Burmese alphabet

Burmese
Type
Languages Burmese
Time period
 c. 984 or 1035–present
Parent systems
Direction Left-to-right
ISO 15924 Mymr, 350
Unicode alias
 Myanmar
U+1000–U+104F

The Burmese script (Burmese: ဗမာအက္ခရာ; MLCTS: mranma akkha.ra; pronounced: [mjəmà ʔɛʔkʰəjà]) is an abugida used for writing Burmese. It is ultimately a brahmic script adapted from either the Kadamba or Pallava alphabet of South India, and more immediately an adaptation of the Old Mon or Pyu script. The Burmese alphabet is also used for the liturgical languages of Pali and Sanskrit.

In recent decades, other, related alphabets, such as Shan and modern Mon, have been restructured according to the standard of the now-dominant Burmese alphabet.

Burmese is written from left to right and requires no spaces between words, although modern writing usually contains spaces after each clause to enhance readability.

The earliest evidence of the Burmese alphabet is dated to 1035, while a casting made in the 18th century of an old stone inscription points to 984.[1] Burmese calligraphy originally followed a square format but the cursive format took hold from the 17th century when popular writing led to the wider use of palm leaves and folded paper known as parabaiks.[2] A stylus would rip these leaves when making straight lines.[2] The alphabet has undergone considerable modification to suit the evolving phonology of the Burmese language.

There are several systems of transliteration into the Latin alphabet; for this article, the MLC Transcription System is used.

Alphabet

History

The Burmese alphabet is an adaptation of the Old Mon script[3] or the Pyu script,[1] and it is ultimately of South Indian origin, originating in either the Kadamba[1] or Pallava alphabet.

Arrangement

As with other Brahmic scripts, the Burmese alphabet is arranged into groups of five letters for stop consonants called wek (ဝဂ်, from Pali vagga) based on articulation. Within each group, the first letter is tenuis ("plain"), the second is the aspirated homologue, the third and fourth are the voiced homologues, and the fifth is the nasal homologue. This is true of the first twenty-five letters in the Burmese alphabet, which are called grouped together as wek byi (ဝဂ်ဗျည်း, from Pali vagga byañjana). The remaining eight letters (⟨ယ⟩, ⟨ရ⟩, ⟨လ⟩, ⟨ဝ⟩, ⟨သ⟩, ⟨ဟ⟩, ⟨ဠ⟩, ⟨အ⟩) are grouped together as a wek (အဝဂ်, lit. "without group"), as they are not arranged in any particular pattern.

Letters

A syllable onset is the consonant or consonant cluster that appears before the vowel of a syllable. The Burmese script has 33 letters to indicate the initial consonant of a syllable and four diacritics to indicate additional consonants in the onset. Like other abugidas, including the other members of the Brahmic family, vowels are indicated in Burmese script by diacritics, which are placed above, below, before or after the consonant character. A consonant letter with no vowel diacritic has the inherent vowel [a̰] (often reduced to [ə] when another syllable follows in the same word).

The following table provides the letter, the syllable onset in IPA, and the way the letter is referred to in Burmese, which may be either a descriptive name or just the sound of the letter, arranged in the traditional order:

Group name Grouped consonants
Unaspirated (သိထိလ) Aspirated (ဓနိတ) Voiced (လဟု) Nasal (နိဂ္ဂဟိတ)
Velars
(ကဏ္ဍဇ)
ကဝဂ်		 က /k/ ခ /kʰ/ ဂ /ɡ/ ဃ /ɡ/ င /ŋ/
ကကြီး [ka̰ dʑí] ခကွေး [kʰa̰ ɡwé] ဂငယ် [ɡa̰ ŋɛ̀] ဃကြီး [ɡa̰ dʑí] င [ŋa̰]
Palatals
(တာလုဇ)
စဝဂ်		 စ /s/ ဆ /sʰ/ ဇ /z/ ဈ /z/ ဉ / ည /ɲ/
စလုံး [sa̰ lóʊɴ] ဆလိမ် [sʰa̰ lèɪɴ] ဇကွဲ [za̰ ɡwɛ́] ဈမျဉ်းဆွဲ [za̰ mjɪ̀ɴ zwɛ́] ညကလေး/ ညကြီး [ɲa̰ dʑí]
Alveolars
(မုဒ္ဒဇ)
ဋဝဂ်		 ဋ /t/ ဌ /tʰ/ ဍ /d/ ဎ /d/ ဏ /n/
ဋသန်လျင်းချိတ် [ta̰ təlɪ́ɴ dʑeɪʔ] ဌဝမ်းဘဲ [tʰa̰ wʊ́ɴ bɛ́] ဍရင်ကောက် [da̰ jɪ̀ɴ ɡaʊʔ] ဎရေမှုတ် [da̰ jè m̥oʊʔ] ဏကြီး [na̰ dʑí]
Dentals
(ဒန္တဇ)
တဝဂ်		 တ /t/ ထ /tʰ/ ဒ /d/ ဓ /d/ န /n/
တဝမ်းပူ [ta̰ wʊ́ɴ bù] ထဆင်ထူး [tʰa̰ sʰɪ̀ɴ dú] ဒထွေး [da̰ dwé] ဓအောက်ခြိုက် [da̰ ʔaʊʔ tɕʰaɪʔ] နငယ် [na̰ ŋɛ̀]
Labials
(ဩဌဇ)
ပဝဂ်		 ပ /p/ ဖ /pʰ/ ဗ /b/ ဘ /b/ မ /m/
ပစောက် ([pa̰ zaʊʔ]) ဖဦးထုပ် ([pʰa̰ ʔóʊʔ tʰoʊʔ]) ဗထက်ခြိုက်‌ ([ba̰ lɛʔ tɕʰaɪʔ]) ဘကုန်း ([ba̰ ɡóʊɴ]) မ [ma̰]
Miscellaneous consonants
Without group
(အဝဂ်)		 ယ /j/ ရ /j/ လ /l/ ဝ /w/ သ /θ/
ယပက်လက် [ja̰ pɛʔ lɛʔ] ရကောက်‌ [ja̰ ɡaʊʔ] လငယ် [la̰ ŋɛ̀] ဝ‌ [wa̰] သ‌ [θa̰]
ဟ /h/ ဠ /l/ အ /ʔ/
ဟ‌ [ha̰] ဠကြီး [la̰ dʑí] အ [ʔa̰]

Consonant letters may be modified by one or more medial diacritics (three at most), indicating an additional consonant before the vowel. These diacritics are:

A few Burmese dialects use an extra diacritic to indicate the /l/ medial, which has merged to /y/ in standard Burmese:

All the possible diacritic combinations are listed below:

Diacritics for medial consonants, shown on မ [m]
Base Letter IPA MLCTS Remarks
ျ
ya pin		 မျ [mj] my Generally only used on bilabial and velar consonants (က ခ ဂ ဃ င ပ ဖ ဗ မ လ သ).
Palatalizes velar consonants: ကျ (ky), ချ (hky), ဂျ (gy) are pronounced [tɕ], [tɕʰ], [dʑ].
မျှ [m̥j] hmy သျှ (hsy) and လျှ (hly) are pronounced [ʃ].
မျွ [mw] myw
မျွှ [m̥w] hmyw
ြ
ya yit		 မြ [mj] mr Generally only used on bilabial and velar consonants (က ခ ဂ ဃ င ပ ဖ ဗ မ). (but in Pali and Sanskrit loanwords, can be used for other consonants as well e.g. ဣ န္ ဒြေ )
Palatalizes velar consonants: ကြ (kr), ခြ (hkr), ဂြ (gr), ငြ (ngr) are pronounced [tɕ], [tɕʰ], [dʑ], [ɲ].
မြှ [m̥j] hmr
မြွ [mw] mrw
မြွှ [m̥w] hmrw
ွ
wa hswe		 မွ [mw] mw
မွှ [m̥w] hmw
ှ
ha hto		 မှ [m̥] hm Used only in ငှ (hng) [ŋ̊], ညှ/ဉှ (hny) [ɲ̥], နှ (hn) [n̥], မှ (hm) [m̥], လှ (hl) [ɬ], ဝှ (hw) [ʍ]. ယှ (hy) and ရှ (hr) are pronounced [ʃ].

Syllable rhymes

Syllable rhymes (i.e. vowels and any consonants that may follow them within the same syllable) are indicated in Burmese by a combination of diacritic marks and consonant letters marked with the virama character ် which suppresses the inherent vowel of the consonant letter. This mark is called Asat in Burmese (Burmese: အသတ်; MLCTS: a.sat, [ʔa̰θaʔ]), which means nonexistence (see Sat (Sanskrit)).

Syllable rhymes of Burmese, using the letter က [k] as a basis
Symbol IPA MLCTS Remarks
က [ka̰], [kə] ka. [a̰] is the inherent vowel, and is not indicated by any diacritic. In theory, virtually any written syllable that is not the final syllable of a word can be pronounced with the vowel [ə] (with no tone and no syllable-final [-ʔ] or [-ɴ]) as its rhyme. In practice, the bare consonant letter alone is the most common way of spelling syllables whose rhyme is [ə].
ကာ [kà] ka Takes the alternative form ါ with certain consonants, e.g. ဂါ ga [ɡà].[* 1]
ကား [ká] ka: Takes the alternative form ါး with certain consonants, e.g. ဂါး ga: [ɡá].[* 1]
ကက် [kɛʔ] kak
ကင် [kɪ̀ɴ] kang
ကင့် [kɪ̰ɴ] kang.
ကင်း [kɪ́ɴ] kang:
ကစ် [kɪʔ] kac
ကည် [kì], [kè], [kɛ̀] kany
ကဉ် [kɪ̀ɴ]
ကည့် [kḭ], [kḛ], [kɛ̰] kany.
ကဉ့် [kɪ̰ɴ]
ကည်း [kí], [ké], [kɛ́] kany:
ကဉ်း [kɪ́ɴ]
ကတ် [kaʔ] kat
ကန် [kàɴ] kan
ကန့် [ka̰ɴ] kan.
ကန်း [káɴ] kan:
ကပ် [kaʔ] kap
ကမ် [kàɴ] kam
ကမ့် [ka̰ɴ] kam.
ကမ်း [káɴ] kam:
ကယ် [kɛ̀] kai
ကံ [kàɴ] kam
ကံ့ [ka̰ɴ] kam.
ကံး [káɴ] kam:
ကိ [kḭ] ki. As an open vowel, [ʔḭ] is represented by ဣ.
ကိတ် [keɪʔ] kit
ကိန် [kèɪɴ] kin
ကိန့် [kḛɪɴ] kin.
ကိန်း [kéɪɴ] kin:
ကိပ် [keɪʔ] kip
ကိမ် [kèɪɴ] kim
ကိမ့် [kḛɪɴ] kim.
ကိမ်း [kéɪɴ] kim:
ကိံ [kèɪɴ] kim
ကိံ့ [kḛɪɴ] kim.
ကိံး [kéɪɴ] kim:
ကီ [kì] ki As an open vowel, [ʔì] is represented by ဤ.
ကီး [kí] ki:
ကု [kṵ] ku. As an open vowel, [ʔṵ] is represented by ဥ.
ကုတ် [koʊʔ] kut
ကုန် [kòʊɴ] kun
ကုန့် [ko̰ʊɴ] kun.
ကုန်း [kóʊɴ] kun:
ကုပ် [koʊʔ] kup
ကုမ် [kòʊɴ] kum
ကုမ့် [ko̰ʊɴ] kum.
ကုမ်း [kóʊɴ] kum:
ကုံ [kòʊɴ] kum
ကုံ့ [ko̰ʊɴ] kum.
ကုံး [kóʊɴ] kum:
ကူ [kù] ku As an open vowel, [ʔù] is represented by ဦ.
ကူး [kú] ku: As an open vowel, [ʔú] is represented by ဦး.
ကေ [kè] ke As an open vowel, [ʔè] is represented by ဧ.
ကေ့ [kḛ] ke.
ကေး [ké] ke: As an open vowel, [ʔé] is represented by ဧး.
ကဲ [kɛ́] kai:
ကဲ့ [kɛ̰] kai.
ကော [kɔ́] kau: Takes an alternative long form with certain consonants, e.g. ဂေါ gau: [ɡɔ́].[* 1] As an open vowel, [ʔɔ́] is represented by ဩ.
ကောက် [kaʊʔ] kauk Takes an alternative long form with certain consonants, e.g. ဂေါက် gauk [ɡaʊʔ].[* 1]
ကောင် [kàʊɴ] kaung Takes an alternative long form with certain consonants, e.g. ဂေါင် gaung [ɡàʊɴ].[* 1]
ကောင့် [ka̰ʊɴ] kaung. Takes an alternative long form with certain consonants, e.g. ဂေါင့် gaung. [ɡa̰ʊɴ].[* 1]
ကောင်း [káʊɴ] kaung: Takes an alternative long form with certain consonants, e.g. ဂေါင်း gaung: [ɡáʊɴ].[* 1]
ကော့ [kɔ̰] kau. Takes an alternative long form with certain consonants, e.g. ဂေါ့ gau. [ɡɔ̰].[* 1]
ကော် [kɔ̀] kau Takes an alternative long form with certain consonants, e.g. ဂေါ် gau [ɡɔ̀].[* 1] As an open vowel, [ʔɔ̀] is represented by ဪ.
ကို [kò] kui
ကိုက် [kaɪʔ] kuik
ကိုင် [kàɪɴ] kuing
ကိုင့် [ka̰ɪɴ] kuing.
ကိုင်း [káɪɴ] kuing:
ကို့ [ko̰] kui.
ကိုး [kó] kui:
ကွတ် [kʊʔ] kwat
ကွန် [kʊ̀ɴ] kwan
ကွန့် [kʊ̰ɴ] kwan.
ကွန်း [kʊ́ɴ] kwan:
ကွပ် [kʊʔ] kwap
ကွမ် [kʊ̀ɴ] kwam
ကွမ့် [kʊ̰ɴ] kwam.
ကွမ်း [kʊ́ɴ] kwam:
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 The consonant letters that take the long form ါ are ခ, ဂ, င, ဒ, ပ, and ဝ.

Diacritics and symbols

Symbol Burmese name Notes
် အသတ်, တံခွန် Virama; Combined to form ော်, which changes inherent vowel to /ɔ̰ ɔ̀ ɔ́/ respectively
Creates a consonant final when used with က င စ ည (ဉ) ဏ တ န ပ မ ယ ဝ
င်္ ကင်းစီး Superscripted miniature version of င်; phonetic equivalent of nasalized င် ([ìɴ]) final.
Found mainly in Pali and Sanskrit loans (e.g. "Tuesday," spelt အင်္ဂါ and not အင်ဂါ)
့ အောက်မြစ် Anusvara, creates creaky tone, but only used with a consonant final (open vowels have an inherent creaky tone)
ာ ရေးချ, မောက်ချ, ဝိုက်ချ Creates low tone; called ဝိုက်ချ if used with ခ ဂ င ဒ ပ ဝ
Combined to form ော့ ော် ော, which changes inherent vowel to /ɔ̰ ɔ̀ ɔ́/ respectively
◌း ဝစ္စပေါက်, ရှေ့ကပေါက်, ရှေ့ဆီး Visarga; creates high tone, but cannot be used alone
ေ သဝေထိုး Changes inherent vowel to /e/
Combined to form ော့ ော် ော, which changes inherent vowel to /ɔ̰ ɔ̀ ɔ́/ respectively
ဲ နောက်ပစ် Changes inherent vowel to /ɛ/ and creates high tone
ု တစ်ချောင်းငင် Changes inherent vowel to /u/ and creates creaky tone
Combined to form ို, which changes inherent vowel to /o/
ူ နှစ်ချောင်းငင် Changes inherent vowel to /u/
ိ လုံးကြီးတင် Changes inherent vowel to /i/ and creates creaky tone
Combined to form ို, which changes inherent vowel to /o/
ီ လုံးကြီးတင်ဆန်ခတ် Changes inherent vowel to /i/
ွဲ အဆွဲအငင် Changes inherent vowel to /ɛ/ and adds /-w-/ medial
ံ သေးသေးတင် Anunaasika, creates nasalised /-n/ final
Combined to form ုံ့ ုံ ုံး, which changes rhyme to /o̰ʊɴ òʊɴ óʊɴ/
◌ၙ used exclusively for Sanskrit
◌ၘ used exclusively for Sanskrit
ါ "tall a", used to denote "ာ" in some letters to avoid confusion with က, တ, ဘ, ဟ, အ.[4]
ေါ် used to denote "ော်" in some letters to avoid confusion for က, တ, ဘ, ဟ, အ.[4]

One or more of these accents can be added to a consonant to change its sound. In addition, other modifying symbols are used to differentiate tone and sound, but are not considered diacritics.

History

La hswe (လဆွဲ) used in old Burmese from the Bagan to Innwa periods (12th century - 16th century), and could be combined with other diacritics (ya pin, ha hto and wa hswe) to form ္လျ ္လွ ္လှ.[5][6] Similarly, until the Innwa period, ya pin was also combined with ya yit. From the early Bagan period to the 19th century, ဝ် was used instead of ော် for the rhyme /ɔ̀/ Early Burmese writing also used ဟ်, not the high tone marker း, which came into being in the 16th century. Moreover, အ်, which disappeared by the 16th century, was subscripted to represent creaky tone (now indicated with ့). During the early Bagan period, the rhyme /ɛ́/ (now represented with the diacritic ဲ) was represented with ါယ်). The diacritic combination ိုဝ် disappeared in the mid-1750s (typically designated as Middle Burmese), having been replaced with the ို combination, introduced in 1638. The standard tone markings found in modern Burmese can be traced to the 19th century.[6]

Stacked consonants

Certain sequences of consonants are written one atop the other, or stacked. A pair of stacked consonants indicates that no vowel is pronounced between them, as for example the m-bh in ကမ္ဘာ kambha "world". This is equivalent to using a virama ် on the first consonant (in this case, the m); if the m and bh were not stacked, the inherent vowel a would be assumed (*ကမဘာ kamabha). Stacked consonants are always homorganic (pronounced in the same place in the mouth), which indicated by the traditional arrangement of the Burmese alphabet into five-letter rows of letters called ဝဂ်. (Consonants not found in a row beginning with k, c, t, or p can only be doubled – that is, stacked with themselves.)

When stacked, the first consonant (the final of the preceding syllable, in this case m) is written as usual, while the second consonant (the onset of the following syllable, in this case bh) is subscripted beneath it.

Group Possible combinations Transcriptions Example
K က္က, က္ခ, ဂ္ဂ, ဂ္ဃ kk, kkh, gg, ggh [also ng?] dukkha (ဒုက္ခ‌), meaning "suffering"
C စ္စ, စ္ဆ, ဇ္ဇ, ဇ္ဈ, ဉ္စ, ဉ္ဆ, ဉ္ဇ, ဉ္ဈ cc, cch, jj, jjh, nyc, nych, nyj, nyjh wijja (ဝိဇ္ဇာ), meaning "knowledge"
T ဋ္ဋ, ဋ္ဌ, ဍ္ဍ, ဍ္ဎ, ဏ္ဋ, ဏ္ဍ tt, tth, dd, ddh, nt, nd kanta (ကဏ္ဍ), meaning "section"
T တ္တ, တ္ထ, ဒ္ဒ, ဒ္ဓ, န္တ, န္ထ, န္ဒ, န္ဓ, န္န tt, tth, dd, ddh, nt, nth, nd, ndh, nn manta. le: (မန္တလေး), Mandalay, a city in Burma
P ပ္ပ, ပ္ဖ, ဗ္ဗ, ဗ္ဘ, မ္ပ, မ္ဗ, မ္ဘ, မ္မ, pp, pph, bb, bbh, mp, mb, mbh, mm kambha (ကမ္ဘာ), meaning "world"
(other) ဿ, လ္လ, ဠ္ဠ ss, ll, ll pissa (ပိဿာ), meaning viss, a traditional Burmese unit of weight measurement

Stacked consonants are mostly confined to loan words from languages like Pali, Sanskrit, and occasionally English. For instance, the Burmese word for "paper" (a Pali loan) is spelt စက္ကူ, not စက်ကူ, although both would be read the same. They are not found in native Burmese words except for the purpose of abbreviation. For example, the Burmese word သမီး "daughter" is sometimes abbreviated to သ္မီး, even though the stacked consonants don't belong to the same row and a vowel is pronounced between. Similarly, လက်ဖက် "tea" is commonly abbreviated to လ္ဘက်.

Digits

Main article: Burmese numerals

A decimal numbering system is used, and numbers are written in the same order as Hindu-Arabic numerals.

The digits from zero to nine are: ၀၁၂၃၄၅၆၇၈၉ (Unicode 1040 to 1049). The number 1945 would be written as ၁၉၄၅. Separators, such as commas, are not used to group numbers.

Punctuation

There are two primary break characters in Burmese, drawn as one or two downward strokes: ၊ (called ပုဒ်ဖြတ်, ပုဒ်ကလေး, ပုဒ်ထီး, or တစ်ချောင်းပုဒ်) and ။ (called ပုဒ်ကြီး, ပုဒ်မ, or နှစ်ချောင်းပုဒ်), which respectively act as a comma and a full stop . Other abbreviations used in literary Burmese are:

Unicode

The Burmese script was added to the Unicode Standard in September, 1999 with the release of version 3.0. It was extended in October, 2009 with the release of version 5.2.

Until 2005, most Burmese language websites used an image-based, dynamically-generated method to display Burmese characters, often in GIF or JPEG. At the end of 2005, the Burmese NLP Research Lab announced a Myanmar OpenType font named Myanmar1. This font contains not only Unicode code points and glyphs but also the OpenType Layout (OTL) logic and rules. Their research center is based in Myanmar ICT Park, Yangon. Padauk, which was produced by SIL International, is Unicode compliant. Initially, it required a Graphite engine, though now OpenType tables for Windows are in the current version of this font. Since the release of the Unicode 5.1 Standard on 4 April 2008, three Unicode 5.1 compliant fonts have been available under public license, including Myanmar3, Padauk and Parabaik.[7]

Many Burmese font makers have created Burmese fonts including Win Innwa, CE Font, Myazedi, Zawgyi, Ponnya, Mandalay. It is important to note that these Burmese fonts are not Unicode compliant, because they use unallocated code points (including those for the Latin script) in the Burmese block to manually deal with shaping that would normally be done by the Uniscribe engine and they are not yet supported by Microsoft and other major software vendors. However, there are few Burmese language websites that have switched to Unicode rendering, with many websites continuing to use a pseudo-Unicode font called Zawgyi (which uses codepoints allocated for minority languages and does not intelligently render diacritics, such as the size of ya-yit) or the GIF/JPG display method.

Burmese Support in Microsoft Windows 8

The Microsoft Windows 8 operating system includes a Unicode-compliant Burmese font named "Myanmar Text". Windows 8 also includes a Burmese keyboard layout.[8]

Unicode Chart

Myanmar[1]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+100x က ခ ဂ ဃ င စ ဆ ဇ ဈ ဉ ည ဋ ဌ ဍ ဎ ဏ
U+101x တ ထ ဒ ဓ န ပ ဖ ဗ ဘ မ ယ ရ လ ဝ သ ဟ
U+102x ဠ အ ဢ ဣ ဤ ဥ ဦ ဧ ဨ ဩ ဪ ါ ာ ိ ီ ု
U+103x ူ ေ ဲ ဳ ဴ ဵ ံ ့ း     ္  ် ျ ြ ွ ှ ဿ
U+104x ၀ ၁ ၂ ၃ ၄ ၅ ၆ ၇ ၈ ၉ ၊ ။ ၌ ၍ ၎ ၏
U+105x ၐ ၑ ၒ ၓ ၔ ၕ ၖ ၗ ၘ ၙ ၚ ၛ ၜ ၝ ၞ ၟ
U+106x ၠ ၡ ၢ ၣ ၤ ၥ ၦ ၧ ၨ ၩ ၪ ၫ ၬ ၭ ၮ ၯ
U+107x ၰ ၱ ၲ ၳ ၴ ၵ ၶ ၷ ၸ ၹ ၺ ၻ ၼ ၽ ၾ ၿ
U+108x ႀ ႁ ႂ ႃ ႄ ႅ ႆ ႇ ႈ ႉ ႊ ႋ ႌ ႍ ႎ ႏ
U+109x ႐ ႑ ႒ ႓ ႔ ႕ ႖ ႗ ႘ ႙ ႚ ႛ ႜ ႝ ႞ ႟
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 8.0

Languages

An adaptation of the Old Mon script or the Pyu script, the Burmese alphabet was originally used to write the Mon and Pyu languages, respectively. In modern times, besides being used to write the Burmese language, it has been adapted for use in writing other languages of Burma, most notably Shan, Mon (using a version of the script more similar to that used for Burmese than the original Old Mon script) and the Karen languages. It is also used for the liturgical languages of Pali and Sanskrit.

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 Aung-Thwin (2005): 167–178, 197–200
  2. 1 2 Lieberman (2003): 136
  3. ↑ Harvey (1925): 307
  4. 1 2 ; retrieved 2010-11-17
  5. ↑ Herbert et al (1989): 5–2
  6. 1 2 MLC (1993)
  7. ↑ Zawgyi.ORG Developer site
  8. ↑ To install this keyboard layout, open Desktop, then Control Panel, then open the "Language" control panel. Click "Add language". Type "Burmese" into the search box in the upper-right (if you skip this step, Burmese fails to appear in the language list). After using the search box, Burmese appears and you can double-click it to choose it.

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Burmese script.

Fonts supporting Burmese characters

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