Gujarati language

Not to be confused with Gujari language.
Gujarati
ગુજરાત
Gujarātī
Pronunciation [ɡudʒəˈɾɑːt̪i]
Native to India, Pakistan
Region Gujarat
Ethnicity Gujaratis
Native speakers
 50 million (2007)[1]
Early forms
Gujarati alphabet (Brahmic)
Gujarati Braille
Arabic script
Devanagari (historical)
Official status
Official language in
 Gujarat (India)[3]
Daman and Diu (India)
Dadra and Nagar Haveli (India)
Language codes
ISO 639-1 gu
ISO 639-2 guj
ISO 639-3 guj
Glottolog guja1252[4]
Linguasphere 59-AAF-h

Distribution of native Gujarati speakers in India

Gujarati /ɡʊdʒəˈrɑːti/[5] (ગુજરાતી Gujarātī [ɡudʒəˈɾɑːt̪i]) is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Indian state of Gujarat. It is part of the greater Indo-European language family. Gujarati is descended from Old Gujarati (circa 1100–1500 AD). In India, it is the chief language in the state of Gujarat, as well as an official language in the union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. Gujarati is the language of the Gujjars, who had ruled Rajputana and Punjab.

According to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 4.5% of the Indian population (1.21 billion according to the 2011 census) speaks Gujarati, which amounts to 54.6 million speakers in India.[6] There are about 65.5 million speakers of Gujarati worldwide, making it the 26th-most-spoken native language in the world. Gujarati was the first language of Mahatma Gandhi and Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

History

Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Mahatma Gandhi sharing a laugh in Bombay in 1944, for ill-fated political talks. These two prime political figures of the Indian subcontinent in the 20th century were Gujaratis and native speakers of the Gujarati language.

For Jinnah, Gujarati was important only as mother tongue. He was neither born nor raised in Gujarat,[7] and Gujarat did not end up a part of Pakistan, the state he espoused. He went on to advocate for solely Urdu in his politics.

For Gandhi, Gujarati served as a medium of literary expression. He helped to inspire a renewal in its literature,[8] and in 1936 he introduced the current spelling convention at the Gujarati Literary Society's 12th meeting.[9]
Updeshmala, Manuscript in Jain Prakrit and Old Gujarati on paper, Rupnagar, Rajastan, India, 1666, 76 ff. (−16 ff.), 11x25 cm, single column, (10x22 cm), 4 lines main text, 2–4 lines of interlinear commentary for each text line, in Jain Devanagari book script, filled with red and yellow, 17 paintings in colours mostly of Svetambara Jain monks, influenced by the Mughal style.

The text is a Prakrit didactic work of how best to live a proper Jain life, aimed probably at the laity. The Svetambara pontiff, Sri Dharmadasagaî, lived in the mid-6th century. The Old Gujarati prose commentary was written in 1487. The colophon gives the place, date, and the name of the religious leader, Sri Namdalalaji, on whose order the work was transcribed.

Gujarati (also sometimes spelled Gujerati, Gujarathi, Guzratee, Guujaratee, Gujrathi, and Gujerathi[10][11]) is a modern IA (Indo-Aryan) language evolved from Sanskrit. The traditional practice is to differentiate the IA languages on the basis of three historical stages:[11]

  1. Old IA (Vedic and Classical Sanskrit)
  2. Middle IA (various Prakrits and Apabhramshas)
  3. New IA (modern languages such as Hindi, Punjabi, Bengali, etc.)

Another view postulates successive family tree splits, in which Gujarati is assumed to have separated from other IA languages in four stages:[12]

  1. IA languages split into Northern, Eastern, and Western divisions based on the innovate characteristics such as plosives becoming voiced in the Northern (Skt. danta "tooth" > Punj. dānd) and dental and retroflex sibilants merging with the palatal in the Eastern (Skt. sandhya "evening" > Beng. śājh).[13]
  2. Western, into Central and Southern.
  3. Central, in Gujarati/Rajasthani, Western Hindi, and Punjabi/Lahanda/Sindhi, on the basis of innovation of auxiliary verbs and postpositions in Gujarati/Rajasthani.[11]
  4. Gujarati/Rajasthani into Gujarati and Rajasthani through development of such characteristics as auxiliary ch- and the possessive marker -n- during the 15th century.[14]

The principal changes from Sanskrit are the following:[12]

English Sanskrit Prakrit Gujarati Ref
handhastahatthahāth[15]
sevensaptasattasāt[16]
eightaṣṭāaṭṭhaāṭh[17]
snakesarpasappasāp[18]

Gujarati is then customarily divided into the following three historical stages:[11]

Old Gujarati

Main article: Old Gujarati language

Middle Gujarati

Modern Gujarati (AD 1800– )

A Page from the Gujarati translation of 'Dabestan-e Mazaheb' prepared and printed by Fardunji Marzban (25 December 1815)

A major phonological change was the deletion of the final ə, such that the modern language has consonant-final words. Grammatically, a new plural marker of -o developed.[19] In literature, the third quarter of the 19th century saw a series of milestones for Gujarati, which previously had had verse as its dominant mode of literary composition.[20]

Demographics and distribution

Map of Gujarat
India Square, Jersey City, New Jersey, USA. Gujarati has achieved high linguistic prominence in many urban districts worldwide, particularly in the New York City Metropolitan Area.

Of the approximately 46 million speakers of Gujarati in 1997, roughly 45.5 million resided in India, 150,000 in Uganda, 50,000 in Tanzania, 50,000 in Kenya and roughly 100,000 in Karachi, Pakistan, excluding several hundreds of thousands of Memonis who do not self-identify as Gujarati, but hail from a region within the state of Gujarat.[23] There is a certain amount of Mauritian population and a large amount of Réunion Island people who are from Gujarati descent among which some of them still speak Gujarati.

A considerable Gujarati-speaking population exists in North America, most particularly in the New York City Metropolitan Area and in the Greater Toronto Area, which have over 100,000 speakers and over 75,000 speakers, respectively, but also throughout the major metropolitan areas of the United States and Canada. According to the 2011 census, Gujarati is the seventeenth most spoken language in the Greater Toronto Area, and the fourth most spoken South Asian language after Urdu, Punjabi and Tamil. The UK has 200,000 speakers, many of them situated in the London area, but also in Birmingham, Manchester, and in Leicester, Coventry, Bradford and the former mill towns within Lancashire and Wembley. A portion of these numbers consists of East African Gujaratis who, under increasing discrimination and policies of Africanisation in their newly independent resident countries (especially Uganda, where Idi Amin expelled 50,000 Asians), were left with uncertain futures and citizenships. Most, with British passports, settled in the UK.[8][24] Gujarati is offered as a GCSE subject for students in the UK.

Besides being spoken by the Gujarati people, non-Gujarati residents of and migrants to the state of Gujarat also count as speakers, among them the Kutchis (as a literary language),[8] the Parsis (adopted as a mother tongue), and Hindu Sindhi refugees from Pakistan. A distribution of the geographical area can be found in 'Linguistic Survey of India' by George A. Grierson.

Official status

Gujarati is one of the twenty-two official languages and fourteen regional languages of India. It is officially recognized in the state of Gujarat, India.

Dialects

In A simplified grammar of the Gujarati language (1892) by William Tisdall, two major dialects of Gujarati are mentioned: a standard 'Hindu' dialect and a 'Parsi' dialect. However, Gujarati has undergone contemporary reclassification with respect to the widespread regional differences in vocabulary and phrasing; notwithstanding the number of poorly attested, dubiously cited dialects.

Kutchi is often referred to as a dialect of Gujarati, but most linguists consider it closer to Sindhi. In addition, a mixture between Sindhi, Gujarati, and Kutchi called Memoni is related to Gujarati, albeit distantly..

Furthermore, words used by the native languages of areas where the Gujarati people have become a diaspora community, such as East Africa (Swahili), have become loanwords in local dialects of Gujarati.[25]

Phonology

Main article: Gujarati phonology

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i u
Close-mid e əo
Open-mid ɛɔ
Open (æ) ɑ

Consonants

Consonants
Labial Dental/
Alveolar		 Retroflex Postal.
/Palatal		 Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɳ
Plosive voiceless p t̪ ʈ tʃ k
voiced b d̪ ɖ dʒ ɡ
aspirated pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ tʃʰ kʰ
murmured bʱ d̪ʱ ɖʱ dʒʱ ɡʱ
Fricative voiceless (f) ɳ ʃ
voiced (z) f
Approximant ʋ l [26] j
Flap ɾ

Writing system

Similar to other Nāgarī writing systems, the Gujarati script is an abugida. It is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. It is a variant of Devanāgarī script differentiated by the loss of the characteristic horizontal line running above the letters and by a small number of modifications in the remaining characters.

Gujarati and closely related languages, including Kutchi, can be written in the Arabic or Persian scripts. This is traditionally done by many in Gujarat's Kutch district.

Vocabulary

Categorisation and sources

These are the three general categories of words in modern Indo-Aryan: tatsam, tadbhav, and loanwords.[27]

Tadbhav

તદ્ભવ tadbhava, "of the nature of that". Gujarati is a modern Indo-Aryan language descended from Sanskrit (old Indo-Aryan), and this category pertains exactly to that: words of Sanskritic origin that have demonstratively undergone change over the ages, ending up characteristic of modern Indo-Aryan languages specifically as well as in general. Thus the "that" in "of the nature of that" refers to Sanskrit. They tend to be non-technical, everyday, crucial words; part of the spoken vernacular. Below is a table of a few Gujarati tadbhav words and their Old Indo-Aryan sources:

Old Indo-Aryan Gujarati Ref
Iahamhũ [28]
falls, slipskhasatikhasvũto move[29]
causes to movearpayatiāpvũto give[30]
schoolnayaśālāniśāḷ [31]
attains to, obtainsprāpnotipāmvũ [32]
tigervyāghravāgh [33]
equal, alike, levelsamasamũright, sound[34]
allsarvasau [35]

Tatsam

તત્સમ tatsama, "same as that". While Sanskrit eventually stopped being spoken vernacularly, in that it changed into Middle Indo-Aryan, it was nonetheless standardized and retained as a literary and liturgical language for long after. This category consists of these borrowed words of (more or less) pure Sanskrit character. They serve to enrich Gujarati and modern Indo-Aryan in its formal, technical, and religious vocabulary. They are recognizable by their Sanskrit inflections and markings; they are thus often treated as a separate grammatical category unto themselves.

Tatsam English Gujarati
lekhakwriterlakhnār
vijetāwinnerjītnār
vikǎsitdevelopedvikǎselũ
jāgǎraṇawakeningjāgvānũ

Many old tatsam words have changed their meanings or have had their meanings adopted for modern times. પ્રસારણ prasāraṇ means "spreading", but now it is used for "broadcasting". In addition to this are neologisms, often being calques. An example is telephone, which is Greek for "far talk", translated as દુરભાષ durbhāṣ. Though most people just use ફોન phon and thus neo-Sanskrit has varying degrees of acceptance.

So, while having unique tadbhav sets, modern IA languages have a common, higher tatsam pool. Also, tatsams and their derived tadbhavs can also co-exist in a language; sometimes of no consequence and at other times with differences in meaning:

Tatsam Tadbhav
karmaWork — Dharmic religious concept of works or deeds whose divine consequences are experienced in this life or the next.kāmwork [without any religious connotations].
kṣetraField — Abstract sense, such as a field of knowledge or activity; khāngī kṣetra → private sector. Physical sense, but of higher or special importance; raṇǎkṣetra → battlefield.khetarfield [in agricultural sense].

What remains are words of foreign origin (videśī), as well as words of local origin that cannot be pegged as belonging to any of the three prior categories (deśaj). The former consists mainly of Persian, Arabic, and English, with trace elements of Portuguese and Turkish. While the phenomenon of English loanwords is relatively new, Perso-Arabic has a longer history behind it. Both English and Perso-Arabic influences are quite nationwide phenomena, in a way paralleling tatsam as a common vocabulary set or bank. What's more is how, beyond a transposition into general Indo-Aryan, the Perso-Arabic set has also been assimilated in a manner characteristic and relevant to the specific Indo-Aryan language it is being used in, bringing to mind tadbhav.

Perso-Arabic

India was ruled for many a century by Persian-speaking Muslims, amongst the most notable being the Turko-Afghan Delhi Sultanate, and the Turco-Mongol Mughal dynasty. As a consequence Indian languages were changed greatly, with the large scale entry of Persian and its many Arabic loans into the Gujarati lexicon. One fundamental adoption was Persian's conjunction "that", ke. Also, while tatsam or Sanskrit is etymologically continuous to Gujarati, it is essentially of a differing grammar (or language), and that in comparison while Perso-Arabic is etymologically foreign, it has been in certain instances and to varying degrees grammatically indigenized. Owing to centuries of situation and the end of Persian education and power, (1) Perso-Arabic loans are quite unlikely to be thought of or known as loans, and (2) more importantly, these loans have often been Gujarati-ized. dāvo – claim, fāydo – benefit, natījo – result, and hamlo – attack, all carry Gujarati's masculine gender marker, o. khānũ – compartment, has the neuter ũ. Aside from easy slotting with the auxiliary karvũ, a few words have made a complete transition of verbification: kabūlvũ – to admit (fault), kharīdvũ – to buy, kharǎcvũ – to spend (money), gujarvũ – to pass. The last three are definite part and parcel.

Below is a table displaying a number of these loans. Currently some of the etymologies are being referenced to an Urdu dictionary, so it should be noted that Gujarati's singular masculine o corresponds to Urdu ā, neuter ũ groups into ā as Urdu has no neuter gender, and Urdu's Persian z is not upheld in Gujarati and corresponds to j or jh. In contrast to modern Persian, the pronunciation of these loans into Gujarati and other Indo-Aryan languages, as well as that of Indian-recited Persian, seems to be in line with Persian spoken in Afghanistan and Central Asia, perhaps 500 years ago.[36]

NOUNS ADJECTIVES
MASC NEU FEM
fāydogain, advantage, benefitA[37]khānũcompartmentP[38]kharīdīpurchase(s), shoppingP[39]tājũfreshP[40]
humloattackA[41]makānhouse, buildingA[42]śardīcommon coldP[43]judũdifferent, separateP[44]
dāvoclaimA[45]nasībluckA[46] bājusideP[47]najīknearP[48]
natījoresult, outcomeA[49]śahercityP[50]cījhthingP[51]kharābbadA[52]
gussoangerP[53]medānplainP[54]jindgīlifeP[55]lālredP[56]

Lastly, Persian, being part of the Indo-Iranian language family as Sanskrit and Gujarati are, met up in some instances with its cognates:[57]

Persian INDO-ARYAN English
marǎdmartyaman, mortal
stānsthānplace, land
īīya(adjectival suffix)
bandbandhclosed, fastened

Zoroastrian Persian refugees known as Parsis also speak an accordingly Persianized form of Gujarati.[58]

English

śrī sarasvatī fruṭ jyuś sɛnṭar – "Shri Saraswati fruit juice Centre". Note that "Fruit Juice Centre" is in English. A Gujarati alternative would be phaḷnā ras nu kendra. It (kendra in particular) would however sound quite pedantic and out of place.

With the end of Perso-Arabic inflow, English became the current foreign source of new vocabulary. English had and continues to have a considerable influence over Indian languages. Loanwords include new innovations and concepts, first introduced directly through British colonialism, and then streaming in on the basis of continued Anglosphere dominance in the post-colonial period. Besides the category of new ideas is the category of English words that already have Gujarati counterparts which end up replaced or existed alongside with. The major driving force behind this latter category has to be the continuing role of English in modern India as a language of education, prestige, and mobility. In this way, Indian speech can be sprinkled with English words and expressions, even switches to whole sentences.[59] See Hinglish, Code-switching.

In matters of sound, English alveolar consonants map as retroflexes rather than dentals. Two new characters were created in Gujarati to represent English /æ/'s and /ɔ/'s. Levels of Gujarati-ization in sound vary. Some words don't go far beyond this basic transpositional rule, and sound much like their English source, while others differ in ways, one of those ways being the carrying of dentals. See Indian English.

As English loanwards are a relatively new phenomenon, they adhere to English grammar, as tatsam words adhere to Sanskrit. Though that isn't to say that the most basic changes have been underway: many English words are pluralized with Gujarati o over English "s". Also, with Gujarati having 3 genders, genderless English words must take one. Though often inexplicable, gender assignment may follow the same basis as it is expressed in Gujarati: vowel type, and the nature of word meaning.

bâṅkbank phonphone ṭebaltable basbus rabbarrubber (eraser) ṭorctorch dôkṭardoctor (physician) rasīdreceipt
helo
halo
hālo		hello hôspiṭal
aspitāl
ispitāl		hospital sṭeśan
ṭeśan		train station sāykal(bi)cycle rumroom āis krīmice cream rôbaṭrobot ṭāymtime
aṅkal1uncle āṇṭī1auntie pākīṭwallet kavarenvelope noṭbanknote skūlschool ṭyuśantuition esīAC (air conditioning)
minaṭ
miniṭ		minute ṭikiṭ
ṭikaṭ		ticket sleṭslate hoṭalhotel pārṭīpolitical party ṭrentrain kalekṭardistrict collector reḍīyoradio

Portuguese

The smaller foothold the Portuguese had in wider India had linguistic effects. Gujarati took up a number of words, while elsewhere the influence was great enough to the extent that creole languages came to be (see Portuguese India, Portuguese-based creole languages in India and Sri Lanka). Comparatively, the impact of Portuguese has been greater on coastal languages[60] and their loans tend to be closer to the Portuguese originals.[61] The source dialect of these loans imparts an earlier pronunciation of ch as an affricate instead of the current standard of [ʃ].[36]

Gujarati Meaning Portuguese
istrīiron (ing)estirar1
mistrī2carpentermestre3
sābusoapsabão (from Arabic sābun)
chāvīkeychave
tamākutobaccotobaco
kobīcabbagecouve
kājucashewcaju
pāũbreadpão
baṭākopotatobatata
anānaspineappleananás
pādrīfather (in Catholicism)padre
aṅgrej(ī)English (not specifically the language)inglês
nātālChristmasnatal
1 "Lengthen".
2 Common occupational surname.
3 "Master".

Loans into English

Bungalow—

“ 1676, from Gujarati bangalo, from Hindi bangla "low, thatched house," lit. "Bengalese," used elliptically for "house in the Bengal style."[62] ”

Coolie—

“ 1598, "name given by Europeans to hired laborers in India and China," from Hindi quli "hired servant," probably from koli, name of an aboriginal tribe or caste in Gujarat.[63] ”

Tank—

“ c.1616, "pool or lake for irrigation or drinking water," a word originally brought by the Portuguese from India, ult. from Gujarati tankh "cistern, underground reservoir for water," Marathi tanken, or tanka "reservoir of water, tank." Perhaps from Skt. tadaga-m "pond, lake pool," and reinforced in later sense of "large artificial container for liquid" (1690) by Port. tanque "reservoir," from estancar "hold back a current of water," from V.L. *stanticare (see stanch). But others say the Port. word is the source of the Indian ones.[64] ”

Grammar

Main article: Gujarati grammar

Gujarati is a head-final, or left-branching language. Adjectives precede nouns, direct objects come before verbs, and there are postpositions. The word order of Gujarati is SOV, and there are three genders and two numbers. There are no definite or indefinite articles. A verb is expressed with its verbal root followed by suffixes marking aspect and agreement in what is called a main form, with a possible proceeding auxiliary form derived from to be, marking tense and mood, and also showing agreement. Causatives (up to double) and passives have morphological basis'.[65]

Sample text

Gujarati sample (Sign about Gandhi's hut)
Gujarati script —
ગાંધીજીની ઝૂંપડી-કરાડી
જગ પ્રસિદ્ધ દાંડી કૂચ પછી ગાંધીજીએ અહીં આંબાના વૃક્ષ નીચે ખજૂરી નાં છટિયાંની એક ઝૂંપડીમાં તા.૧૪-૪-૧૯૩૦ થી તા.૪-૫-૧૯૩૦ સુધી નિવાસ કર્યો હતો. દાંડીમાં છઠ્ઠી એપ્રિલે શરૂ કરેલી નિમક કાનૂન (મીઠાના સત્યાગ્રહ) ભંગની લડતને તેમણે અહીંથી વેગ આપી દેશ વ્યાપી બનાવી હતી. અહીંથી જ તેમણે ધરાસણાના મીઠાના અગરો તરફ કૂચ કરવાનો પોતાનો સંકલ્પ બ્રિટિશ વાઈસરૉયને પત્ર લખીને જણાવ્યો હતો.
તા.૪થી મે ૧૯૩૦ની રાતના બાર વાગ્યા પછી આ સ્થળેથી બ્રિટિશ સરકારે તેમની ધરપકડ કરી હતી.
Devanagari script –
गांधीजीनी झूंपडी-कराडी
जग प्रसिद्ध दांडी कूच पछी गांधीजीए अहीं आंबाना वृक्ष नीचे खजूरीनां छटियांनी एक झूंपडीमां ता.१४-४-१९३०थी ता.४-५-१९३० सुधी निवास कर्यो हतो. दांडीमां छठ्ठी एप्रिले शरू करेली निमक कानून भंगनी लडतने तेमणे अहींथी वेग आपी देश व्यापी बनावी हती. अहींथीज तेमणे धरासणाना मीठाना अगरो तरफ कूच करवानो पोतानो संकल्प ब्रिटिश वाईसरॉयने पत्र लखीने जणाव्यो हतो.
ता.४थी मे १९३०नी रातना बार वाग्या पछी आ स्थळेथी ब्रिटिश सरकारे तेमनी धरपकड करी हती.
Transliteration —
gāndhījīnī jhū̃pṛī-Karāṛī
jag prasiddh dāṇḍī kūch pachhī gāndhījīe ahī̃ āmbānā vrukṣh nīche khajūrī nā̃ chaṭiyā̃nī ek jhū̃pṛīmā̃ tā.14-4-1930 thī tā.4-5-1930 sudhī nivās karyo hato. dāṇḍīmā̃ chaṭhṭhī april e śharū karelī nimak kānūn bhaṅgnī laṛatne temṇe ahī̃thī veg āpī deśh vyāpī banāvī hatī. ahī̃thīj temṇe dharāsaṇānā mīṭhānā agaro taraph kūch karvāno potāno saṅkalp briṭiśh vāīsarôyne patra lakhīne jaṇāvyo hato.
tā.4thī me 1930nī rātnā bār vāgyā pachī ā sthaḷethī briṭiśh sarkāre temnī dharpakaṛ karī hatī.
Transcription (IPA) —
ɡɑn̪d̪ʱid͡ʒini d͡ʒʱũpɽi-kəɾɑɽi
d͡ʒəɡ pɾəsɪd̪d̪ʱ ɖɑɳɖi kut͡ʃ pət͡ʃʰi ɡɑn̪d̪ʱid͡ʒie ə̤ȷ̃ ɑmbɑnɑ ʋɾʊkʃ nit͡ʃe kʰəd͡ʒuɾnɑ̃ t͡ʃʰəʈijɑ̃ni ek d͡ʒʱũpɽimɑ̃ t̪ɑ _________t̪ʰi t̪ɑ._______ sud̪ʱi niʋɑs kəɾjot̪o. ɖɑɳɖimɑ̃ t͡ʃʰəʈʰʈʰi epɾile ʃəɾu kəɾeli nimək kɑnun bʱəŋɡni ləɽət̪ne t̪ɛmɳe ə̤ȷ̃t̪ʰi ʋeɡ ɑpi deʃ ʋjɑpi bənɑʋit̪i. ə̤ȷ̃t̪ʰid͡ʒ t̪ɛmɳe d̪ʱəɾɑsəɽ̃ɑnɑ miʈʰɑnɑ əɡəɾo t̪əɾəf kut͡ʃ kəɾʋɑno pot̪ɑno səŋkəlp bɾiʈiʃ ʋɑjsəɾɔjne pət̪ɾə ləkʰine d͡ʒəɽ̃ɑʋjot̪o.
t̪ɑ.__t̪ʰi me ____ni ɾɑt̪nɑ bɑɾ ʋɑɡjɑ pət͡ʃʰi ɑ st̪ʰəɭet̪ʰi bɾiʈiʃ səɾkɑɾe t̪ɛmni d̪ʱəɾpəkəɽ kəɾit̪i.
Simple gloss —
gandhiji's hut-karadi
world famous dandi march after gandhiji here mango's tree under palm date's bark's one hut-in date.14-4-1930-from date.4-5-1930 until residence done was. dandi-in sixth april-at started done salt law break's fight (-to) he here-from speed gave country wide made was. here-from he dharasana's salt's mounds towards march doing's self's resolve british viceroy-to letter written-having notified was.
date.4-from May 1930's night's twelve struck after this place-at-from British government his arrest done was.
Transliteration and detailed gloss —
gāndhījī-n-ījhū̃pṛ-ī-ØKarāṛī
gandhiji–GEN–FEMhut–FEM–SGkaradi
jagprasiddhdāṇḍīkūcpachīgāndhījī-eahī̃āmb-ā-Ø-n-āvṛkṣnīce
worldfamousdandimarchaftergandhiji–ERGheremango–MASC.OBL–SG–GEN–MASC.OBL treeunder
khajūr-ī-Ø-n-ā̃chaṭiy-ā̃-n-īekjhū̃pṛ-ī-Ø-mā̃tā.14 4 1930thītā.4 5 1930sudhī
palmdate–FEM–SG–GEN–NEUT.OBLbark–NEUT.PL.OBL–GEN–FEM.OBLone hut–FEM–SG–indate14 4 1930–fromdateuntil
nivāskar-y-oha-t-o.dāṇḍī-mā̃chaṭhṭhīepril-eśarūkar-el-īnimak
residence.MASC.SG.OBJ.NOMdo–PERF–MASC.SG be–PAST–MASC.SGdandi–insixthApril–atstarted do–PAST.PTCP–FEMsalt
kānūnbhaṅg-n-īlaṛat-Ø-nete-m-ṇeahī̃-thīvegāp-īdeśvyāpī
lawbreak–GEN–FEM.OBLfight.FEM.OBJ–SG–ACC 3.DIST–HONORIFIC–ERGhere–fromspeed–OBJ give–CONJUNCTIVEcountrywide
ban-āv-Ø-īha-t-ī.ahī̃-thī-jte-m-ṇedharāsaṇā-n-ā
become–CAUS–PERF–FEMbe–PAST–FEMhere–from–INTENSIFIER 3.DIST–HONORIFIC–ERGdharasana–GEN–MASC.PL
mīṭh-ā-n-āagar-otaraphkūckar-v-ā-n-opotā-n-o
salt–NEUT.SG.OBL–GEN–MASC.PLmound.MASC–PLtowards march.MASC.SGdo–INF–OBL–GEN–MASC.SG REFL–GEN–MASC.SG
saṅkalpbriṭiśvāīsarôy-Ø-nepatralakh-īnejaṇ-āv-y-oha-t-o.tā.
resolve.MASC.SG.OBJ.ACCBritishviceroy.OBJ–SG–DAT letterwrite–CONJUNCTIVEknow–CAUS–PERF–MASC.SG be–PAST–MASC.SGdate
4-thīme1930-n-īrāt-Ø-n-ābārvāg-y-āpachīāsthaḷ-e-thībriṭiś
4-thmay1930–GEN–FEM.OBLnight.FEM–SG–GEN–MASC.OBL twelvestrike–PERF–OBLafter3.PROX place–at–fromBritish
sarkār-ete-m-n-īdharpakaṛkar-Ø-īha-t-ī.
government–ERG3.DIST–HONORIFIC–GEN–FEM arrest.FEM.SG.OBJ.ACCdo–PERF–FEMbe–PAST–FEM
Translation —
Gandhiji's hut-Karadi
After the world-famous Dandi March Gandhiji resided here in a date palm bark hut underneath a/the mango tree, from 14-4-1930 to 4-5-1930. From here he gave speed to and spread country-wide the anti-Salt Law struggle, started in Dandi on 6 April. From here, writing in a letter, he notified the British Viceroy of his resolve of marching towards the salt mounds of Dharasana.
The British government arrested him at this location, after twelve o'clock on the night of 4 May 1930.

Translation (provided at location) —

Gandhiji's hut-Karadi
Here under the mango tree in the hut made of palm leaves (khajoori) Gandhiji stayed from 14-4-1930 to 4-5-1930 after the world famous Dandi march. From here he gave impetus to the civil disobedience movement for breaking the salt act started on 6 April at Dandi and turned it into a nationwide movement. It was also from this place that he wrote a letter to the British viceroy expressing his firm resolve to march to the salt works at Dharasana.
This is the place from where he was arrested by the British government after midnight on 4 May 1930.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in Nationalencyklopedin
  2. ↑ Ernst Kausen, 2006. Die Klassifikation der indogermanischen Sprachen (Microsoft Word, 133 KB)
  3. ↑ Dwyer 1995, p. 5
  4. ↑ Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Gujarati". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
  5. ↑ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh
  6. ↑ Sandra Küng (6 June 2013). "Translation from Gujarati to English and from English to Gujarati – Translation Services". wwt-services.co.uk. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  7. ↑ Timeline: Personalities, Story of Pakistan. "Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876–1948)". Retrieved 12 May 2007.
  8. 1 2 3 Dalby 1998, p. 237
  9. ↑ Mistry 1997, p. 654
  10. ↑ Gujarati language at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  11. 1 2 3 4 Mistry 2001, pp. 274
  12. 1 2 Mistry 2003, p. 115
  13. ↑ Mistry 1997, pp. 654–655
  14. ↑ Mistry 1997, p. 655
  15. ↑ Turner 1966, p. 811. Entry 14024.
  16. ↑ Turner 1966, p. 760. Entry 13139.
  17. ↑ Turner 1966, p. 41. Entry 941.
  18. ↑ Turner 1966, p. 766. Entry 13271.
  19. ↑ Cardona & Suthar 2003, p. 661
  20. ↑ Yashaschandra, S. (1995) "Towards Hind Svaraj: An Interpretation of the Rise of Prose in 19th-century Gujarati Literature." Social Scientist. Vol. 23, No. 10/12. pp. 41–55.
  21. 1 2 3 4 Rita Kothari (8 April 2014). Translating India. Routledge. pp. 73–74. ISBN 978-1-317-64216-9. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
  22. ↑ Sisir Kumar Das (1991). History of Indian Literature 1. Sahitya Akademi. p. 479. ISBN 978-81-7201-006-5.
  23. 1 2 Gujarati language at Ethnologue (16th ed., 2009)
  24. ↑ Dwyer 1995, p. 273
  25. ↑ Ogilvie, Sarah (2009), "Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World", in Keith Brown, Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World (1st ed.), Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier, ISBN 9780080877754
  26. ↑ Masica (1991:97)
  27. ↑ Snell, R. (2000) Teach Yourself Beginner's Hindi Script. Hodder & Stoughton. pp. 83–86.
  28. ↑ Turner 1966, p. 44. Entry 992.
  29. ↑ Turner 1966, p. 203. Entry 3856.
  30. ↑ Turner 1966, p. 30. Entry 684.
  31. ↑ Turner 1966, p. 401. Entry 6969.
  32. ↑ Turner 1966, p. 502. Entry 8947.
  33. ↑ Turner 1966, p. 706. Entry 12193.
  34. ↑ Turner 1966, p. 762. Entry 13173.
  35. ↑ Turner 1966, p. 766. Entry 13276.
  36. 1 2 Masica 1991, p. 75
  37. ↑ Platts 1884, p. 776
  38. ↑ Platts 1884, p. 486
  39. ↑ Platts 1884, p. 489
  40. ↑ Platts 1884, p. 305
  41. ↑ Tisdall 1892, p. 168
  42. ↑ Platts 1884, p. 1057
  43. ↑ Platts 1884, p. 653
  44. ↑ Tisdall 1892, p. 170
  45. ↑ Platts 1884, p. 519
  46. ↑ Platts 1884, p. 1142
  47. ↑ Tisdall 1892, p. 160
  48. ↑ Tisdall 1892, p. 177
  49. ↑ Platts 1884, p. 1123
  50. ↑ Tisdall 1892, p. 184
  51. ↑ Platts 1884, p. 471
  52. ↑ Tisdall 1892, p. 172
  53. ↑ Platts 1884, p. 771
  54. ↑ Tisdall 1892, p. 175
  55. ↑ Tisdall 1892, p. 169
  56. ↑ Platts 1884, p. 947
  57. ↑ Masica 1991, p. 71
  58. ↑ Tisdall 1892, p. 15
  59. ↑ Masica 1991, pp. 49–50
  60. ↑ Masica 1991, p. 49
  61. ↑ Masica 1991, p. 73
  62. ↑ Bungalow. Online Etymology Dictionary.
  63. ↑ Coolie. Online Etymology Dictionary.
  64. ↑ Tank. Online Etymology Dictionary.
  65. ↑ Mistry 2001, pp. 276–277

Bibliography

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External links

Gujarati edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Gujarati
Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Gujarati.
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