Testosterone (patch)

The testosterone patch, brand name Intrinsa among others, was designed to treat female sexual dysfunction.

Mechanism of action

Testosterone patches works by releasing the hormone testosterone through the skin into the bloodstream. In women, testosterone is naturally produced by the ovaries and the adrenal gland. However, levels of the hormone decline with age, sometimes more after menopause.^[1] Testosterone therapy is systemic and needs to be applied over a period of weeks or months to have an effect.^[2] P&G licensed the treatment to Watson Pharmaceuticals.^[2]

The amount of testosterone in the patch is lower than in testosterone patches for men. The patch is virtually transparent and about the size of an egg and is worn just below the navel and changed twice weekly.^[1]

Approval

The patch was granted a license from the European Medicines Agency in July, and is available on Britain's National Health Service from March 2007. It will initially only be available on prescription for post-menopausal women with diagnosed sexual problems.^[1]

However, in December 2004 the United States the 14-member Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advisory committee, plus voting consultants, for Reproductive Health Drugs unanimously rejected Procter and Gamble's fast-track request for Intrinsa citing concerns about off-label use. In Canada, post-menopausal women have been able to obtain government-approved testosterone treatment since 2002. In Australia, post-menopausal women can use Organon testosterone implants which have to be surgically inserted and last from three to six months.^[3]

References

1 2 3 "The female Viagra hits the NHS". Daily Mail (London). 27 March 2007. Retrieved 22 June 2007.
1 2 Can Intrinsa Be a Viagra for Women? BusinessWeek, October 28, 2004. Retrieved June 22, 2007.
↑ FDA Panel Rejects Intrinsa About.com Politics, December 2004. Retrieved 22 June 2007.

External links

Sexual dysfunction pharmacotherapies

Dopamine agonists	Apomorphine Bromocriptine Cabergoline Lisuride Pergolide Piribedil Pramipexole Quinagolide Ropinirole Rotigotine Terguride

Melanocortin agonists	Bremelanotide Melanotan II PL-6983

PDE5 inhibitors	Acetildenafil Aildenafil Avanafil Icariin Lodenafil Mirodenafil Nitrosoprodenafil Sildenafil Sulfoaildenafil Tadalafil Udenafil Vardenafil

Sex steroids	Androgens (e.g., testosterone, anabolic steroids) Estrogens (e.g., estradiol, ethinyl estradiol, CEEs) Progestogens (e.g., progesterone, progestins) Mixed (e.g., tibolone)

Others	Afrodor (acecarbromal, quebracho, vitamin E) Alkyl nitrites Alprostadil Amantadine Bupropion Buspirone Cyproheptadine Dapoxetine Flibanserin Mirtazapine Moxisylyte Oxytocin Papaverine Phentolamine Psychostimulants (e.g., amphetamines, cocaine, methylphenidate) Rauwolscine (Rauwolfia) Trazodone Yohimbine (Yohimbe)

See also: Drugs for erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation

Androgens and antiandrogens

Androgens

Agonists	Anabolic steroids (see here instead) Androgenic progestins (e.g., norethisterone, levonorgestrel, medroxyprogesterone acetate) Androstanolone Androstenediol Androstenedione DHEA DHEA sulfate Dihydrotestosterone Fluoxymesterone Mesterolone Methyltestosterone Testosterone^# Testosterone acetate Testosterone capropate Testosterone cypionate Testosterone decanoate Testosterone enanthate Testosterone isocaproate Testosterone phenylpropionate Testosterone propionate Testosterone undecanoate Tibolone

SARMs	AC-262,356^§ Andarine^§ BMS-564,929^§ Enobosarm (ostarine)^§ LGD-2226^§ LGD-3303^§ S-23^§ S-40503^§

Antiandrogens

Antagonists

Enzyme inhibitors

5α-Reductase	Alfatradiol Chlormadinone acetate Dutasteride Finasteride Saw palmetto extract

CYP17A1	Abiraterone acetate Cyproterone acetate Danazol Galeterone^† Gestrinone Ketoconazole Orteronel^† Spironolactone VT-464^†

Others	Abiraterone acetate Aminoglutethimide Cyproterone acetate Danazol Gestrinone Ketoconazole Mitotane Trilostane

Antigonadotropins

Anabolic steroids (e.g., nandrolone, oxandrolone)
Estrogens (e.g., estradiol)
GnRH agonists (e.g., leuprorelin)
GnRH antagonists (e.g., cetrorelix)
Progestogens (incl. allylestrenol, chlormadinone acetate, cyproterone acetate, delmadinone acetate, dydrogesterone, medroxyprogesterone acetate, megestrol acetate, nomegestrol acetate, norethisterone acetate, progesterone, spironolactone)

^#WHO-EM
^‡Withdrawn from market
Clinical trials:
- ^†Phase III
- ^§Never to phase III

Androgenics

Receptor
(ligands)

Agonists	4-Chlordehydromethyltestosterone 4-Hydroxytestosterone 5α-Androst-1-ene-3,17-dione 7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone 11-Ketotestosterone 17-((1-Oxoheptyl)oxy)androstan-3-one 17-((1-Oxopentyl)oxy)androstan-3-one 17-(1-Oxopropoxy)androstan-3-one 17β-Hydroxyandrost-2-ene-2-carbonitrile 19-Norandrostenediol 19-Norandrostenedione 19-Norandrosterone 19-Nordehydrotestosterone Δ¹-Androstenediol Δ¹-Testosterone Δ^1,4-Androstenedione Δ⁴-Androstenediol Δ⁴-Androstenedione Δ^4-Tibolone Δ⁴-Androstenediol Δ⁴-Androstenedione Adrenosterone Androisoxazole Androstanolone Bolandiol Bolasterone Bolazine Boldenone Boldione Bolenol Bolmantalate Calusterone Cl-4AS-1 Clostebol Cloxotestosterone Cortexolone 17α-propionate Danazol Desogestrel Desoxymethyltestosterone DHEA DHEA sulfate Dihydrotestosterone Drostanolone Enestebol Epitiostanol Ethisterone Ethyldienolone Ethylestrenol Fluoxymesterone Formebolone Furazabol Hexabolan Hydroxystenozole Levonorgestrel Mebolazine Medroxyprogesterone acetate Mepitiostane Mesabolone Mestanolone Mesterolone Metandienone/Methandrostenolone Metenolone Metenolone acetate Metenolone enanthate Methandriol Methandriol propionate Methasterone Methylestrenolone Methyltestosterone Metribolone Mibolerone Nandrolone Nandrolone caproate Nandrolone cypionate Nandrolone cyclohexane carboxylate Nandrolone cyclohexylpropionate Nandrolone cyclotate Nandrolone decanoate Nandrolone furylpropionate Nandrolone hexyloxyphenylpropionate Nandrolone hydrogen succinate Nandrolone laurate Nandrolone phenylpropionate Nandrolone propionate Nandrolone undecyclate Norboletone Norclostebol Norethandrolone Norethisterone Norgestrel Oxabolone Oxabolone cypionate Oxandrolone Oxendolone Oxymesterone Oxymetholone Penmesterol Propetandrol Quinbolone Quingestanol acetate Roxibolone Silandrone Stanozolol Stenbolone Stenbolone acetate Testolactone Testosterone Testosterone acetate Testosterone capropate Testosterone cypionate Testosterone decanoate Testosterone enanthate Testosterone isocaproate Testosterone ketolaurate Testosterone nicotinate Testosterone phenylpropionate Testosterone propionate Testosterone undecanoate Tetrahydrogestrinone Thiomesterone Tibolone Tiomesterone Trenboloneca Trenbolone acetate Trestolone

Mixed (SARMs)	AC-262,356 Andarine BMS-564,929 Enobosarm (ostarine) LGD-2226 LGD-3303 LGD-4033 RAD140 S-23 S-40503 TFM-4AS-1

Antagonists	3α-Hydroxytibolone 3β-Hydroxytibolone Abiraterone Abiraterone acetate Apalutamide AZD-3514 Bisphenols (e.g., BADGE, BFDGE, bisphenol A, bisphenol F, bisphenol S) Benorterone Bicalutamide BMS-641,988 BOMT Canrenoic acid Canrenone Chlormadinone acetate Cimetidine Cioteronel Clometerone Cyproterone Cyproterone acetate Delanterone DDT (via metabolite p,p’-DDE) Dieldrin Dienogest Drospirenone Endosulfan Enzalutamide EPI-001 Epitestosterone Fenarimol Flutamide Galeterone Guggulsterone Hydroxyflutamide Inocoterone Ketoconazole Lavender oil Linuron Megestrol acetate Mespirenone Methiocarb Metogest Mifepristone Nilutamide Nomegestrol Nordinone Norgestimate ODM-201 ONC1-13B ORM-15341 Osaterone Oxendolone PF-998425 Potassium canrenoate Prochloraz Procymidone R-2956 Rosterolone RU-58642 RU-58841 Spironolactone Topilutamide (fluridil) Topterone Valproic acid Vinclozolin VT-464 Zanoterone

Enzyme

Modulators	See here instead (modulators of 20,22-desmolase, 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase, 3β-HSD, 17β-HSD, 5α-reductase, and aromatase).

Others

Precursors/prohormones	Cholesterol 22R-Hydroxycholesterol 20α,22R-Dihydroxycholesterol Pregnenolone Pregnenolone sulfate 17-Hydroxypregnenolone Progesterone 17-Hydroxyprogesterone 11-Deoxycortisol (cortodoxone) DHEA DHEA sulfate Δ⁵-Androstenediol Δ⁴-Androstenedione

Indirect	Antigonadotropins (e.g., estrogens, progestogens, prolactin) GnRH agonists (e,g, GnRH, leuprorelin) GnRH antagonists (e.g., cetrorelix) Gonadotropins (e.g., FSH, hCG, LH) Kisspeptin Plasma proteins (ABP, albumin, SHBG)

See also: Estrogenics • Glucocorticoids • Mineralocorticoids • Progestogenics

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