Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase

Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1
Ribbon diagram of a human HPRT tetramer. Magnesium ions visible in green. From PDB: 1BZY​.
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB List of PDB id codes 1BZY​, 1D6N​, 1HMP​, 1Z7G​, 2VFA​, 3GEP​, 3GGC​, 3GGJ​, 4IJQ​, 4KN6​, 4RAB​, 4RAC​, 4RAD​, 4RAN​, 4RAO​, 4RAQ​
Identifiers
Symbols	HPRT1 ; HGPRT; HPRT
External IDs	OMIM: 308000 MGI: 96217 HomoloGene: 56590 ChEMBL: 2360 GeneCards: HPRT1 Gene
EC number	2.4.2.8
Gene ontology Molecular function • nucleotide binding • magnesium ion binding • hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase activity • protein binding • protein homodimerization activity • guanine phosphoribosyltransferase activity Cellular component • cytoplasm • cytosol • extracellular exosome Biological process • response to amphetamine • purine nucleobase metabolic process • purine nucleotide biosynthetic process • purine ribonucleoside salvage • adenine salvage • guanine salvage • grooming behavior • locomotory behavior • cytolysis • striatum development • cerebral cortex neuron differentiation • central nervous system neuron development • GMP salvage • IMP salvage • dopamine metabolic process • purine-containing compound salvage • hypoxanthine salvage • small molecule metabolic process • positive regulation of dopamine metabolic process • GMP catabolic process • IMP metabolic process • hypoxanthine metabolic process • lymphocyte proliferation • dendrite morphogenesis • protein homotetramerization • nucleobase-containing small molecule metabolic process Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	3251	15452
Ensembl	ENSG00000165704	ENSMUSG00000025630
UniProt	P00492	P00493
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_000194	NM_013556
RefSeq (protein)	NP_000185	NP_038584
Location (UCSC)	Chr X: 134.46 – 134.52 Mb	Chr X: 52.99 – 53.02 Mb
PubMed search

Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) is an enzyme encoded in humans by the HPRT1 gene.^[1][2]

HGPRT is a transferase that catalyzes conversion of hypoxanthine to inosine monophosphate and guanine to guanosine monophosphate. This reaction transfers the 5-phosphoribosyl group from 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) to the purine. HGPRT plays a central role in the generation of purine nucleotides through the purine salvage pathway.

Function

hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase
Identifiers
EC number	2.4.2.8
CAS number	9016-12-0
Databases
IntEnz	IntEnz view
BRENDA	BRENDA entry
ExPASy	NiceZyme view
KEGG	KEGG entry
MetaCyc	metabolic pathway
PRIAM	profile
PDB structures	RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum
Gene Ontology	AmiGO / EGO
Search PMC articles PubMed articles NCBI proteins

HGPRT catalyzes the following reactions:

Substrate	Product	Notes
hypoxanthine	inosine monophosphate	—
guanine	guanosine monophosphate	Often called HGPRT. Performs this function only in some species.
xanthine	xanthosine monophosphate	Only certain HPRTs.

HGPRTase functions primarily to salvage purines from degraded DNA to reintroduce into purine synthetic pathways. In this role, it catalyzes the reaction between guanine and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) to form GMP, or between hypoxanthine and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) to form inosine monophosphate.

Substrates and inhibitors

Comparative homology modelling of this enzyme in L. donovani suggest that among all of the computationally screened compounds, pentamidine, 1,3-dinitroadamantane, acyclovir and analogs of acyclovir had higher binding affinities than the real substrate (guanosine monophosphate).^[3] The in silico and in-vitro correlation of these compounds were test in Leishmania HGPRT and validates the result.^[4]

Role in disease

Mutations in the gene lead to hyperuricemia:

• Some men have partial (up to 20% less activity of the enzyme) HGPRT deficiency that causes high levels of uric acid in the blood, which leads to the development of gouty arthritis and the formation of uric acid stones in the urinary tract. This condition has been named the Kelley-Seegmiller syndrome.^[5]
• Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is due to deficiency of HGPRT caused by HPRT1 mutation ^[6]
• Some mutations have been linked to gout, the risk of which is increased in hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency.
• HPRT expression on the mRNA and protein level is induced by hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF1A). HIF-1 is a transcription factor that directs an array of cellular responses that are used for adaptation during oxygen deprivation. This finding implies that HPRT is a critical pathway that helps preserve the cell's purine nucleotide resources under hypoxic conditions as found in pathology such as myocardial ischemia.^[7]

Creation of hybridomas

Hybridomas are immortal (immune to cellular senescence), HGPRT⁺ cells that result from fusion of mortal, HGPRT⁺ plasma cells and immortal, HGPRT⁻ myeloma cells. They are created to produce monoclonal antibodies in biotechnology. HAT medium inhibits de novo synthesis of nucleic acids, killing myeloma cells that cannot switch over to the salvage pathway, due to lack of HRPT1. The plasma cells in the culture eventually die from senesence, leaving pure hybridoma cells.

See also

• Nucleotide salvage

References

1. "Entrez Gene: hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (Lesch-Nyhan syndrome)".
2. Finette BA, Kendall H, Vacek PM (Aug 2002). "Mutational spectral analysis at the HPRT locus in healthy children". Mutation Research 505 (1-2): 27–41. doi:10.1016/S0027-5107(02)00119-7. PMID 12175903.
3. Ansari MY, Dikhit MR, Sahoo GC, Das P (Apr 2012). "Comparative modeling of HGPRT enzyme of L. donovani and binding affinities of different analogs of GMP". International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 50 (3): 637–49. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.01.010. PMID 22327112.
4. Ansari MY, Equbal A, Dikhit MR, Mansuri R, Rana S, Ali V, Sahoo GC, Das P (Nov 2015). "Establishment of Correlation between In-Silico &In-Vitro Test Analysis against Leishmania HGPRT to inhibitors". International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 83: 78–96. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.11.051. PMID 26616453.
5. Khattak FH, Morris IM, Harris K (May 1998). "Kelley-Seegmiller syndrome: a case report and review of the literature". British Journal of Rheumatology 37 (5): 580–1. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/37.5.580c. PMID 9651092.
6. Hladnik U, Nyhan WL, Bertelli M (Sep 2008). "Variable expression of HPRT deficiency in 5 members of a family with the same mutation". Archives of Neurology 65 (9): 1240–3. doi:10.1001/archneur.65.9.1240. PMID 18779430.
7. Wu J, Bond C, Chen P, Chen M, Li Y, Shohet RV, Wright G (Feb 2015). "HIF-1α in the heart: Remodeling nucleotide metabolism". Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 82: 194–200. doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.01.014. PMID 25681585.

Further reading

• Sculley DG, Dawson PA, Emmerson BT, Gordon RB (Nov 1992). "A review of the molecular basis of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) deficiency". Human Genetics 90 (3): 195–207. doi:10.1007/bf00220062. PMID 1487231.
• Ansari MY, Dikhit MR, Sahoo GC, Das P (Apr 2012). "Comparative modeling of HGPRT enzyme of L. donovani and binding affinities of different analogs of GMP". International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 50 (3): 637–49. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.01.010. PMID 22327112.
• Davidson BL, Tarlé SA, Van Antwerp M, Gibbs DA, Watts RW, Kelley WN, Palella TD (May 1991). "Identification of 17 independent mutations responsible for human hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) deficiency". American Journal of Human Genetics 48 (5): 951–8. PMC 1683055. PMID 2018042.
• Stout JT, Caskey CT (1986). "HPRT: gene structure, expression, and mutation". Annual Review of Genetics 19: 127–48. doi:10.1146/annurev.ge.19.120185.001015. PMID 3909940.
• Sege-Peterson K, Chambers J, Page T, Jones OW, Nyhan WL (Sep 1992). "Characterization of mutations in phenotypic variants of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency". Human Molecular Genetics 1 (6): 427–32. doi:10.1093/hmg/1.6.427. PMID 1301916.
• Lightfoot T, Joshi R, Nuki G, Snyder FF (Mar 1992). "The point mutation of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRTEdinburgh) and detection by allele-specific polymerase chain reaction". Human Genetics 88 (6): 695–6. doi:10.1007/BF02265300. PMID 1551676.
• Yamada Y, Goto H, Ogasawara N (1992). "Identification of two independent Japanese mutant HPRT genes using the PCR technique". Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 309B: 121–4. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-7703-4_27. ISBN 978-1-4615-7705-8. PMID 1840476.
• Sculley DG, Dawson PA, Beacham IR, Emmerson BT, Gordon RB (Oct 1991). "Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency: analysis of HPRT mutations by direct sequencing and allele-specific amplification". Human Genetics 87 (6): 688–92. doi:10.1007/BF00201727. PMID 1937471.
• Tarlé SA, Davidson BL, Wu VC, Zidar FJ, Seegmiller JE, Kelley WN, Palella TD (Jun 1991). "Determination of the mutations responsible for the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome in 17 subjects". Genomics 10 (2): 499–501. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(91)90341-B. PMID 2071157.
• Gordon RB, Sculley DG, Dawson PA, Beacham IR, Emmerson BT (1991). "Identification of a single nucleotide substitution in the coding sequence of in vitro amplified cDNA from a patient with partial HPRT deficiency (HPRTBRISBANE)". Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease 13 (5): 692–700. doi:10.1007/BF01799570. PMID 2246854.
• Edwards A, Voss H, Rice P, Civitello A, Stegemann J, Schwager C, Zimmermann J, Erfle H, Caskey CT, Ansorge W (Apr 1990). "Automated DNA sequencing of the human HPRT locus". Genomics 6 (4): 593–608. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(90)90493-E. PMID 2341149.
• Gibbs RA, Nguyen PN, Edwards A, Civitello AB, Caskey CT (Jun 1990). "Multiplex DNA deletion detection and exon sequencing of the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase gene in Lesch-Nyhan families". Genomics 7 (2): 235–44. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(90)90545-6. PMID 2347587.
• Skopek TR, Recio L, Simpson D, Dallaire L, Melancon SB, Ogier H, O'Neill JP, Falta MT, Nicklas JA, Albertini RJ (Jun 1990). "Molecular analyses of a Lesch-Nyhan syndrome mutation (hprtMontreal) by use of T-lymphocyte cultures". Human Genetics 85 (1): 111–6. doi:10.1007/BF00276334. PMID 2358296.
• Davidson BL, Tarlé SA, Palella TD, Kelley WN (Jul 1989). "Molecular basis of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency in ten subjects determined by direct sequencing of amplified transcripts". The Journal of Clinical Investigation 84 (1): 342–6. doi:10.1172/JCI114160. PMC 303988. PMID 2738157.
• Ogasawara N, Stout JT, Goto H, Sonta S, Matsumoto A, Caskey CT (Sep 1989). "Molecular analysis of a female Lesch-Nyhan patient". The Journal of Clinical Investigation 84 (3): 1024–7. doi:10.1172/JCI114224. PMC 329751. PMID 2760209.
• Yang TP, Stout JT, Konecki DS, Patel PI, Alford RL, Caskey CT (May 1988). "Spontaneous reversion of novel Lesch-Nyhan mutation by HPRT gene rearrangement". Somatic Cell and Molecular Genetics 14 (3): 293–303. doi:10.1007/BF01534590. PMID 2835825.
• Fujimori S, Hidaka Y, Davidson BL, Palella TD, Kelley WN (May 1988). "Identification of a single nucleotide change in a mutant gene for hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT Ann Arbor)". Human Genetics 79 (1): 39–43. doi:10.1007/BF00291707. PMID 2896620.
• Davidson BL, Pashmforoush M, Kelley WN, Palella TD (Jan 1989). "Human hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency. The molecular defect in a patient with gout (HPRTAshville)". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 264 (1): 520–5. PMID 2909537.
• Fujimori S, Davidson BL, Kelley WN, Palella TD (Jan 1989). "Identification of a single nucleotide change in the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase gene (HPRTYale) responsible for Lesch-Nyhan syndrome". The Journal of Clinical Investigation 83 (1): 11–3. doi:10.1172/JCI113846. PMC 303636. PMID 2910902.

External links

• Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
• Purine metabolism at genome.jp
• GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome