Indianapolis

Indianapolis, Indiana
Consolidated city-county
City of Indianapolis
Clockwise from top: Downtown Indianapolis viewed from IUPUI, the Indiana Statehouse, Lucas Oil Stadium, Indianapolis Motor Speedway, the Indiana World War Memorial Plaza, and the Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument.
Flag Seal
Nickname(s): "Indy"; "Circle City"; "Crossroads of America"; "Naptown"; "Racing Capital of the World"; "Amateur Sports Capital of the World"
Location in the state of Indiana and Marion County
Indianapolis, Indiana Location in the United States
Coordinates: 39°46′N 86°9′W / 39.767°N 86.150°W
Country	United States
State	Indiana
County	Marion
Townships	See Marion Co. Townships
Founded	1821
Government
• Type	Mayor-council
• Body	Indianapolis City-County Council
• Mayor	Joseph H. Hogsett (D)
Area
• Consolidated city-county	372 sq mi (963.5 km^2)
• Land	365.1 sq mi (945.6 km^2)
• Water	6.9 sq mi (17.9 km^2)
Elevation	715 ft (218 m)
Population (2010)[1][2]
• Consolidated city-county	820,445
• Estimate (2014[3])	848,788
• Rank	1st in Marion County 1st in Indiana 2nd largest State Capital (in 2010) 14th in the United States
• Density	2,273/sq mi (861/km^2)
• Urban	1,487,483 (US: 33rd)
• Metro	1,756,241 (US: 33rd)
• CSA	2,080,782 (US: 26th)
Demonym(s)	Indianapolitan
Time zone	EST (UTC-5)
• Summer (DST)	EDT (UTC-4)
ZIP Codes	61 total ZIP codes: 46201–46209, 46211, 46214, 46216–46231, 46234–46237, 46239–46242, 46244, 46247, 46249–46251, 46253–46256, 46259–46260, 46266, 46268, 46274–46275, 46277–46278, 46280, 46282–46283, 46285, 46290–46291, 46295–46296, 46298
FIPS code	18-36003[4]
Website	www.indy.gov

Indianapolis (/ˌɪndiəˈnæpəlɪs/^[5][6][7]) is the capital of the U.S. state of Indiana and the seat of Marion County. It is located in the East North Central region of the Midwest, near the confluence of the White River and Fall Creek. The city covers 372 square miles (963.5 km²) and had an estimated population of 848,788 in 2014, making it the largest city in Indiana, second largest in the Midwest, and 14th largest in the U.S.^[1][8] Approximately 1,971,274 people live in the Indianapolis metropolitan area (MSA), the 33rd most populous MSA in the U.S. Its combined statistical area (CSA) ranks 26th, with a population of 2,336,237.

Founded in 1821 as a planned city for the new seat of Indiana's state government, Indianapolis was platted by Alexander Ralston and Elias Pym Fordham on a 1-square-mile (2.6 km²) grid. The city grew beyond the Mile Square, as the advent of the railroad and completion of the National Road solidified the city's role as a manufacturing and transportation hub. Indianapolis continues to be a distribution and logistics center, as more interstate highways intersect with the city than any other in the U.S.^[9][10] This has led to the city's nickname as the "Crossroads of America."^[11] Three Fortune 500 and four Fortune 1000 companies are based in the city, along with a robust sport tourism and convention industry, contributed to a gross domestic product (GDP) of $125.8 billion in 2014.^[12][13][14] Indianapolis hosts many notable events annually, including the largest single-day sporting event in the world, the Indianapolis 500.^[10][15] As headquarters for the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), the city frequently hosts the Men's and Women's basketball tournaments.^[10] It hosted Pan American Games X in 1987 and Super Bowl XLVI in 2012.^[16]

The city's philanthropic community has been instrumental in the development of its most well-known cultural institutions, including The Children's Museum of Indianapolis, Indianapolis Museum of Art, Indianapolis Zoo, Eiteljorg Museum of American Indians and Western Art, Indiana State Museum, and Indiana Landmarks.^[10][17][18] Indianapolis-based Lilly Endowment holds the fifth largest endowment in the U.S., with nearly $10 billion in assets.^[19] The city maintains the largest collection of monuments dedicated to veterans and war dead in the U.S., outside of Washington, D.C.^[20][21] Since the 1970 city-county consolidation, known as Unigov, local government administration has operated under the direction of an elected 25-member city-county council, headed by the mayor. Indianapolis is considered a "high sufficiency" global city.^[22]

History

Founding and early years

In 1816, the year Indiana gained statehood, the U.S. Congress donated four sections of federal land to establish a permanent seat of state government.^[23] Two years later, under the Treaty of St. Mary's (1818), the Delaware relinquished title to their tribal lands in central Indiana, agreeing to leave the area by 1821.^[24] This tract of land, which was called the New Purchase, included the site selected for the new state capital in 1820.^[25]

The availability of new federal lands for purchase in central Indiana attracted settlers, many of them descendants of families from northwestern Europe. Although many of these first European and American setters were Protestants, a large proportion of the early Irish and German immigrants were Catholics. Few African Americans lived in central Indiana before 1840.^[26] The first European Americans to permanently settle in the area that became Indianapolis were either the McCormick or Pogue families. The McCormicks are generally considered to be the town's first permanent settlers; however, some historians believe George Pogue and family may have arrived first, on March 2, 1819, and settled in a log cabin along the creek that was later called Pogue's Run. Other historians have argued as early as 1822 that John Wesley McCormick, his family, and employees became the first European American settlers in area, settling near the White River in February 1820.^[27]

Map of Indianapolis in 1831.

On January 11, 1820, the Indiana General Assembly authorized a committee of ten commissioners to select a site in central Indiana for the new state capital.^[28] The state legislature appointed Alexander Ralston and Elias Pym Fordham to survey and design a town plan for Indianapolis, which was platted in 1821.^[29] Ralston had been a surveyor for the French architect Pierre L'Enfant, and assisted him in laying out the plan for Washington, D.C.^[30] Ralston's original plan for Indianapolis called for a town of 1-square-mile (2.6 km²). Indianapolis became a seat of county government on December 31, 1821, when Marion County, Indiana, was established. A combined county and town government continued until 1832, when Indianapolis incorporated as a town. Indianapolis became an incorporated city effective March 30, 1847. Samuel Henderson, the city's first mayor, lead the new city government, which included a seven-member city council. In 1853 voters approved a new city charter that provided for an elected mayor and a fourteen-member city council. The city charter continued to be revised as Indianapolis expanded.^[31] Effective January 1, 1825, the seat of state government relocated to Indianapolis from Corydon, Indiana, and the Indiana General Assembly's first session in the new state capital began on January 10, 1825. In addition to state government offices, a U.S. district court was established at Indianapolis in 1825.^[32]

The city became a fixture on the first major federally funded highway in the U.S., the National Road.^[33] The first railroad to serve Indianapolis, the Madison and Indianapolis, began operation on October 1, 1847, and subsequent railroad connections fostered growth. Indianapolis was the home of the country's first Union Station, or common rail passenger terminal.

American Civil War

Confederate POWs at Camp Morton in 1864.

During the American Civil War, Indianapolis was loyal to the Union cause. Governor Oliver P. Morton, a major supporter of President Abraham Lincoln, quickly made Indianapolis a rallying place for Union army troops. On February 11, 1861, president-elect Lincoln arrived in the city, en route to Washington, D.C. for his presidential inauguration, marking the first visit from a president-elect in the city's history.^[34] On April 16, 1861, the first orders were issued to form Indiana's first regiments and establish Indianapolis as a headquarters the state's volunteer soldiers.^[35][36] Within a week, more than 12,000 recruits signed up to fight for the Union.^[37]

Indianapolis became a major railroad hub and transportation center during the war, establishing the city as an important military base.^[38][39] An estimated 4,000 men from Indianapolis served in 39 regiments, and an estimated 700 died during the war.^[40] On May 20, 1863, Union soldiers attempted to disrupt a statewide Democratic convention at Indianapolis, forcing the proceedings to be adjourned, sarcastically referred to as the Battle of Pogue's Run.^[41] Fear turned to panic in July 1863, during Morgan's Raid into southern Indiana, but Confederate forces turned east toward Ohio, never reaching Indianapolis.^[42] On April 30, 1865, Lincoln's funeral train made a stop at Indianapolis, where an estimated crowd of more than 100,000 people passed the assassinated president's bier at the Indiana Statehouse.^[39][43]

Post Civil War

The Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument, built from 1888 to 1901.

Following the Civil War, Indianapolis experienced tremendous growth and prosperity, much attributed to the Indiana gas boom. Renowned Indianapolis author Booth Tarkington captured the change in his 1899 novel, The Gentleman from Indiana:

Like hundreds of others throughout the country, this town, too, moved forward with the times, its old stock becoming less and less typical, and newcomers with energy and business acumen taking their places of community leadership. In the offspring of German, Jewish, Irish, Italian, and other settlers 'a new Midlander—in fact, a new American—was beginning dimly to emerge.' To this new spirit of citizenship the magnificent Ambersons, reared in luxury, were unable to adapt themselves. Others, with a heritage of labor, rapidly took high places as the town progressed from village to market town to a manufacturing city.^[44]

The inaugural Indy 500 in 1911.

At the turn of the 20th century, Indianapolis had become a large automobile manufacturer. With roads leading out of the city in all directions, the city became a major hub of regional transport, connecting to booming manufacturing centers like Chicago, Louisville, Cincinnati, Detroit, and St. Louis. The Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument, dedicated on May 15, 1902, would later become an iconic symbol of the city.^[45] The inaugural running of the Indianapolis 500 was held May 30, 1911 at Indianapolis Motor Speedway, with Ray Harroun winning.

Indianapolis Street Car Strike of 1913.

Indianapolis was one of the hardest hit cities in the Great Flood of 1913. Approximately 6 inches (150 mm) of rain inundated a nearly 6-square-mile (16 km²) area, causing five known deaths.^{[46][47][48][49]} The White River, estimated at 19.5 feet (5.9 m) above flood stage, forced 4,000 to flee their homes on the city's near west side when an earthen levee failed.^[50][51] The city's transportation and water supply were disrupted for nearly four days in flooded areas and as many as 7,000 families lost their homes.^[46] Later that year, the Indianapolis Street Car Strike and subsequent police mutiny and riots lasted one week. The strike led to the creation of the state's earliest labor-protection laws, including a minimum wage, regular work weeks, and improved working conditions.^[52]

Robert F. Kennedy delivers a speech in the wake of the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. in 1968.

Indianapolis served as a stop on the Underground Railroad, and up to the time of the Great Migration in the early 20th century, the city had a higher black population (nearly 10%) than any other city in the Northern States.^[53] Led by D. C. Stephenson, the Indiana Klan became the most powerful political and social organization in Indianapolis from 1921 through 1928, controlling City Council, the Board of School Commissioners, and the Board of County Commissioners. More than 40% of native-born white males in Indianapolis claimed membership in the Klan. Race relations would continue to be a problem throughout the 20th century. Though Indianapolis abolished segregated schools before Brown v. Board of Education, the later action of court-ordered school desegregation busing by Judge Samuel Hugh Dillin proved controversial. On April 4, 1968, Robert F. Kennedy delivered a speech from the city, urging calm after the assassination of civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr.^[54][55]

Unigov

Under the mayoral administration of Richard Lugar, the city and county governments restructured, consolidating most public services into a new entity called Unigov. The plan removed redundancies, captured increasingly suburbanizing tax revenue, and created a Republican political machine that dominated Indianapolis politics until the 2000s.^[56] Unigov went into effect on January 1, 1970, increasing the city's land area by 308.2 square miles (798 km²) and population by 268,366 people.^[57][58]

Amid the changes in government and growth, the city invested in an aggressive strategy to brand Indianapolis as a sport tourism destination. Under the administration of the city's longest-serving mayor, William Hudnut (1976–1992), millions of dollars were poured into sport facilities.^[16] Throughout the 1980s, $122 million in public and private funding built the Indianapolis Tennis Center, Major Taylor Velodrome, Indiana University Natatorium, Carroll Track and Soccer Stadium, and RCA Dome.^[16] The latter project secured the 1984 relocation of the NFL Baltimore Colts and the 1987 Pan American Games.^[16] The economic development strategy succeeded in revitalizing the central business district through the 1990s, with the openings of the Indianapolis Zoo (1988), Circle Centre Mall (1995), Victory Field (1996), and Bankers Life Fieldhouse (1999).

During the 2000s, the city and state continued investing heavily in infrastructure projects, including two of the largest building projects in the city's history: the $1.1 billion Col. H. Weir Cook Terminal and $720 million Lucas Oil Stadium.^[59][60] Construction began in 2011 on DigIndy, a $1.9 billion project to correct the city's combined sewer overflows (CSOs), containing 27 miles (43 km) of tunnels and eliminating 97% of CSOs by 2025.^[61]

Geography

Topography

The tomb of James Whitcomb Riley in Crown Hill Cemetery overlooks the city, at an elevation of 842 feet (257 m).^[62]

Indianapolis is in the East North Central region of the Midwestern United States, in Central Indiana. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Indianapolis (balance), or portion of Marion County that is not part of another municipality, has a total area of 368.2 square miles (954 km²)–361.5 square miles (936 km²) of which is land and 6.7 square miles (17 km²) is water. However, these figures do not represent the entire consolidated City of Indianapolis, whose total area covers about 373.1 square miles (966 km²) and includes all of Marion County, with the exception of four communities: Beech Grove, Lawrence, Southport, and Speedway.^[63]

Indianapolis lies in the Southern Great Lakes forests ecoregion, as defined by the World Wildlife Fund. Two navigable in law waterways dissect the city: the White River and Fall Creek. Other tributaries include Pogue's Run, Eagle Creek, and Pleasant Run. Until the city's settlement and land-clearing efforts in the 19th century, a mix of deciduous forests and prairie covered much of the area.

Land varies from flat to gently sloping, with variations in elevation from 700 feet (213 m) to 900 feet (274 m). The city's mean elevation is 717 feet (219 m). Its highest point at 914 feet (279 m) above sea level is in the northwest corner 400 feet (122 m) south of the Boone County line and 400 feet (122 m) east of the Hendricks County line.^[64] Prior to the implementation of Unigov, the highest point in the city was the tomb of Hoosier poet James Whitcomb Riley in Crown Hill Cemetery, at an elevation of 842 feet (257 m).^[62] The lowest point, an approximate elevation of 680 feet (207 m), lies to the south at the Marion County–Johnson County line.

Cityscape

Panorama of downtown Indianapolis from White River State Park, looking east.

Panorama of downtown Indianapolis at night, looking east. IUPUI (left), White River, (center), and Lucas Oil Stadium (right).

The original Mile Square plat by Alexander Ralston.

The original plan of Indianapolis was a 1 square mile (2.6 km²) area, platted in 1821. This area, known as the Mile Square, is bounded by East, West, North, and South streets, centered on a traffic circle, Monument Circle.^[65] The original grid included four diagonal streets: Massachusetts, Virginia, Kentucky, and Indiana avenues, which extend outward, beginning in the city block just beyond the Circle.^[66] Other major streets in the Mile Square are named after states that were part of the Union when Indianapolis was initially planned (1820–21) and Michigan, at that time a U.S. territory bordering Indiana to the north.^[67] Notable exceptions to the city's street names include: Washington Street, an east–west street named in honor of George Washington or possibly in reference to Washington, D.C., the city on which the original plan of Indianapolis is based; Meridian Street, the north–south street that aligns with the 86W degree longitude, or meridian, and intersects the Circle; and Market Street, which intersects Meridian Street at Monument Circle and is named in the original design for the two city markets planned for the east and west sides of the Mile Square.^[68] Tennessee and Mississippi streets were renamed Capitol and Senate avenues in 1895.^[69] State government buildings, including the Indiana Statehouse, the Indiana Government Center North, and the Indiana Government Center South are west of the Circle, along these two major north–south streets. The city's street-numbering system begins one block south of the Circle, where Meridian Street intersects Washington Street (a part of the historic National Road).

High-rise construction in Indianapolis started in 1888 with the 256-foot (78 m) Indiana Statehouse, followed by the 284-foot (87 m) Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument in 1898. However, because of a special ordinance restricting construction higher than the structure, the monument remained the tallest structure in the city until completion of the City-County Building in 1962.

Climate

Indianapolis
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     2.7     36 21     2.3     40 24     3.6     52 33     3.8     63 43     5.1     73 53     4.3     82 62     4.6     85 66     3.1     84 64     3.1     78 56     3.1     65 45     3.7     52 35     3.2     39 24 Average max. and min. temperatures in °F Precipitation totals in inches
Metric conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     68     2 −6     59     5 −5     90     11 0     97     17 6     128     23 11     108     28 17     116     29 19     80     29 18     79     25 13     79     19 7     94     11 2     81     4 −4 Average max. and min. temperatures in °C Precipitation totals in mm

Fall foliage (top) and a late-winter snow (bottom) on the Butler University campus.

Indianapolis lies in the humid continental climate zone (Köppen: Dfa), experiencing four distinct seasons.^[70] The city is located in USDA hardiness zones 5b and 6a.^[71] Summers are warm to hot and humid, with a July daily average temperature of 75.4 °F (24.1 °C). High temperatures reach or exceed 90 °F (32 °C) an average of 18 days each year,^[72] and occasionally exceed 95 °F (35 °C). Spring and autumn are usually pleasant, if at times unpredictable; midday temperature drops exceeding 30 °F or 17 °C are common during March and April, and instances of very warm days (80 °F or 27 °C) followed within 36 hours by snowfall are not unusual during these months. Winters are cold, with an average January temperature of 28.1 °F (−2.2 °C). Temperatures dip to 0 °F (−18 °C) or below an average of 4.7 nights per year.^[72]

The rainiest months occur in the spring and summer, with slightly higher averages during May, June, and July. May is typically the wettest, with an average of 5.05 inches (12.8 cm) of precipitation.^[72] Most rain is derived from thunderstorm activity; there is no distinct dry season, although occasional droughts occur. The city's average annual precipitation is 42.4 inches (108 cm), with snowfall averaging 25.9 inches (66 cm) per season. Official temperature extremes range from 106 °F (41 °C), set on July 14, 1936,^[73] to −27 °F (−33 °C), set on January 19, 1994.^[73][74]

Climate data for Indianapolis (Indianapolis International Airport), 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1871–present[lower-alpha 1]
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °F (°C)	71 (22)	76 (24)	85 (29)	90 (32)	96 (36)	104 (40)	106 (41)	103 (39)	100 (38)	91 (33)	81 (27)	74 (23)	106 (41)
Average high °F (°C)	35.6 (2)	40.2 (4.6)	51.7 (10.9)	63.4 (17.4)	72.8 (22.7)	81.9 (27.7)	85.0 (29.4)	84.0 (28.9)	77.6 (25.3)	65.3 (18.5)	52.2 (11.2)	38.9 (3.8)	62.4 (16.9)
Daily mean °F (°C)	28.1 (−2.2)	32.1 (0.1)	42.2 (5.7)	53.0 (11.7)	62.7 (17.1)	72.0 (22.2)	75.4 (24.1)	74.2 (23.4)	66.9 (19.4)	55.0 (12.8)	43.6 (6.4)	31.6 (−0.2)	53.1 (11.7)
Average low °F (°C)	20.5 (−6.4)	23.9 (−4.5)	32.8 (0.4)	42.7 (5.9)	52.6 (11.4)	62.1 (16.7)	65.8 (18.8)	64.4 (18)	56.2 (13.4)	44.7 (7.1)	35.1 (1.7)	24.4 (−4.2)	43.8 (6.6)
Record low °F (°C)	−27 (−33)	−21 (−29)	−7 (−22)	18 (−8)	28 (−2)	37 (3)	46 (8)	41 (5)	30 (−1)	20 (−7)	−5 (−21)	−23 (−31)	−27 (−33)
Average precipitation inches (mm)	2.66 (67.6)	2.32 (58.9)	3.56 (90.4)	3.81 (96.8)	5.05 (128.3)	4.25 (108)	4.55 (115.6)	3.13 (79.5)	3.12 (79.2)	3.12 (79.2)	3.70 (94)	3.17 (80.5)	42.44 (1,078)
Average snowfall inches (cm)	8.6 (21.8)	6.5 (16.5)	2.6 (6.6)	0.2 (0.5)	trace	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0.4 (1)	0.7 (1.8)	6.9 (17.5)	25.9 (65.8)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)	12.1	10.0	11.9	12.0	13.1	11.1	10.5	8.5	8.1	8.6	10.8	12.5	129.2
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)	7.5	5.4	2.5	0.4	0	0	0	0	0	0.2	1.2	6.3	23.5
Average relative humidity (%)	75.0	73.6	69.9	65.6	67.1	68.4	72.8	75.4	74.4	71.6	75.5	78.0	72.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours	132.1	145.7	178.3	214.8	264.7	287.2	295.2	273.7	232.6	196.6	117.1	102.4	2,440.4
Percent possible sunshine	44	49	48	54	59	64	65	64	62	57	39	35	55
Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)[72][75][76]

Demographics

An ethnic distribution map of Indianapolis based on the 2000 census. Each dot represents 25 people, with red dots representing whites, blue representing Blacks, green representing Asians, orange representing Hispanics, and grey representing all other races.

Historical population
Census	Pop.		%±
1840	2,695		—
1850	8,091		200.2%
1860	18,611		130.0%
1870	48,244		159.2%
1880	75,056		55.6%
1890	105,436		40.5%
1900	169,164		60.4%
1910	233,650		38.1%
1920	314,194		34.5%
1930	364,161		15.9%
1940	386,972		6.3%
1950	427,173		10.4%
1960	476,258		11.5%
1970	744,624		56.3%
1980	700,807		−5.9%
1990	731,327		4.4%
2000	781,926		6.9%
2010	820,445		4.9%
Est. 2014	848,788	[77]	3.5%
[1][78][79]

Indianapolis is the largest city in Indiana, with 12.8% of the state's total population.^[80] The U.S. Census Bureau considers Indianapolis as two entities: the consolidated city and the city's remainder, or balance. The consolidated city covers an area known as Unigov, including all of Marion County, except the independent municipalities of Beech Grove, Lawrence, Speedway, and Southport. The city's balance excludes the populations of eleven semi-autonomous municipalities that are included in totals for the consolidated city.^[80] These are Clermont, Crows Nest, Cumberland, Homecroft, Meridian Hills, North Crows Nest, Rocky Ripple, Spring Hill, Warren Park, Williams Creek, and Wynnedale. The city's consolidated population for the year 2012 was 844,220.^[80] The city's remainder, or balance, population was estimated at 834,852 for 2012,^[1] a 2% increase over the total population of 820,445 reported in the 2010 U.S. Census.^[2][81] As of 2010, the city's population density was 2,270 persons per square mile.^[1]

The Indianapolis metropolitan area in central Indiana consists of Marion County and surrounding counties of Boone, Brown, Hamilton, Hancock, Hendricks, Johnson, Morgan, Putnam, and Shelby. As of 2012, the metropolitan area's population was 1,798,634, the largest in Indiana.^[82]

According to the U.S. Census of 2010, 97.2% of the Indianapolis population was reported as one race: 61.8% White, 27.5% Black or African American, 2.1% Asian (0.4% Burmese, 0.4% Indian, 0.3% Chinese, 0.3% Filipino, 0.1% Korean, 0.1% Vietnamese, 0.1% Japanese, 0.1% Thai, 0.1% other Asian); 0.3% American Indian, and 5.5% as other. The remaining 2.8% of the population was reported as multiracial (two or more races).^[81] The city's Hispanic or Latino community comprised 9.4% of the city's population in the 2010 U.S. Census: 6.9% Mexican, .4% Puerto Rican, .1% Cuban, and 2% as other.^[81]

As of 2010, the median age for Indianapolis was 33.7 years. Age distribution for the city's inhabitants was 25% under the age of 18; 4.4% were between 18 and 21; 16.3% were age 21 to 65; and 13.1% were age 65 or older.^[81] For every 100 females there were 93 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90 males.^[83]

The U.S. Census for 2010 reported 332,199 households in Indianapolis, with an average household size of 2.42 and an average family size of 3.08.^[81] Of the total households, 59.3% were family households, with 28.2% of these including the family's own children under the age of 18; 36.5% were husband-wife families; 17.2% had a female householder (with no husband present) and 5.6% had a male householder (with no wife present). The remaining 40.7% were non-family households.^[81] As of 2010, 32% of the non-family households included individuals living alone, 8.3% of these households included individuals age 65 years of age or older.^[81]

The U.S. Census Bureau's 2007–2011 American Community Survey indicated the median household income for Indianapolis city was $42,704, and the median family income was $53,161.^[84] Median income for males working full-time, year-round, was $42,101, compared to $34,788 for females. Per capita income for the city was $24,430, 14.7% of families and 18.9% of the city's total population living below the poverty line (28.3% were under the age of 18 and 9.2% were age 65 or older.^[84]

The city's majority racial group, White people, declined as a percentage of the population from 81.6% in 1970 to 61.8% in 2010.^[85][86]

Based on U.S. Census data from the year 2000 for the 50 largest U.S. cities, Indianapolis ranked eighth highest in a University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee study that compared percentages of residents living on black-white integrated city blocks. Latinos, Asians, and Native Americans were not factored into the rankings.^[87][88][89]

In 2015, the city metro had the 18th highest percentage of LGBT residents in the U.S., with 4.2% of residents identifying as gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender.^[90]

Racial composition	2014[91]	2010[86]	1990[85]	1970[85]
White	62.0%	61.8%	75.8%	81.6%
—Non-Hispanic	58.6%	58.6%	75.2%	80.9%[92]
Black or African American	27.9%	27.5%	22.6%	18.0%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race)	9.6%	9.4%	1.1%	0.8%[92]
Asian	2.4%	2.1%	0.9%	0.1%

Religion

Christ Church Cathedral, built in 1857, is Indianapolis' oldest place of worship in continuous use.

Of the 42.42% of the city's residents who identify as religious, Roman Catholics make up the largest group, at 11.31%.^[93] The second highest religious group in the city are Baptists at 10.31%, with Methodists following behind at 4.97%. Presbyterians make up 2.13% of the city's religiously affiliated population, followed by Pentecostals and Lutherans. Another 8.57% are affiliated with other Christian faiths.^[93] 0.32% of religiously affiliated persons identified themselves as following Eastern religions, while 0.68% of the religiously affiliated population identified as Jewish, and 0.29% as Muslim.^[93] According to the nonpartisan and nonprofit Public Religion Research Institute's American Values Atlas, 22% of residents identify as religiously "unaffiliated," consistent with the national average of 22.7%.^[94]

Indianapolis is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Indianapolis, based from Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral. The Archdiocese of Indianapolis also operates Bishop Simon Brute College Seminary, affiliated with Marian University. Indianapolis is also the seat of the Episcopal Diocese of Indianapolis, based from Christ Church Cathedral. The Indiana-Kentucky Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America and the Indiana Conference of the United Methodist Church are also based in the city.

Economy

Pharmaceutical giant Eli Lilly and Company was founded in the city in 1876.

Contributing to an annual gross domestic product (GDP) of $125.9 billion, the Indianapolis metropolitan area is the 26th-largest economy in the U.S. and 42nd-largest in the world.^[95] The largest industry sectors by employment are manufacturing, health care and social services, and retail trade.^[96] Compared to Indiana as a whole, the Indianapolis metropolitan area has a lower proportion of manufacturing jobs and a higher concentration of jobs in wholesale trade; administrative, support, and waste management; professional, scientific, and technical services; and transportation and warehousing.^[96]

As of 2015, three Fortune 500 companies were based in the city, including Anthem Inc. (38), Eli Lilly and Company (151), and Calumet Specialty Products Partners (457). Fortune 1000 companies based in the Indianapolis metropolitan area included Simon Property Group (529), CNO Financial Group (608), hhgregg (914), and Allison Transmission Holdings (974).^[97] Other notable companies based in Indianapolis include media conglomerate Emmis Communications, retailers Finish Line, Lids, and Marsh Supermarkets, Republic Airways Holdings, and restaurant chains Noble Roman's, Scotty's Brewhouse, and Steak 'n Shake.

Like many Midwestern cities, recent deindustrialization trends have had a significant impact on Indianapolis' economy. Once home to 60 automakers, Indianapolis rivaled Detroit as a center of automobile manufacturing.^[98] Between 1990 and 2012, approximately 26,900 manufacturing jobs were lost in the city, including the automotive plant closures of Chrysler, Ford, and General Motors.^[99] In 2016, Carrier Corporation announced the closure of its Indianapolis plant, moving 1,400 manufacturing jobs to Mexico.^[100]

JW Marriott Indianapolis anchors Marriott Place, containing five hotels and 2,248 rooms connected to the Indiana Convention Center.^[101]

Biotechnology, life sciences, and health care are a major sector of Indianapolis' economy. Besides the presence of Eli Lilly, the North American headquarters for Roche Diagnostics and Dow AgroSciences are located in the city.^[102] A 2014 report by Battelle Memorial Institute and Biotechnology Industry Organization indicated that the Indianapolis–Carmel–Anderson MSA was the only U.S. metropolitan area to have specialized employment concentrations in all five bioscience sectors evaluated in the study: agricultural feedstock and chemicals; bioscience-related distribution; drugs and pharmaceuticals; medical devices and equipment; and research, testing, and medical laboratories.^[103] The regional health care networks of St. Vincent Health, Indiana University Health, Community Health Network, and Franciscan St. Francis Health combine to employ some 43,700 people.^[104]

More interstate highways intersect within Indianapolis than any city other in the U.S.^[10] This distinction has allowed the city to become an international transportation and logistics center, home to 1,500 distribution firms, employing 100,000 workers.^[105] Indianapolis International Airport is home to the second-largest FedEx Express hub in the world, employing 6,600.^[106] Other major companies include Celadon Group and United Parcel Service, with distribution centers for companies such as Amazon.com, Express Scripts, O'Reilly Auto Parts, Ozburn-Hessey Logistics, Target Corporation, and Walmart.^[107] In 2011, the Indianapolis–Carmel–Anderson MSA was ranked as the tenth largest inland port in the U.S. in terms of origin-destination freight tonnage.^[99] Indianapolis' storied history in auto racing has produced more than 500 motorsports companies and racing teams based in the region, employing some 10,000 workers.^[108]

Tourism and hospitality is an increasingly vital sector to the Indianapolis economy. A Rockport Analytics study found that 27.4 million visitors generated $4.5 billion in total economic impact in 2015, a record for the city.^[13] Indianapolis has long been a sport tourism destination, but has more recently relied on conventions. The Indiana Convention Center is connected to 12 hotels and 4,700 hotel rooms, the most of any U.S. convention center.^[109] Since 2003, Indianapolis has hosted Gen Con, the largest role-playing game convention in North America.^[110] USA Today named Indianapolis the best convention city in 2014.^[111]

Indianapolis is the fourth-fastest high-tech job growth area in the U.S., with 28,500 information technology-related jobs^[112] at such companies as Angie's List, BrightPoint, Interactive Intelligence, and Salesforce Marketing Cloud.^[113]

Culture

Part of the "Month of May" celebrations, the 500 Festival Parade is one of the nation's largest, regularly drawing 300,000 spectators.^[114]

In 1999, Indianapolis designated six cultural districts to capitalize on the city's cultural institutions within historically significant neighborhoods unique to the city's heritage. These include Broad Ripple Village, Canal and White River State Park, Fountain Square, Indiana Avenue, Mass Ave, and Wholesale.^[115] A seventh cultural district, Market East, was designated in 2014.^[116] After 12 years of planning and six years of construction, the Indianapolis Cultural Trail: A Legacy of Gene and Marilyn Glick officially opened in 2013.^[117] The $62.5 million public-private partnership resulted in 8 miles (13 km) of urban bike and pedestrian corridors connecting six cultural districts with neighborhoods, IUPUI, and every significant arts, cultural, heritage, sports, and entertainment venue downtown.^{[118][119][120][121]} A study by the Indiana University Public Policy Institute found significant economic impacts from the Cultural Trail, including an increase in assessed property values by over $1 billion between 2008 and 2014.^[121]

The city is home to dozens of annual festivals and events showcasing and celebrating Indianapolis culture. Notable events include the "Month of May" (a series of celebrations leading to the Indianapolis 500), Circle City IN Pride (June), Indiana Black Expo (July), Indiana State Fair (August), and Historic Irvington Halloween Festival (October).

Visual arts

Robert Indiana's iconic LOVE at the Indianapolis Museum of Art.

Founded in 1883, the Indianapolis Museum of Art (IMA) is the ninth oldest^{[122][note 1]} and eighth largest encyclopedic art museum in the U.S.^{[124][note 2]} The permanent collection comprises over 54,000 works, including African, American, Asian, and European pieces.^[125] In addition to its collections, the museum consists of 100 Acres: The Virginia B. Fairbanks Art and Nature Park; Oldfields, a restored house museum and estate once owned by Josiah K. Lilly, Jr.; and restored gardens and grounds originally designed by Percival Gallagher of the Olmsted Brothers firm.^[126] The IMA also owns the Miller House, a Mid-Century modern home designed by Eero Saarinen located in Columbus, Indiana.^[127] The museum's holdings demonstrate the institution's emphasis on the connections among art, design, and the natural environment.^[123]

The Indianapolis Art Center, located in Broad Ripple Village, was founded in 1934 by the Works Project Administration. The center opened at its Michael Graves-designed building in 1996, including three public art galleries, 11 studios, a library, auditorium, and ArtsPark along the White River.^[128] The Indianapolis Museum of Contemporary Art was established in 2001, and is located in the The Murphy Art Center in Fountain Square. In 2014, the museum opened a second public gallery in The Alexander Hotel at CityWay in downtown Indianapolis.^[129]

Eiteljorg Museum of American Indians and Western Art opened in 1989 at White River State Park as the only Native American art museum in the Midwest.^[130] Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) contains the Herron School of Art and Design. Established in 1902, the school's first core faculty included Impressionist painters of the Hoosier Group: T. C. Steele, J. Ottis Adams, William Forsyth, Richard Gruelle, and Otto Stark. The university's public art collection is extensive, with more than 30 works.

Music, film, and performing arts

Madame Walker Theatre Center opened on Indiana Avenue in 1927 as a cultural center for the city's African American community.^[131]

Indianapolis' most notable performing arts venues are located in the Massachusetts Avenue cultural district or Downtown. Located on Monument Circle since 1916, the 1,786-seat Hilbert Circle Theatre is the current home of the Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra. The Indiana Theatre opened as a movie palace on Washington Street in 1927, currently housing the Indiana Repertory Theatre, a regional repertory theatre. Madame Walker Theatre Center also opened that year on Indiana Avenue, in the heart of the city's African American neighborhood. The theater is named for Madame C.J. Walker, an African American entrepreneur, philanthropist, and activist who began her beauty empire in Indianapolis. Opened in 1995, the Indianapolis Artsgarden is a performing arts center suspended over the intersection of Washington and Illinois streets.

Massachusetts Avenue is home to the Old National Centre, Phoenix Theatre, and the Athenæum (Das Deutsche Haus). Old National Centre at the Murat Shrine is the oldest stage house in Indianapolis, opening in 1909.^[132] The building is a prime example of Moorish Revival architecture and features a 2,600-seat performing arts theatre, 1,800-seat concert hall, and 600-seat multi-functional room, hosting approximately 300 public and private events throughout the year.^[132] The nonprofit Phoenix Theatre focuses on contemporary theatrical productions.^[133] The Athenӕum, houses the American Cabaret Theater and Young Actors Theater.

Indianapolis is home to Bands of America (BOA), a nationwide organization of high school marching, concert, and jazz bands, and the international headquarters of Drum Corps International (DCI), a professional drum and bugle corps association.^[134] Annual music events include the International Violin Competition of Indianapolis, Midwest Music Summit, and Indy Jazz Fest. The Heartland Film Festival, Indianapolis International Film Festival, Indianapolis Jewish Film Festival, Indianapolis Theatre Fringe Festival, and the Indianapolis Alternative Media Festival are annual events held in the city.

Literature

Two-time recipient of the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, Booth Tarkington on the cover of TIME in 1925.

Indianapolis was at the center of the Golden Age of Indiana Literature, from 1870 to 1920.^[135] Several notable poets and writers based in the city achieved national prominence and critical acclaim during this period, including James Whitcomb Riley, Booth Tarkington, and Meredith Nicholson.^[11] In A History of Indiana Literature, Arthur W. Shumaker remarked on the era's influence: "It was the age of famous men and their famous books. In it Indiana, and particularly Indianapolis, became a literary center which in many ways rivaled the East."^[136] A 1947 study found that Indiana authors ranked second to New York in the number of bestsellers produced in the previous 40 years.^[135] Located in Lockerbie Square, the James Whitcomb Riley Museum Home has been a National Historic Landmark since 1962.

Perhaps the city's most famous 20th century writer was Kurt Vonnegut, known for his darkly satirical and controversial bestselling novel Slaughterhouse-Five (1969). Vonnegut became known for including at least one character in his novels from Indianapolis.^[137] Upon returning to the city in 1986, Vonnegut acknowledged the influence the city had on his writings: "All my jokes are Indianapolis. All my attitudes are Indianapolis. My adenoids are Indianapolis. If I ever severed myself from Indianapolis, I would be out of business. What people like about me is Indianapolis."^[137][138] The Kurt Vonnegut Memorial Library opened in 2010 in downtown Indianapolis.^[138]

Indianapolis is the current home to bestselling young adult fiction writer John Green, known for his critically acclaimed 2012 novel The Fault in Our Stars, set in the city.^[139]

Museums and monuments

"Bucky," a juvenile Tyrannosaurus specimen on display at The Children's Museum of Indianapolis.

The Children's Museum of Indianapolis is the largest of its kind in the world.^[140] In total, the museum has 472,900 square feet (43,933.85 m²) of floor space.^[141] The museum has a collection of over 120,000 artifacts,^[142] divided into three groups: Natural World, Cultural World, and American Collections.^[143] Because of its leadership and innovations, the museum is a world leader in its field.^[144] Child and Parents magazine have both ranked the museum as the best children's museum in the U.S.^[145] The "institution is considered the gold standard of museums for children."^[146]

A National Historic Landmark, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Museum (in Speedway) exhibits an extensive collection of auto racing memorabilia showcasing various motorsports and automotive history.^[147][148] The museum is the permanent home of the Borg-Warner Trophy, presented to Indianapolis 500 winners.^[15] Daily grounds and track tours are also based at the museum.^[148] The NCAA Hall of Champions opened in 2000 at White River State Park housing collegiate sports artifacts and interactive exhibits covering all 23 NCAA-sanctioned sports.^[149][150]

The Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument is an iconic symbol of Indianapolis, depicted on the city's flag.^[151]

Indianapolis is home to several museums and organizations relating to Indiana history, including the Colonel Eli Lilly Civil War Museum, the Indiana Historical Society, Indiana State Library and Historical Bureau, Indiana State Museum, Indiana Medical History Museum, and Indiana Landmarks. The Benjamin Harrison Presidential Site is open for daily tours, including thousands of books and memorabilia related to the 23rd President of the U.S. The National Historic Landmark is located in the Old Northside Historic District. The city maintains the largest collection of monuments dedicated to veterans and war dead in the U.S., outside of Washington, D.C.^[20][21] Notable sites include:

• Indiana World War Memorial Plaza
• Landmark for Peace Memorial
• Medal of Honor Memorial
• Project 9/11 Indianapolis
• Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument
• USS Indianapolis Memorial

Other points of interest

• Crown Hill Cemetery
• Indianapolis City Market
• Irvington Historic District
• Lockerbie Square
• Slippery Noodle Inn
• St. Elmo Steak House

Sports

Professional sports teams in Indianapolis

Team	Sport	League	Founded	Venue (capacity)	Attendance	Championships
Indianapolis Colts	American football	NFL	1984	Lucas Oil Stadium (62,000)	65,375[152]	1 (2006) (XLI)
Indiana Pacers	Basketball	NBA	1967	Bankers Life Fieldhouse (18,000)	17,501	3 (1970, 1972, 1973)*
Indy Eleven	Soccer	NASL (D2)	2013	IU Michael A. Carroll Stadium (12,100)	10,465	——
Indianapolis Indians	Baseball	IL (AAA)	1902	Victory Field (12,000)	9,433	7 (1917, 1928, 1949, 1956, 1988, 1989, 2000)
Indiana Fever	Basketball	WNBA	2000	Bankers Life Fieldhouse (18,000)	7,900	1 (2012)
Indy Fuel	Hockey	ECHL	2014	Indiana Farmers Coliseum (6,300)	——	——

* Pacers titles were ABA only.

Lucas Oil Stadium, home to the Indianapolis Colts since 2008.

Bankers Life Fieldhouse, home to the Indiana Pacers and Indiana Fever since 1999.

Two major league sports teams are based in Indianapolis. The Indianapolis Colts of the National Football League (NFL) have been based in Indianapolis since relocating there in 1984. The Colts tenure in Indianapolis has produced 11 division championships, two conference championships, and two Super Bowl appearances. Quarterback Peyton Manning led the team to win Super Bowl XLI in 2006.

Founded in 1967, the Indiana Pacers of the National Basketball Association (NBA) began in the American Basketball Association (ABA), joining the NBA when the leagues merged in 1976. Prior to joining the NBA, the Pacers won three division titles and three championships. Since the merger, the Pacers have won one conference title and six division titles, most recently in 2014. Founded in 2000, the Indiana Fever of the WNBA have won three conference titles and one championship in 2012. Both teams play from Bankers Life Fieldhouse.

The Indianapolis Indians of the International League (AAA) is the second oldest minor league franchise in American professional baseball, established in 1902. The Indians have won 25 division titles, 14 league titles, and seven championships. The team has played at Victory Field since 1996.

Indianapolis has been called the "Amateur Sports Capital of the World."^[153] The headquarters of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), the main governing body for U.S. collegiate sports, is located in Indianapolis, as is the National Federation of State High School Associations. The city is home to three NCAA athletics conferences; the Horizon League (Division I), the Great Lakes Valley Conference (Division II), and the Heartland Collegiate Athletic Conference (Division III). Indianapolis is also home to three national sport governing bodies, as recognized by the United States Olympic Committee, including USA Gymnastics, USA Diving, and USA Track & Field.

Indianapolis hosts numerous sporting events annually, including the Circle City Classic (1983–present), NFL Scouting Combine (1987–present), and Big Ten Football Championship Game (2011–present). Starting in 2002, Indianapolis began hosting the Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, alternating years with Chicago. From 2008 to 2012, Indianapolis was the sole city to host the tournament. Beginning in 2013, Chicago and Indianapolis began alternating again.^[154] Indianapolis most recently hosted the 2015 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship Game and will be hosting the 2016 NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Tournament. Notable past events include the NBA All-Star Game (1985), Pan American Games X (1987), US Open Series' Indianapolis Tennis Championships (1988–2009), 2002 World Basketball Championships, and Super Bowl XLVI (2012).

Indianapolis is home to the OneAmerica 500 Festival Mini-Marathon, the largest half marathon and seventh-largest running event in the U.S.^[155] The mini-marathon is held the first weekend of May as part of the 500 Festival, leading up to the Indianapolis 500. As of 2013, the marathon had sold out for 12 consecutive years, with 35,000 participants.^[156]

Motorsports

The 2008 Indianapolis 500, the 92nd running of the race.

Indianapolis is a major center for motorsports. Since 1911, Indianapolis Motor Speedway (IMS) (in the enclave of Speedway, Indiana) has been the site of the Indianapolis 500, an open-wheel automobile race held each Memorial Day weekend on a 2.5 miles (4.0 km) oval track, the National Championship of open wheel car racing. The series' headquarters and many of its teams are based in the city. Indianapolis is so well connected with racing that it has inspired the name "IndyCar," used for both the competition and type of car used in it.^[157] The Indianapolis 500 is the largest single-day sporting event in the world, hosting more than 257,000 permanent seats.^[15]

IMS also hosts NASCAR's highest attended event, the Sprint Cup Series Brickyard 400 (1994–present),^[158] the FIM MotoGP Red Bull Indianapolis Grand Prix (2008–present), and Verizon IndyCar Series Grand Prix of Indianapolis (2014–present).

Lucas Oil Raceway at Indianapolis in nearby Hendricks County, is home to the NHRA U.S. Nationals, the largest drag racing event in the world, held annually each Labor Day weekend.

Parks and recreation

Canoes at Eagle Creek Park, one of the largest municipal parks in the U.S.^[159]

Indy Parks and Recreation maintains nearly 200 parks covering 11,246 acres (45.51 km²).^[160] Eagle Creek Park is the largest municipal park in the city and ranks among the largest urban parks in the U.S.^[159] Other notable parks include Broad Ripple, Brookside, Ellenberger, Garfield, Military, Skiles Test, University, and World Sports Park. Several recreational trails have been developed in recent years, including the Canal Walk, Pleasant Run Trail, Town Run Trail Park, and the Monon Trail, the city's first rail trail.^[161] Many of Indianapolis' most notable parks and trails were connected through landscape architect George Kessler's Indianapolis Park and Boulevard System. The system of parks, parkways, and boulevards were instrumental in the city's early 20th century development. In 2003, the 3,474 acres (1,406 ha) system was added to the National Register of Historic Places.

The Canal Walk, with Military Park (left background).

Several state-owned and maintained parks are located in the county, including Fort Harrison State Park near Lawrence and White River State Park downtown. The latter is home to the Indianapolis Zoo and White River Gardens. In 1996, the zoo was the first institution in the U.S. to be triple accredited by the AZA as a zoo, aquarium, and botanical garden. White River Gardens, adjacent to the zoo, contains 1,000 plant species on 3 acres (12,000 m²).

Indianapolis has an urban forestry program that has been recognized by the National Arbor Day Foundation's Tree City USA standards since 1988. The city's Youth Tree Program plants 2,000 trees each year.^[162]

According to the Trust for Public Land's 2015 ParkScore Index, Indianapolis ranks 73rd of the 75 largest U.S. cities in accessibility to public parks and open space, with some 67% of residents under served.^[163]

Government

Indianapolis has a consolidated city-county government known as Unigov. Under this system, many functions of the city and county governments are consolidated, though some remain separate. The city has a mayor-council form of government.

The executive branch is headed by an elected mayor, who serves as the chief executive of both the city and Marion County. The current Mayor of Indianapolis is Democrat Joseph H. Hogsett. The mayor appoints deputy mayors, city department heads, and members of various boards and commissions. The legislative body for the city and county is the City-County Council, consisting of 25 members all of whom represent geographic districts. Following the 2015 elections, Democrats held a 13–12 majority over Republicans. The council passes ordinances for the city and county and also makes appointments to certain boards and commissions.

The Marion Superior Court is the court of general jurisdiction. The 35 judges on the court hear all criminal, juvenile, probate, and traffic violation cases, as well as most civil cases. The Marion Circuit Court hears certain types of civil cases. Small claims cases are heard by Small Claims Courts in each of Marion County's nine townships. The Indiana Court of Appeals and the Indiana Supreme Court meet in the Indiana Statehouse. The Birch Bayh Federal Building and United States Courthouse houses the United States District Court for the Southern District of Indiana.

Most of Indianapolis is within the 7th Congressional District of Indiana, represented by Democrat André Carson. Northern portions of the city are in the 5th District, represented by Republican Susan Brooks.^[164]

Politics

Tea Party protests in 2007. The city has a history of political conservatism.^[56]

Until the late-1990s, Indianapolis was considered one of the most conservative metropolitan areas in the U.S., but this trend has reversed recently. Republicans had held the majority in the City-County Council for 36 years, and the city had a Republican mayor for 32 years (1967–1999).^[56] Unigov's absorption of Republican-leaning townships outside the city proper is considered the reason for this shift.^[56] More recently, Republicans have generally been stronger in the southern and western parts (Decatur, Franklin, Perry, and Wayne, townships) of the county, whereas Democrats have been stronger in the central and northern parts (Center, Pike, and Washington townships). Republican and Democratic prevalence is split in Warren and Lawrence townships.^[165]

In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama earned 64% of voter support in Marion County, compared with 35% for Republican John McCain.^[166] In the 2012 presidential election Obama again performed strongly, defeating Republican presidential challenger Mitt Romney 60% to 38%.

Republican Greg Ballard chose not to run for re-election in the 2015 mayoral election.^[167] Republican Chuck Brewer and Democrat Joe Hogsett were the candidates to replace him. The candidates had similar plans for addressing the city's issues, and the commonality between them contributed to a very low voter turnout.^[168] Hogsett had previously held public office in Indiana as Secretary of State, and had served in government for over 30 years, giving him greater name recognition than Brewer, a local restaurateur.^[169] Hogsett was elected with 63% of the vote, officially taking office on January 1, 2016.^[169] The election also left Democrats in control of the City-County Council, only the second time since the creation of Unigov that Democrats controlled both the mayor's office and council.^[170]

Public safety

Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department cruiser.

The Indianapolis Fire Department (IFD) provides fire protection services for 278 square miles (720 km²) of Marion County. IFD operates 44 stations, including 1,205 sworn firefighters. IFD responded to nearly 100,000 incidents in 2014.^[171]

Historically, Indianapolis and Marion County maintained separate police agencies: the Indianapolis Police Department and Marion County Sheriff's Department. On January 1, 2007, a new agency, the Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department (IMPD), was formed by merging the two departments. IMPD is a separate agency, as the Sheriff's Department maintains jail and court functions. IMPD jurisdiction covers most of Marion County, with the exception of Beech Grove, Lawrence, Speedway, and the Indianapolis Airport Authority.^[172] As of 2016, IMPD is headed by Troy Riggs, the chief of police. IMPD was formerly under the leadership of the Sheriff of Marion County, Frank J. Anderson, prior to his retirement in January 2011.^[173] In 2009, IMPD operated six districts, including 1,617 sworn police personnel.^[172]

In the late-1990s, violent crimes in urban neighborhoods located within the pre-Unigov city limits peaked. The former Indianapolis Police District (IPD), which serves about 37% of the county's total population and has a geographic area covering most of the old pre-consolidation city limits, recorded 130 homicides in 1998, averaging approximately 40.3 homicides per 100,000 people. Meanwhile, the former Marion County Sheriff's Department district serving the remaining 63% of the county's population, which includes the majority of the residents in the Consolidated City, recorded only 32 homicides in 1998, averaging about 5.9 murders per 100,000 people, slightly less than the 1998 national homicide average. The murder rate in Indianapolis has been increasing in recent years. Between 2012 and 2014 the murder rate jumped 44%. There were 138 homicides in 2014 and 60% of victims were young black men.^[174]

Indianapolis was ranked as the 33rd most dangerous city in the U.S. in the 2008–2009 edition of CQ Press's City Crime Rankings and the 22nd most dangerous city according to Yahoo! Finance in 2012.^[175][176] Yahoo! Finance also reported that the city averaged 52.2 forcible rapes per 100,000 people, double the national average of 26.8 forcible rapes per 100,000 people.^[176]

Education

Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis has the city's largest higher education enrollment.

Indianapolis has 11 unified public school districts (eight township educational authorities and three legacy districts from before the unification of city and county government), each of which providing primary, secondary, and adult education services within its boundaries. Indianapolis Public Schools, which serves residents within the pre-Unigov city limits, is the second-largest school corporation in Indiana. A number of private primary and secondary schools are operated through the Archdiocese of Indianapolis, charters, or other independent organizations. Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) was founded in 1969 after merging the branch campuses Indiana University Bloomington and Purdue University.^[177] IUPUI's current enrollment is 30,690, the third largest university campus in the state. IUPUI is the flagship university for five Indiana University schools, including the Herron School of Art and Design, Robert H. McKinney School of Law, School of Dentistry, and the School of Medicine. The city is home to the largest campus for Ivy Tech, Central Indiana Region, a state-funded community college serving nearly 100,000 students across Indiana.^[178]

Central Library (pictured) is the hub of Indianapolis Public Library's 22-branch system.

Three private universities are based in Indianapolis. Established in 1855, Butler University is the oldest higher education institution in the city, with an enrollment of about 4,000.^[179] Marian University was founded in 1936 when St. Francis Normal and Immaculate Conception Junior College merged, moving to Indianapolis in 1937. Marian is affiliated with the Roman Catholic Church. Marian has an enrollment of about 2,137 students.^[180] Founded in 1902, the University of Indianapolis is affiliated with the United Methodist Church. The school's current enrollment is 4,169 students.^[181] Martin University was founded in 1977 and is the state's only predominately black university.^[182]

Satellite campuses located in the city include Ball State University College of Architecture and Planning's Indianapolis Center, Grace College, Indiana Institute of Technology, Oakland City University, and Vincennes University's Aviation Technology Center at Indianapolis International Airport.

Public library services are provided to the citizens of Indianapolis and Marion County by the Indianapolis Public Library. Founded in 1873, the public library system includes the Central Library and 22 branches throughout the county. The Indianapolis Public Library served 4.2 million patrons in 2014, with a circulation of 15.9 million materials.^[183]

Media

Indianapolis has one primary daily newspaper, The Indianapolis Star. Notable weeklies include NUVO, an alternative weekly newspaper, the Indianapolis Recorder, a weekly newspaper serving the local African-American community, and the Indianapolis Business Journal. Monthly local lifestyle publications include Indianapolis Monthly, Indianapolis Women's Magazine, and Indy Men's Magazine. Indianapolis is the corporate headquarters of media conglomerate Emmis Communications.

Broadcast television network affiliates include WTTV (CBS),^[184] WRTV (ABC),^[185] WISH-TV (CW),^[186] WTHR-TV (NBC),^[187] WXIN-TV (Fox),^[188] WFYI-TV (PBS),^[189] WNDY-TV (MyNetworkTV),^[190] and WDNI-CD (Telemundo).^[191] In 2009, Indianapolis metropolitan area was the 25th largest media market in the U.S., with over 1.1 million homes.

Popular nationally syndicated radio program The Bob & Tom Show has been based at Indianapolis radio station WFBQ since 1983.^[192]

Infrastructure

Transportation

Clock tower of Indianapolis Union Station, the first union station in the world.^[193]

Indianapolis was founded on the White River under an incorrect assumption that it would serve as a major transportation artery, but the river proved difficult to navigate and too shallow during much of the year.^[33] After the steamboat Robert Hanna ran aground along the river in 1831, no steamboat successfully returned to Indianapolis. Flatboats continued to transport goods along a portion of the river until new dams impeded their ability to navigate its waters.^[194] The first major federally funded highway in the U.S., the National Road, reached Indianapolis in 1836,^[33] followed by the railroad in 1847. By 1850, eight railroads converged in the city, ending its isolation from the rest of the country and ushering in a new era of growth.^[195] Indianapolis Union Station opened in the Wholesale District on September 20, 1853 as the world's first union station.^[193] Citizen's Street and Railway Company was established in 1864, operating the city's first mule-drawn streetcar line.^[196][197] By 1890, electric-powered streetcars began running.^[198] Opened in 1904, the Indianapolis Traction Terminal was the largest interurban station in the world, handling 500 trains daily and seven million passengers annually.^[199] Ultimately doomed by the automobile, the terminal closed in 1941, followed by the streetcar system in 1957.^[200]

"One of the busiest corners in the world," Illinois at Washington streets in 1904.

Indianapolis is intersected by four Interstates: Interstate 65, Interstate 69, Interstate 70, and Interstate 74. An auxiliary beltway, Interstate 465, encircles the city. Other critical limited-access highways include the Sam Jones Expressway, U.S. 31, and Indiana State Road 37. More interstate highways intersect with the city than any other in the U.S., lending to the city's moniker as the "Crossroads of America."^[10] The predominant mode of transportation is the automobile, with 92.6% of Indianapolis–Carmel–Anderson MSA residents commuting by car, most traveling alone (83.4%).^[201] This reliance on the automobile has had a major impact on the city's development patterns, with Walk Score ranking Indianapolis as one of the least walkable large cities in the U.S.^[202] Only 2.7% of residents walk or bike to work.^[201] Despite this reliance, the city has encouraged enhanced bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure in recent years. Indianapolis includes some 75 miles (121 km) of trails, 90 miles (140 km) of on-street bike lanes, and a 25-station bike sharing system.^[203][204]

The Indianapolis Public Transportation Corporation, branded as IndyGo, has operated the city's public transportation system since 1975. Recent efforts to expand mass transit in the metropolitan area have been initiated through a $1.2 billion regional bus rapid transit plan called Indy Connect.^[205] The first segment to be constructed is Phase I of the Red Line, traveling 14 miles (23 km) from Broad Ripple Village to the University of Indianapolis.^[206] In 2011, a private company called the Downtown Indianapolis Streetcar Corporation began studying the feasibility of a streetcar circulator for downtown Indianapolis.^[200] Despite only 1% of residents commuting via public transportation,^[201] IndyGo had a 2014 ridership of 10.3 million, the highest in 23 years.^[207]

Indianapolis International Airport's Col. H. Weir Cook Terminal.

Indianapolis International Airport is the busiest airport in the state. The $1.1 billion Col. H. Weir Cook Terminal opened in 2008 as the largest development initiative in Indianapolis history.^[208] The midfield terminal includes 40 gates connecting to ten major domestic and international airlines, serving some 7.36 million passengers annually.^[209] As home to the second-largest FedEx Express hub in the world, Indianapolis International ranks as the sixth busiest U.S. airport in terms of air cargo, handling nearly 1 million metric tons in 2014.^[210][211] The Indianapolis Airport Authority also owns and operates Eagle Creek Airpark and the only public-use heliport in the state, the Indianapolis Downtown Heliport.^[212]

Amtrak provides two service lines to Indianapolis via Union Station. The Cardinal (New York—Washington, D.C.—Cincinnati—Indianapolis—Chicago) runs three times a week, while the Hoosier State (to Chicago) runs on days the Cardinal does not operate. Greyhound Lines operates a bus terminal at Indianapolis Union Station, and Megabus stops adjacent to City Market.^[213] The Indiana University Health People Mover opened in 2003 connecting Indiana University Health's medical centers with related facilities on the IUPUI campus. It is currently the only example of commuter rail in Indianapolis and is also notable for being the only private transportation system in the U.S. constructed above public streets.^[214][215]

In 2015, the city introduced BlueIndy, an electric carsharing program that will ultimately include 500 electric cars at 200 charging stations throughout the city.^[216]

Utilities

Indianapolis Power & Light headquarters in 2009.

Electricity is provided by Indianapolis Power & Light. Citizens Energy Group provides natural gas, thermal, water, and wastewater services. Republic Services provides curbside solid waste and recycling removal. Covanta Energy operates a waste-to-energy plant in the city, processing solid waste for steam production. Steam is sold to Citizens Thermal's Perry K. Generating Station for the downtown Indianapolis district heating system, the second largest in the U.S.^[217]

Health care

University Hospital, part of the Indiana University School of Medicine.

Indianapolis Emergency Medical Services (IEMS) covers six townships within the city (Center, Franklin, Lawrence, Perry, Warren, and Washington) and the town of Speedway. IEMS responded to nearly 100,000 emergency dispatch calls in 2014.^[218]

Indiana University Health's Academic Health Center encompasses Marion County, with the medical centers of University Hospital, Methodist Hospital, and Riley Hospital for Children. The Academic Health Center is anchored by the Indiana University School of Medicine, the second-largest medical school in the U.S.^[219] Riley Hospital for Children is among the nation's foremost pediatric health centers, recognized in all ten specialties by U.S. News and World Report, including top 25 honors in orthopedics (23), nephrology (22), gastroenterology and GI surgery (16), pulmonology (13), and urology (4).^[220] The 430-bed facility also contains Indiana's only Pediatric Level I Trauma Center.^[221]

Indianapolis' public medical center, the Sidney and Lois Eskenazi Hospital, reopened in 2013 after a $754 million project to replace Wishard Memorial Hospital on the IUPUI campus. Eskenazi includes an Adult Level I Trauma Center, 315 beds, and 275 exam rooms, annually serving 1.2 million outpatients.^[222] Adjacent to Eskenazi, the Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center is Central Indiana's flagship Veterans Affairs hospital. Located on the city's far north side, St. Vincent Indianapolis Hospital is the flagship medical center of St. Vincent Health's 22-hospital system. St. Vincent Indianapolis includes Peyton Manning Children's Hospital, St. Vincent Heart Center of Indiana, St. Vincent Seton Specialty Hospital, and St. Vincent Women's Hospital. Franciscan St. Francis Health's flagship medical center is located on Indianapolis' far south side.

Community Health Network includes four medical centers in Marion County, including Community Westview Hospital, Community Hospital South, Community Hospital North, and Community Hospital East. Community Hospital East is currently replacing its 60-year-old facility with a $175 million, 150-bed hospital to be completed in 2019.^[223] The campus will also include a $120 million, 159-bed state-funded mental health and chronic addiction treatment facility. The Indiana Neuro-Diagnostic Institute will replace the antiquated Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital in 2018.^[224]

Notable people

Sister cities

Indianapolis has six sister cities and two friendship cities as designated by Sister Cities International.^[225] Indianapolis was recognized by Sister Cities International with the "2013 Best Overall Program Award" for jurisdictions of population 500,000 and above.^[226]

Sister cities

• Campinas, Brazil (since 2009)
• Cologne, Germany (since 1988)
• Monza, Italy (since 1993)
• Northamptonshire, United Kingdom (since 2009)
• Piran, Slovenia (since 2001)
• Taipei, Taiwan (since 1978)

Friendship cities

• Hangzhou, People's Republic of China (since 2009)
• Hyderabad, India (since 2010)

See also

• History of the Irish in Indianapolis
• Indianapolis Catacombs
• Keep Indy Indie
• Purdue Wreck

Notes

1. Official records for Indianapolis kept at downtown from February 1871 to December 1942, and at Indianapolis Int'l since January 1943. For more information, see Threadex

1. The nine oldest museums in the U.S. are: Peabody Essex Museum, 1799; Wadsworth Atheneum, 1842; Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1870; Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 1870; Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1876; Columbus Museum of Art, Ohio, 1878; Art Institute of Chicago, 1879; Cincinnati Art Museum, 1881; Portland Museum of Art, 1882; Indianapolis Museum of Art, 1883.^[123]
2. At 669,484 square feet (62,197.1 m²), the IMA is eighth largest in the U.S. in Main Museum Building space among the 130 respondents in the Association of Art Museum Directors 2010 Statistical Survey.^[124]

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214. Jakes, Andrew S. (June 4, 2001). "Franchise Agreement with the City of Indianapolis: A new approach to people mover implementation in American cities" (PDF). Jakes Associates. The Health Care Transportation Franchise Agreement between the Consolidated City of Indianapolis, Marion County, Indiana and Clarian Health Partners, Inc. is the first ever conceived[....] no one has ever attempted to enter into a long-term transportation franchise agreement with private industry other than a transit supplier or a consortium[....] The legal framework for the private project on public right-of-way is based on two agreements as follows: •Health Care Transportation System Franchise Agreement between The Consolidated City of Indianapolis, Marion County, Indiana and Clarian Health Partners, Inc. (executed May 2000) •People Mover – State of Indiana Airspace Agreement and Lease (executed November 2000) [...] The duration of the Airspace Lease agreement is 25 years [...] The alignment consists of an elevated, double guideway, bi-directional transit system [...] The contract for a [...] monorail with three elevated, enclosed stations and walkways was executed with Schwager Davis, Inc. (SDI), based in San Jose, California. SDI conceived the technology known as Unitrak. Its successful operation has been demonstrated in Primm City, Nevada
215. "Clarian People Mover". teMPO Special Edition (PDF). Indianapolis Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO). October 2002. pp. 1, pp.18–22. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 29, 2008. Retrieved October 15, 2008. The northern-most terminal, located at Methodist Hospital, will also house the system's safety and security monitoring station and maintenance shop[....] The Indiana University Health People Mover is America's first privately owned transit system to operate over city streets[....] capacity will be 1800 passengers per hour [...] Though initially proposed as 8,000 feet, the People Mover route was reduced to 7,400 feet when two stations on Walnut Street were merged into one. An elevated walkway now connects Riley Hospital to the station[....] The guideway [...] features a "translogic tubing" system along its route that will eventually facilitate pneumatic transfer of documents and samples.
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External links

• Official website
• Indy Chamber
• Visit Indy
• Indianapolis at DMOZ

Coordinates: 39°47′28″N 86°08′53″W / 39.791°N 86.148°W