participate in elections (as SKDL). The victor's interpretation of "Fascist organisations" turned out to be wide: the voluntary reserve training organizations Suojeluskunnat and Lotta Svärd were banned.

Reassurance

(See also: Finlandization)

For the survival of Finland as an independent sovereign country, firmly embracing the values of democracy, human and civil rights, Finland had to find a formula to convince Joseph Stalin and his successors that the Soviet Union's vital interests could be met voluntarily by the Finns. This was the gist of the Paasikivi doctrine.

In April 1948, Finland signed an Agreement of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance with the Soviet Union. Under this mutual assistance pact, Finland was obliged—with the aid of the Soviet Union, if requested by Finland, not unilaterally by the USSR—to resist armed attacks by Germany or its allies against Finland or against the USSR through Finland. At the same time, the agreement recognised Finland's desire to remain outside great-power conflicts. This agreement was renewed for 20 years in 1955, in 1970, and again in 1983 to the year 2003. In practice, this prevented Finland from joining NATO. Also, President Urho Kekkonen gained a disproportionate political advantage over his opponents by monopolizing this policy.

Finland responded cautiously in 1990–91 to the dissolution of the Soviet Union. They unilaterally abrogated restrictions imposed by the 1947 and 1948 treaties, joined in voicing Nordic concern over the coup against Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, and gave increasing unofficial encouragement to Baltic independence.

At the same time, by replacing the Soviet-Finnish mutual assistance pact with treaties on general cooperation and trade, Finns put themselves on an equal footing while retaining a friendly bilateral relationship. Finland now is boosting cross-border commercial ties and touting its potential as a commercial gateway to Russia. It has reassured Russia that it will not raise claims for Finnish territory seized by the USSR, and continues to reaffirm the importance of good bilateral relations.

Although the Karelian question in Finnish politics remains in the public debate, irredentists have persistently failed to gain support from the majority of the populace, political establishment or political parties.

Sweden

Finland and Sweden have always had very close relations, resulting from shared history, numerous commonalities in society and politics, and close trade relations. A newly appointed Foreign Minister makes his or her first state visit to Sweden. Finnish politicians often consider Sweden's reaction to international affairs first as a base for further actions, and thus finally both countries often agree on such issues. If there has ever been any dissonance between the two countries those were the Åland question in the early 1920s and the Swedish neutrality during the Winter War. Both Finland and Sweden are members of the European Union and the Schengen agreement, freeing international travel and trade between the countries. Furthermore, both participate in the Nordic Council, which grants Swedish nationals slightly more extensive rights than the EU/Schengen treaties alone.

Other European states

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Austria	July 19, 1918	See Foreign relations of Austria
Belgium	July 9, 1919	See Foreign relations of Belgium
Bulgaria	August 5, 1918	In 1963, the diplomatic representations of the two countries were upgraded to the level of embassy. Bulgaria has an embassy in Helsinki and an honorary consulate in Kemi.[7] Finland has an embassy in Sofia and an honorary consulate in Varna.[8] Both countries are full members of the European Union. Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs: relations with Bulgaria
Croatia	February 19, 1992	See Foreign relations of Croatia
Cyprus	September 2, 1961	Finland recognised Cyprus on August 16, 1960. Cyprus has an embassy in Helsinki and an honorary consulate in Vantaa.[9] Finland has an embassy and two honorary consulates in Nicosia.[10] Both countries are full members of the European Union. Cypriot Foreign Affairs: List of bilateral treaties with Finland
Czech Republic	January 1, 1993	See Foreign relations of the Czech Republic
Denmark	February 18, 1918	Denmark has an embassy in Helsinki. Finland has an embassy in Copenhagen. Both countries are part of the Nordic Council. Denmark officially recognized Finland's independence in 1918. Both countries are members of the European Union, Nordic Union, Council of the Baltic Sea States. Bilateral relations between Denmark and Finland (Finnish)
France	January 24, 1918	France one of the first countries which recognised Finland's independence on January 4, 1918. France is represented in Finland through its embassy in Helsinki and its honorary consulates in Hämeenlinna, Joensuu, Jyväskylä, Kuopio, Oulu, Pori, Rovaniemi, Tampere and Turku.[11] Finland has an embassy in Paris and 18 honorary consulates (in Ajaccio, Bordeaux, Brest, Caen, Cherbourg, Dijon, Lille, Lyons, Marseille, Monaco, Nancy, Nice, Reims, Rouen, Sète, Strasbourg, Toulouse and Papeete in Tahiti).[12] There are an estimated 6,000 Finns living in France. French Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Finland Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with France History of the relations of Finland and France on Finnish Embassy in Paris websites
Hungary	May 20, 1947	Hungary recognised Finland on August 23, 1920. Finland recognised Hungary on September 10, 1920. Finland broke off diplomatic relations on September 20, 1944. Diplomatic relations were re-established on May 20, 1947. Both national languages, Finnish and Hungarian, are Uralic languages, which has led to cultural exchange albeit at a much smaller scale compared to the third major Uralic-speaking country, Estonia. Finland has an embassy in Budapest and an honorary consulate in Pécs. Hungary has an embassy in Helsinki and four honorary consulates (in Turku, Mariehamn, Tampere and Joensuu).[13] Both countries are full members of the European Union. Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs: relations with Hungary
Iceland	August 15, 1947	See Finland–Iceland relations Finland has an embassy in Reykjavík.[14] Iceland has an embassy in Helsinki.[15]
Ireland	November 2, 1961	Finland has an embassy in Dublin and three honorary consulates (in Cork, Dublin and Limerick).[16] Ireland has an embassy and an honorary consulate in Helsinki.[17] Both countries are full members of Council of Europe and of the European Union. Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs: relations with Ireland
Italy	September 6, 1919	Italy recognised Finland's independence on June 27, 1919. Italy is represented in Finland through its embassy in Helsinki and its honorary consulates in Hanko, Jyväskylä, Kotka, Kuopio, Oulu, Pori, Rovaniemi, Tampere, Turku and Vaasa.[18] Finland has an embassy in Rome, two honorary consulate generals in Milan and Venice and other honorary consulates in Genoa, Bari, Cagliari, Catania, Florence, Livorno, Messina, Naples, Palermo, Rimini, Trieste and Turin.[19] Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Italy
Kosovo	February 3, 2009	Finland recognised Kosovo March 7, 2008.[20][21] Finland maintains an Embassy in Pristina.[22]
Luxembourg	October 25, 1921	Luxembourg recognised Finland's independence on October 25, 1921. Luxembourg is represented in Finland through its embassy in Copenhagen.[23] Finland has an embassy and an honorary consulate general in Luxembourg.[24] Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Luxembourg
Netherlands	August 18, 1918	The Netherlands recognised Finland's independence on January 28, 1918. The Netherlands has an embassy in Helsinki and consulates (in Kuopio, Mariehamn, Oulu, Rovaniemi, Tampere, Turku and Vaasa).[25] Finland has an embassy in the Hague, an honorary consulate general in Amsterdam and other honorary consulates in Rotterdam and Terneuzen.[26] Dutch Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Finland Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with the Netherlands
Norway	April 6, 1918	Norway recognised Finland's independence on January 10, 1918. Finland has an embassy and an honorary consulate general in Oslo and other honorary consulates in Bergen, Bodø, Drammen, Farsund, Grimstad, Halden, Hamar, Hammerfest, Haugesund, Horten, Kirkenes, Kristiansand, Kristiansund, Larvik, Moss, Narvik, Sarpsborg, Stavanger, Tromsø, Trondheim, Vadsø, and Ålesund. Norway has an embassy in Helsinki. Both countries are full members of the Council of the Baltic Sea States and of the Nordic Council. Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Norway
Portugal	January 10, 1920	Portugal recognised Finland's independence on December 19, 1919. Portugal has an embassy in Helsinki. Finland has an embassy in Lisbon and honorary consulates in Faro, Lisbon, Porto, Vila Real de Santo António, Ponta Delgada in the Azores and Funchal in Madeira.[27] Both countries are full members of the European Union. Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Portugal
Romania	October 14, 1949	Romania recognised Finland on April 8, 1920. Finland has an embassy in Bucharest and two honorary consulates (in Bucharest and Constanţa).[28] Romania has an embassy in Helsinki.[29] Both countries are full members of the European Union and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs: relations with Romania Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: relations with Finland
Serbia	1929	Finland has an embassy in Belgrade.[30] Serbia has an embassy in Helsinki.[31] Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs: relations with Serbia Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: relations with Finland
Slovakia	January 1, 1993	Finland recognised the independence of Slovakia on January 1, 1993. Slovakia has an embassy in Helsinki. Finland has an embassy and an honorary consulate in Bratislava.[32] Both countries are full members of the European Union. Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Slovakia
Slovenia	February 17, 1992	Finland recognised Slovenia on January 17, 1992. Finland has an embassy and an honorary consulate in Ljubljana. Slovenia has an embassy in Helsinki. Both countries are full members of the European Union. Tensions between the countries rose in late 2008 when a news program on Finland's national broadcasting company station YLE accused Finnish weapons manufacturer Patria of bribing Slovenian officials to secure an arms deal. Slovenian Prime Minister Janez Jansa formally complained to the Finnish ambassador in Ljubljana.[33] This controversy became known as the Patria case. Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs: relations with Slovenia
Spain	August 16, 1918	Spain recognised Finland's independence on February 21, 1918. Spain has an embassy in Helsinki.[34] Finland has an embassy in Madrid, a consulate in Las Palmas, two honorary consulates general in Barcelona and Sevilla and other honorary consulates in A Coruña, Benidorm, Bilbao, Gijón, Málaga, Palma de Mallorca, Pilar de la Horadada, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Santander, Valencia and Vigo.[35] Both countries are full members of the European Union. Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Spain
Ukraine	February 26, 1992	In 1918, Finland was one of the first countries which recognised Ukraine in 1918 and opened its diplomatic mission in Kiev. Finland recognised Ukraine on December 30, 1991. Finland has an embassy in Kiev.[36] Ukraine has an embassy in Helsinki.[37] Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs: relations with Ukraine
United Kingdom	May 6, 1919[38]	The United Kingdom has an embassy in Helsinki and honorary consulates in the Åland Islands, Jyväskylä, Kotka, Kuopio, Oulu, Rovaniemi, Turku, Tampere and Vaasa.[39] Finland has an embassy in London and honorary consulates in Aberdeen, Belfast, Birmingham, Bristol, Cardiff, Dover, Dundee, Edinburgh, Gibraltar, Glasgow, Hamilton, Harwich, Hull, Immingham, Leeds, Lerwick, Liverpool, Manchester, Middlesbrough, Newcastle upon Tyne, Nottingham, Plymouth, Rochester, Sheffield, Southampton and St Helier.[40]

Americas

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Argentina	May 11, 1918	Argentina has an embassy in Helsinki.[41] Finland has an embassy in Buenos Aires and five honorary consulates (in Córdoba, Mendoza, Oberá, Rosario, and Ushuaia).[42] Argentine Ministry of Foreign Relations: list of bilateral treaties with Finland (in Spanish only) Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs: relations with Argentina
Antigua and Barbuda	September 26, 2008	Finland's embassy in Mexico City, Mexico attends to consular matters relating to Antigua and Barbuda.
Bahamas	December 2, 2005	Finland's embassy in Ottawa, Canada attends to consular matters relating to The Bahamas. Finland also has an honorary consulate in Nassau.
Barbados	December 1, 1977	Barbados is represented in Finland by their embassy in Brussels, Belgium. Finland has an honorary consulate general in Christ Church.
Belize	June 19, 1997	Finland's embassy in Mexico City, Mexico attends to consular matters relating to Belize. Finland also has an honorary consulate in Belize City.
Bolivia	September 21, 1963	Bolivia has an embassy in Helsinki. Finland has an embassy in La Paz.
Brazil	December 26, 1919	See Foreign relations of Brazil
Canada	November 21, 1947	See Foreign relations of Canada
Chile	June 17, 1919	See Chile–Finland relations Chile recognised Finland's independence on June 17, 1919. Diplomatic relations between them were established in 1931 and have been continuously maintained, despite pressures at times to discontinue them.[43] The two countries maintain resident ambassadors in both capitals.[43]
Colombia	May 26, 1954	Colombia is represented in Finland through its embassy in Stockholm (Sweden). Finland is represented through its embassy in Lima (Peru). The relations between Colombia and Finland are harmonious as both countries share a similar ideology based on democracy, human rights and a lasting peace. It's because of this that Colombia has decided to open an embassy in Helsinki. Colombia also defines Finland as a key player on Colombia's accession into the OECD and the ratification of the Colombia-European Union Trade Agreement.[44]
Costa Rica	August 23, 1966	Costa Rica is represent in Finland by their embassy in Oslo, Norway. Finland's embassy in Mexico City, Mexico attends to consular matters relating to Costa Rica. Finland also has an honorary consulate general and honorary vice-consulate in San José.
Cuba	January 23, 1959	Cuba is represented in Finland by their embassy in Helsinki. Finland's embassy in Mexico City, Mexico attends to consular matters relating to Cuba. Finland also has an honorary consulate general in Havana.
Dominica	August 18, 2009	Finland has an honorary consulate in Roseau.
Dominican Republic	January 2, 1984	The Dominican Republic is represented in Finland by their embassy in Stockholm, Sweden. Finland has an honorary consulate general in Santo Domingo.
Ecuador	February 5, 1965	Ecuador is represented in Finland by their embassy in Stockholm, Sweden. Finland's embassy in Lima, Peru attends to consular matters relating to Ecuador. Finland also has an honorary consulate in Guayaquil and Quito.
El Salvador	April 14, 1967	El Salvador is represented in Finland by their embassy in Stockholm, Sweden. Finland's embassy in Mexico City, Mexico attends to consular matters relating to El Salvador. Finland also has an honorary consulate and an honorary vice-consulate in San Salvador.
Grenada	June 1, 1980	Grenada is represented in Finland by their embassy in Stockholm, Sweden. Finland also has an honorary consulate in St. George's.
Guatemala	August 18, 1967	Guatemala is represented in Finland by their embassy in Brussels, Belgium. Finland also has an honorary consulate in Guatemala City.
Guyana	April 2, 1979	Guyana is represented in Finland by their embassy in Brussels, Belgium. Finland also has an honorary consulate general in Georgetown.
Haiti	September 29, 1966	Finland's embassy in Mexico City, Mexico attends to consular matters relating to Haiti. Finland also has an honorary consulate general in Port-au-Prince.
Honduras	January 30, 1976	Honduras is represented in Finland by their embassy in Brussels, Belgium. Finland's embassy in Mexico City, Mexico attends to consular matters relating to Honduras. Finland also has an honorary consulate general in Tegucigalpa and an honorary consulate in San Pedro Sula.
Jamaica	December 1, 1977	Jamaica is represented in Finland by their embassy in London, United Kingdom. Finland also has an honorary consulate general in Kingston.
Mexico	December 5, 1937	See Finland–Mexico relations Mexico recognized the independence of Finland in July, 1920. Finland has an embassy in Mexico City.[45] Mexico has an embassy in Helsinki.[46] Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: Relations with Mexico
Nicaragua	December 22, 1975	See Finland–Nicaragua relations Finland is accredited to Nicaragua from its embassy in Mexico City, Mexico.[47] Nicaragua has an embassy in Helsinki.[48]
Panama	December 1, 1975	Panama is represented in Finland by their embassy in Stockholm, Sweden. Finland's embassy in Mexico City, Mexico attends to consular matters relating to Panama. Finland also has an honorary consulate general in Panama City.
Paraguay	November 20, 1963	Paraguay is represented in Finland by their embassy in Stockholm, Sweden. Finland's embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina attends to consular matters relating to Paraguay. Finland also has an honorary consulate in Asunción.
Peru	March 29, 1963	Peru has an embassy in Helsinki. Finland has an embassy in Lima. Finland also has an honorary consulates in Arequipa, Cusco and Lima.
Saint Kitts and Nevis	September 22, 2009	Finland has an honorary consulate in Basseterre.
Saint Lucia	September 22, 2009	Finland also has an honorary consulate in Castries.
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	January 30, 1976	Finland also has an honorary consulate in Kingstown.
Suriname	June 28, 2005	Finland's embassy in Brasília, Brazil attends to consular matters relating to Suriname. Finland also has an honorary consulate in Paramaribo.
Trinidad and Tobago	December 17, 1971	Trinidad and Tobago is represented in Finland by their embassy in London, United Kingdom. Finland also has an honorary consulate general in Barataria.
United States	May 30, 1919[38]	See Finland – United States relations Relations between the United States and Finland are warm. Some 200,000 US citizens visit Finland annually, and about 3,000 US citizens are resident there. The US has an educational exchange program in Finland that is comparatively large for a Western European country of Finland's size. It is financed in part from a trust fund established in 1976 from Finland's final repayment of a US loan made in the aftermath of World War I. Finland is bordered on the east by Russia and, as one of the former Soviet Union's neighbours, has been of particular interest and importance to the US both during the Cold War and in its aftermath. Before the USSR dissolved in 1991, longstanding US policy was to support Finnish neutrality while maintaining and reinforcing Finland's historic, cultural, and economic ties with the West. The US has welcomed Finland's increased participation since 1991 in Western economic and political structures. Economic and trade relations between Finland and the United States are active and were bolstered by the F-18 purchase. US-Finland trade totals almost $5 billion annually. The US receives about 7% of Finland's exports — mainly wood pulp and paper, ships, machinery, electronics and instruments and refined petroleum products[49] — and provides about 7% of its imports — principally computers, semiconductors, aircraft, and machinery.
Uruguay	March 21, 1935	Uruguay has an embassy in Helsinki. Finland's embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina attends to consular matters relating to Uruguay. Finland also has an honorary consulate general in Montevideo.
Venezuela	March 31, 1954	Venezuela has an embassy in Helsinki. Finland's embassy in Santiago de Chile, Chile while the embassy in Lima, Chile attends to consular matters relating to Venezuela. Finland also has an honorary consulates in Caracas, Maracaibo, Porlamar and Puerto Ordaz.

Africa

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Algeria	January 18, 1963	Algeria is represented in Finland through its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden. Finland has an embassy in Algiers.
Angola	September 18, 1976	Angola is represented in Finland through its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden. Finland is represented in Angola through its embassy in Maputo, Mozambique. Finland also has an honorary consulate in Luanda.
Botswana	July 1, 1978	Botswana is represented in Finland through its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden. Finland is represented in Angola through its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa. Finland has an honorary consulate in Gaborone.
Burkina Faso	July 1, 1978	Burkina Faso is represented in Finland through its embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark.
Burundi	January 1, 1980	Burundi is represented in Finland through its embassy in Oslo, Norway. Finland is represented in Angola through its embassy in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Egypt		See Foreign relations of Egypt
Ethiopia	July 17, 1959	See Ethiopia–Finland relations Ethiopia is represented in Finland through its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden. Finland has an embassy in Addis Ababa. Ethiopia is one of Finland's long-term development partners and in the water and education sectors.[50] On 29 April 2009, the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development announced that the Finnish government had made a grant of 11.4 million euros to enable the Benishangul-Gumuz Region to upgrade its capacity to plan and manage its rural water supply and sanitation program to achieve universal access for all Ethiopians.[51] Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Ethiopia
Kenya	June 14, 1965	Finland recognised Kenya on December 13, 1963. Kenya is represented in Finland through its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden. Finland has an embassy in Nairobi and an honorary consulate in Mombasa. Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Kenya
Morocco	July 17, 1959	Finland recognised Morocco's independence on June 8, 1956. Finland has an embassy in Rabat, an honorary consulate general in Casablanca, and other honorary consulates in Agadir, Kenitra, Marrakech, Safi, and Tangiers.[52] Morocco has an embassy in Helsinki. Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Morocco
Mozambique	July 18, 1975	Finland recognised Mozambique on July 4, 1975. Mozambique is represented in Finland through its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden. Finland has an embassy in Maputo. Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Mozambique
Namibia	March 21, 1990	See Finland–Namibia relations Finland recognised Namibia on March 21, 1990. Both countries established diplomatic relations on the same day. Namibia is represented in Finland through its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden. Finland has an embassy in Windhoek and an honorary consulate in Walvis Bay.
South Africa	May 15, 1949	See Finland – South Africa relations A South African legation was established in 1967 and relations were then upgraded to ambassadorial level in March 1991.[53] Finland has an embassy in Pretoria, a general consulate in Johannesburg, and a consulate in Cape Town. South Africa has an embassy in Helsinki.[53] During World War II South Africa declared war on Finland.[54] Finland was a strong supporter of the dismantling of Apartheid in South Africa.[54][55][56] South African exports to Finland include fresh and dried fruits, wine, pulp, paper, iron, steel, and coal. South Africa imports telecommunication equipment, paper, board products, and machinery from Finland.[53] Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with South Africa South African Department of Foreign Affairs: relations with Finland
Tanzania	June 14, 1965	Finland recognised Tanganyika on December 9, 1961. Tanzania is represented in Finland through its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden. Finland has an embassy in Dar es Salaam. Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Tanzania
Tunisia	July 17, 1959	Finland recognised Tunisia's independence on June 8, 1956. Since 1994 Finland has an embassy in Tunis. Previously Finland was represented in Tunisia through its embassies in Algiers, Algeria, and Rome, Italy.[57] Tunisia has an embassy in Helsinki. Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Tunisia
Zambia	March 8, 1968	Finland recognised Zambia on October 29, 1964. Zambia is represented in Finland through its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden. Finland has an embassy in Lusaka. Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Zambia

Asia

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Afghanistan	May 11, 1956	Afghanistan recognised the independence of Finland on July 17, 1928. Afghanistan is represented in Finland through its embassy in Oslo, Norway.[58] Finland opened a Liaison Office in Kabul in 2002. It converted into an embassy on January 1, 2006.[59] Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Afghanistan
Armenia	March 25, 1992	Finland recognised Armenia on December 30, 1991. Armenia is represented in Finland by a non-resident ambassador (based in Yerevan at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs). Finland is represented in Armenia by a non-resident ambassador (based in Helsinki at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs) and an honorary consulate in Yerevan. Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs: relations with Armenia
Georgia	July 8, 1992	Finland recognised Georgia on March 27, 1992. Finland is represented in Georgia by a non resident ambassador (based in Helsinki at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs) and an honorary consulate in Tbilissi. Georgia is represented in Finland through its embassy in Stockholm (Sweden) and an honorary consulate in Helsinki. On 22 April 2009, the Georgian Foreign Minister visited Finland.[60] Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs: relations with Georgia Georgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: relations with Finland
India	September 10, 1949	India has an embassy in Helsinki.[61] Finland has an embassy in New Delhi and three honorary consulates in Kolkata, Chennai, and Mumbai. Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs: relations with India
Indonesia	September 6, 1954	Finland recognised the independence of Indonesia on February 10, 1950. Indonesia has an embassy in Helsinki.[62] Finland has an embassy in Jakarta and honorary consulates in Denpasar and Medan.[63] Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Indonesia
Iran		See Finland–Iran relations Iran has an embassy in Helsinki.[64] Finland has an embassy in Tehran.[65]
Israel	November 14, 1950	See Finland–Israel relations Finland recognised Israel on March 18, 1949. Finland has an embassy in Tel Aviv.[66] Israel has an embassy in Helsinki.[67] Both countries are full members of the Union for the Mediterranean. Along with the rest of the European Union, Finland has not recognized the State of Palestine. See also History of the Jews in Finland Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs: relations with Israel
Japan	September 6, 1919	Japan recognised Finland on May 23, 1919. Finland has an embassy in Tokyo, an honorary consulate general in Osaka and other honorary consulates in Kitakyushu, Nagano, Nagoya, and Sapporo. Japan has an embassy in Helsinki. Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs: relations with Japan Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs: relations with Finland
Malaysia	1972	See Finland–Malaysia relations Finland has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur.[68] Malaysia has an embassy in Helsinki.[69]
Nepal	August 30, 1955	Finland recognised Nepal on December 14, 1955. Nepal is represented in Finland through its embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark. Finland has an embassy in Kathmandu. Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Nepal
People's Republic of China		See People's Republic of China – Finland relations The two international trade organisations are the Finland-China Trade Association and the China Council for Promotion of International Trade (CCPIT). One of the fastest growing areas of trade between the two countries is in environmental protection. and information technology. Nokia is the largest Finnish investor in China.
Saudi Arabia	September 23, 1969	Finland has an embassy in Riyadh and an honorary consulate general in Jeddah.[70] Saudi Arabia will open an embassy in Helsinki.[71] Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Saudi Arabia
North Korea		See Foreign relations of North Korea
South Korea	August 24, 1973	See Finland – South Korea relations The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Finland and the South Korea began on 1973-08-24. Finland recognised South Korea on 13 April 1973. Finland has an embassy in Seoul.[72] South Korea has an embassy in Helsinki.[73] Bilateral Trade in 2014 Exports 340,000,000 US dollars Imports 1,356,000,000 US dollars Bilateral Investment in 2014 South Korea's Investment in Finland 6,790,000 US dollars Finland's Investment in South Korea 216,000,000 US dollars Thee number of South Koreans living in Finland in 2012 was about 373.[74]
Syria	May 22, 1953	Finland has an embassy in Damascus and two honorary consulates general in Aleppo and Latakia. Syria is represented in Finland through its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.[75] Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Syria
Thailand	June 21, 1954	Thailand, previously known as Siam, recognised Finland's independence on October 9, 1919.[76] Siam was the second non-European state after the United States and the first Asian state to recognise Finland's independence. Finland is represented in Thailand through its embassy in Bangkok, its honorary consulate general in Phuket and its honorary consulate in Chiang Mai.[77] Thailand has an embassy in Helsinki.[78] Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Thailand
Turkey	May 20, 1920	Turkey recognised the independence of Finland on February 21, 1918. Finland has an embassy in Ankara and an honorary consulate general in Istanbul and other honorary consulates in Belek, Bodrum and Izmir.[79] Turkey has an embassy in Helsinki.[80] See also Turks in Finland Turkey's Ministry of Foreign Affairs: political, economic and commercial relations with Finland Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Turkey
Vietnam	January 5, 1973	Finland recognised Vietnam on December 28, 1972. Vietnam has an embassy in Helsinki. Finland has an embassy in Hanoi and an honorary consulate in Ho Chi Minh City. Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland about Vietnam

Oceania

 Australia

Diplomatic relations were established on May 31, 1949. Australia is represented in Finland through its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden, and through an honorary consulate in Helsinki. Finland has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate in Sydney.

International organization participation

AfDB AsDB Australia Group BIS CBSS CCC CE CERN EAPC EBRD ECE EIB ESA  EU FAO G-9 IADB

IAEA IBRD ICAO ICC ICC ICRM IDA IEA IFAD IFC IFRCS IHO ILO IMF IMO ITUC Interpol  IOC

IOM ISO ITU MINURSO NAM (guest) NC NEA NIB NSG Organization of American States (observer) OECD OPCW OSCE PCA PFP  UN UNCTAD UNESCO UNHCR

UNIDO UNIKOM UNITAR UNMEE UNMIBH UNMIK UNMOGIP UNMOP UNOMIG UNTAET UNTSO UPU WEU (observer) EFTU WHO WIPO WMO WTrO Zangger Committee

See also

• List of diplomatic missions in Finland
• List of diplomatic missions of Finland
• Minister for Foreign Affairs (Finland)
• Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Finland)
• Politics of Finland
• Pulp mill conflict between Argentina and Uruguay (for the ongoing conflict over the installation of a pulp mill by the Finnish company Botnia in Uruguay, across the Uruguay River)
• Visa requirements for Finnish citizens
• Arctic policy of Finland

References

1. http://www.valtioneuvosto.fi/hallitus/ministerivaliokunnat/en.jsp
2. "Finland's foreign policy idea" ("Suomen ulkopolitiikan idea"), Risto E. J. Penttilä, 2008
3. Helsinki again a centre of international espionage
4. http://www.finland.ee/doc/fi/suhteet/poliittiset.html
5. "Deutsche Botschaft Helsinki - Startseite". Retrieved 19 February 2015.
6. "Placówki Dyplomatyczne Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej". Retrieved 19 February 2015.
7. Bulgarian embassy in Helsinki
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10. "Embassy of Finland, Nicosia". Retrieved 19 February 2015.
11. French Embassy in Helsinki
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13. Hungarian embassy in Helsinki
14. "Suomen suurlähetystö, Reykjavik". Retrieved 19 February 2015.
15. "English > Finland > The Icelandic Foreign Services". Retrieved 19 February 2015.
16. "Embassy of Finland, Dublin". Retrieved 19 February 2015.
17. "Department of Foreign Affairs". Retrieved 19 February 2015.
18. Italian Embassy in Helsinki
19. "Suomen suurlähetystö, Rooma". Retrieved 19 February 2015.
20. "Finland recognised the Republic of Kosovo (Press release 80/2008)" (Press release). Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland. 2008-03-07. Retrieved 2008-03-07.
21. "Finland recognises Kosovo". NewsRoom Finland (Helsinki: Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland). 2008-03-07. Retrieved 2008-03-07.
22. "Finnish Liaison Office, Pristina (Kosovo)". Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland. Retrieved 2008-03-28.
23. "Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland: Countries and regions: Luxembourg". Retrieved 19 February 2015.
24. "Embassy of Finland, Luxembourg". Retrieved 19 February 2015.
25. Dutch Embassy of in Helsinki
26. "Embassy of Finland, The Hague". Retrieved 19 February 2015.
27. "Suomen suurlähetystö, Lissabon". Retrieved 19 February 2015.
28. "Embassy of Finland, Bukarest". Retrieved 19 February 2015.
29. "AMBASADA ROMÂNIEI în Republica Finlanda şi Estonia". Retrieved 19 February 2015.
30. "Suomen suurlähetystö, Belgrad". Retrieved 19 February 2015.
31. "Embassy of the Republic of Serbia in the Republic of Finland". Retrieved 19 February 2015.
32. "Suomen suurlähetystö, Bratislava". Retrieved 19 February 2015.
33. LISBETH, KIRK (September 5, 2008). "Arms deal tests Finland-Slovenia relations". EUobserver.com. Retrieved 2009-06-18.
34. Embassy of Spain in Helsinki
35. Embassy of Finland in Madrid (in Finnish, Swedish and Spanish
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37. "Посольство України в Фінляндській Республіці та Республіці Iсландія (за сумісництвом)". Retrieved 19 February 2015.
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41. "Argentine embassy in Helsinki". Retrieved 19 February 2015.
42. "Suomen suurlähetystö, Buenos Aires". Retrieved 19 February 2015.
43. "La historia de las relaciones entre Finlandia y Chile" (in Spanish). Embajada de Finlandia, Santiago de Chile. 2008-02-22. Retrieved 2009-05-06.
44. "- Cancillería". Cancillería. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
45. "Suomen suurlähetystö, Mexico". Retrieved 19 February 2015.
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49. Finnish Customs statistics for 2006. http://www.tulli.fi/resources/tekstiversio.jsp?pageoid=24045
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51. "Ethiopia, Finland sign 11.4 million Euro grant agreement", Ethiopian News Agency (accessed 29 April 2009)
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53. "Finland". South Africa. Retrieved 2009-05-21. Diplomatic relations were re-established in 1949. A South African legation was established in 1967 and relations were upgraded to ambassadorial level in March 1991. Finland and South Africa enjoy excellent relations and a Declaration of Intent was signed in June 2000 to facilitate bilateral consultations between South Africa and Finland.
54. The Nordic countries and Africa. Nordic Africa Institute. 2002. ISBN 91-7106-505-9. From 1966 to 1987 when the Parliament of Finland unanimously adopted the South Africa Act prohibiting trade with South Africa the history of Finnish-South ...
55. Finland and national liberation in Southern Africa. Nordic Africa Institute. 1999. ISBN 91-7106-431-1.
56. Politics on paper: Finland's South Africa policy, 1945-1991. Nordic Africa Institute. 1992. ISBN 91-7106-326-9.
57. "Embassy of Finland, Tunis". Retrieved 19 February 2015.
58. "The Afghanistan Embassy - EMBASSY". Retrieved 19 February 2015.
59. "Embassy of Finland, Kabul". Retrieved 19 February 2015.
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61. "Home - Embassy of India - Finland and Estonia". Embassy of India. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
62. "Indonesian Embassy - Helsinki, Finland - Home". Retrieved 19 February 2015.
63. "Embassy of Finland, Jakarta". Retrieved 19 February 2015.
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67. "Israelin suurlähetystö Suomessa". Retrieved 19 February 2015.
68. "Premises". Embassy of Finland, Kuala Lumpur. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
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71. "Home - Arab News". Retrieved 19 February 2015.
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75. "Syrian Embassy Stockholm". Retrieved 19 February 2015.
76. http://www.finland.or.th/Public/default.aspx?nodeid=43715
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78. Royal Thai Embassy in Helsinki
79. "Embassy of Finland, Ankara". Retrieved 19 February 2015.
80. Embassy of Turkey in Helsinki (in Turkish and Finnish)

External links

• Finland in the CIA World Factbook
• A Eurosceptic big bang: Finland's EU policy in hindsight of the 2011 elections The Finnish Institute of International Affairs
• Finland in the United Nations: Consistent and Credible Constructivism The Finnish Institute of International Affairs
• From Cold War to Common Currency: A personal perspective on Finland and the EU The Finnish Institute of International Affairs