Kalahandi district

"Kalahandi" redirects here. For other uses, see Kalahandi (disambiguation).
Kalahandi
କଳାହାଣ୍ଡି
District

Location in Odisha, India
Coordinates: 20°04′59″N 83°12′00″E / 20.083°N 83.2°E / 20.083; 83.2Coordinates: 20°04′59″N 83°12′00″E / 20.083°N 83.2°E / 20.083; 83.2
Country  India
State Odisha
Headquarters Bhawanipatna
Government
 • Collector D Brundha, IAS
 • Member of Lok Sabha Arka Keshari Deo, BJD
Area
 • Total 7,920 km2 (3,060 sq mi)
Population (2011)[1]
 • Total 1,573,054
 • Density 169/km2 (440/sq mi)
Languages
 • Official Odia, English, Sambalpuri
Time zone IST (UTC+5:30)
PIN 766 001,766 002
Vehicle registration OD-08
Sex ratio 0.999 ♂/♀
Literacy 62.45%
Lok Sabha constituency Kalahandi
Vidhan Sabha constituency

5

Climate Aw (Köppen)
Website www.kalahandi.nic.in

Kalahandi (locally pronounced Kalahani) is a district of Odisha in India. The region had a glorious past and great civilisation in ancient time. Archaeological evidence of stone age and Iron Age human settlement has been recovered from the region.[2] Asurgarh offered an advanced, well civilised, cultured and urban human settlement about 2000 years ago in the region.[3] In South Asia it is believed that the lands of Kalahandi district and Koraput district were the ancient places where people started cultivation of paddy. In ancient time it was known as Mahakantara (meaning Great Forest) and Karunda Mandal, which means treasure of precious stones like karandam (Corundum/Manik), Garnet (red stone), Beruz, Neelam (Sapphire/blue stone), and Alexandra etc. Manikeswari (the goddess of Manikya or Karandam) is the clan deity of Kalahandi may also signify its historical name.

It was a princely state in British India and in post independence period it merged with Odisha state in India as Kalahandi district comprising current Kalahandi district and Nuapada district. In 1967, Kashipur block from Kalahandi district was transferred to Rayagada district for administrative reason. In the 1980s, Kalahandi's name became associated with backwardness and starvation death, which is known as "Kalahandi Syndrome".[4] Despite its backwardness it is one of the rich regions in history, agriculture, forest resources, gemstone, bauxite, folk dance, folk music, folklore, handicrafts and arts. In 1993, Nuapada sub-division was carved out as a separate district, but Kalahandi (Lok Sabha constituency) continues to constitute present Kalahandi district and Nuapada district together.

History

Main article: History of Kalahandi
See also: Kalahandi State

Kalahandi region had a glorious past and great civilisation in ancient time. Archaeological record of 'Tel valley' reveals the presence of the primates in its zones during the Pleistocenephase. Paleolithic is being documented in Kalahandi, like Moter river basin in Dharamgarh region.[5] One of the largest size axe of late stone age culture has been recovered from Kalahandi.[6] Tel river civilisation put light towards a great civilisation existing in Kalahandi in the past that is recently getting explored.[7] The discovered archaeological wealth of Tel Valley suggest a well civilised, urbanised, cultured people inhabited on this land mass around 2000 years ago[3] and Asurgarh was its capital. Kalahandi along with Koraput and Bastar was part of Kantara referred in Ramayana and Mahabharata.[8] In 4th century B.C. Kalahandi region was known as Indravana from where precious gem-stones and diamond were collected for the imperial Maurya treasury.[9] During the period of Maurya emperor Ashoka, Kalahandi along with Koraput and Bastar region was called Atavi Land.[10] This land was unconquered as per Ashokan record.[11] In the beginning of Christian era probably it was known as Mahavana.[12] In 4th Century A.D. Vyaghraraja was ruling over Mahakantara comprising Kalahandi, undivided Koraput and Bastar region.[13] Asurgarh was capital of Mahakantara.[14] After Vyaghraraja, the Nala kings like Bhavadatta Varman, Arthapati and Skanda Varman ruled over south part of this region up to about 500, the territory was known as Nalavadi-visaya[15] and rest of Mahakantara, lower part of Tel river valley was ruled by king Tastikara and his scions, the kingdom was known as Parvatad-waraka, whose headquarters was Talabhamraka near Belkhandi.[12] In the 6th century a new kingdom developed in the Kalahandi tract under King Tustikara, but very little is known about other kings of his family. Maraguda valley was identified as capital of Sarabapuriyas.[16] During Sarabapuriyas in the 6th century, Kalahandi lost its political entities and merged with eastern part of South Kosal or Kosal.[17] But this was also for a short period as in succeeding phase it assumed a distinct name Trikalinga. By the 9th–10th centuries the region including Western Odisha, Kalahandi, Koraput and Bastar was known as Trikalinga.[18] The Somavamsi king Mahabhavagupta I Janmejaya (925 – 960) assumed the title Trikalingadhipati.[19] Trikalinga was short lived and Chindakangas carved out a new kingdom called Chakrakota Mandala or Bramarakota Mandala,[20] which later one expanded to whole Kalahandi and Koraput.

The Naga dynasty started ruling Kalahandi in 1006. The Nagas of Kalahandi are the only dynasty in Odisha having a record of thousand years (1050–1948). During the 12th century Chkrakota Mandal was incorporated with the Ganga realm of Kalinga, and renamed "Kamala Mandala",[21] thus Kalahandi region became part of Kalinga as a feudatory of the Eastern Gangas under Nagas rules and continued till 14th century. After 14th century Nagas owed allegiance from Eastern Gangas to the Suryavamsi Gajapatis. This territory assumed independence after the downfall of the Gajapatis of Odisha in 1568. According to tradition the Kalahandi kingdom commanded sovereign power over eighteen garbs. It was occupied by the Bhonslas of Nagpur in the middle of the 18th century but still it was a Gadajat under Nagas rule. In 1853 the Nagpur state lapsed to the British Crown as Raghujee III died without an heir. Then Kalahandi became a princely state under British and known as Karonda Mandal. Maharaja Pratap Keshari Deo, the Ex-Maharaja of Kalahandi, in one of his articles expressed his view that the historical significance of naming Kalahandi as Karunda Mandala is based on the availability of Corundum in this region. Manikeswari (the goddess of Manikya), the clan deity of the Naga kings of Kalahandi may have also necessitated the adoption of the name.

After Indian independence, Kalahandi joined with the Union of India on 1 January 1948. On 1 November 1949, Patna Balangir district and Subarnapur district together constituted a separate district and the Nuapada sub-division of Sambalpur was added to the Kalahandi district. In 1967, Kashipur block of Kalahandi district was transferred to Rayagada division for administrative purpose. In 1993, Nuapada sub-division was carved out as a separate district, but Kalahandi (Lok Sabha constituency) continues to constitute present Kalahandi district and Nuapada district together.

Post-independence

Kalahandi Syndrome

Kalahandi hit the headlines in newspapers for the repeated drought situation that has broken the economic backbone of the cultivators. A long history of drought covering more than a century in Kalahandi has occurred. Drought had occurred in Kalahandi in 1868, 1884 and 1897. The famine of 1899 is otherwise known as "Chhapan Salar Durbhikshya". The effect of the famine, according to the District Gazetteers, were of a magnitude unprecedented in any previous famine. This famine left a terrible socio-economic gloom in this area. In 1919–1920 another drought occurred followed by cholera, influenza and malnutrition due to lack of foodstuff.

A series of droughts in 1922–1923, 1925–1926, 1929–1930, 1954–1955 and 1955–56 occurred in Kalahandi. The terrible drought of 1965–66, which occurred in Kalahandi, totally broke down the economic backbone of the people. Due to lack of rain, three-fourth crop production failed. The effect of the drought continued to be felt in 1967. As regards this drought, the following description from the District Gazetteers is worth quoting.

“The bulk of the population which constituted the landless agricultural labourers became unemployed due to suspension of all sorts of agricultural operations. The worst sufferers were the landed gentry, who, because of the drought, could not reap a harvest nor could they take to manual labour to which they were not accustomed. The pastures lost the greenery and the bovine population therefore was equally starved. Everywhere there was an acute shortage of water.”

Again in 1974–75 and in 1985 drought occurred like the Human Census occurring once in ten years. After the severe drought of 1956 and 1966, the rich cultivators of this area came down to the status of middle class cultivators and the middle class cultivators into ordinary one. They all turned into Sukhbasis. The daily wage labourers and landless are generally called "Sukhbasi" in Kalahandi meaning those who live happily. A proverb for 'Sukhbasi' runs thus: ‘Gai nai goru, sukhe nid karu’ which means the men without cattle have happy sound sleep. Continuous occurrence of drought along with the irregular rainfall has resulted in crop failure and thus people became poorer to poorer. The state's Bureau of Statistics and Economics has analyzed the rainfall of South Western Kalahandi and has reported that ‘there is a year of drought in every three or four years’. Along with the drought the problems such as rural unemployment, non-industrialization, growth of population and rapid deforestation are some of the major problems of Kalahandi. Hence being gripped both by nature and men, the rural inhabitant of Kalahandi has found no other way of survival. As a result, either he has migrated from his motherland or lived in the wasteland as a crippled soldier. Kalahandi has been in the news since the middle of the 1980s when India Today[22] reported sale of a child by its parents due to financial crisis. That article led the then prime minister Rajiv Gandhi to pay a visit to the district and brought the district to the attention of the national stage for its acute poverty and famine. Subsequently similar reported cases of starvation deaths and sale of children have led to the announcement of a host of relief efforts and development projects. This backward phenomena despite richness of Kalahandi was called Kalahandi Syndrome by social workers.[4] Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao announced the famous KBK project for backward undivided Kalahandi, Bolangir and Koraput districts in 1994. Nonetheless, Kalahandi has not been able to take off despite of hosts of programmes, largely because of lacuna at implementation stage. As the basic infrastructure is dismal state, the development progress is very slow.

Kalahandi is more often used a symbol of backwardness in popular media and among politicians or social workers. Use of Kalahandi in popular literature has been controversial. In a literary conference, "Rajya Stariya Lekhaka Sammilani" in 1994 at Bhawanipatna many invited speakers and local intellectuals pointed out that its not wise to use the name "Kalahandi" as synonym for starvation death. Starvation death does not imply image of Kalahandi completely and by using it for starvation death other rich aspects of life in Kalahandi are being ignored. Starvation death was just one side of a coin, like poverty in Odisha or India. However, there are many writers, philosophers, social workers, journalists, politicians etc., particularly in India who are continue to use the name in literature, articles and reviews.

The poem "Kalahandi" by Dr Tapan Kumar Pradhan received critical acclaim following its publication in the Indian Literature in December, 2007, when it won Sahitya Akademi Golden Jubilee prize for poetry.[23] Kalahandi movie made by famous Indian film director Gautam Ghose received critical award.[24] Rahul Gandhi's comparison of Purulia with Kalahandi had brought political controversy in West Bengal.[25]

Political marginalization in recent times

Sabha Mandap, Bhawanipatna Palace

Politically, the district does not have much importance in state or national politics. Though in 2000 and 2004 elections Biju Janata Dal- Bharatiya Janata Party combined had won all the MLA and MP seats in Kalahandi, in 2009 election people opted for Indian National Congress except Dharamgarh MLA constituency, which is largely seen as ongoing political negligence to this region. Mr Bhaktacharan Das, sitting MP (Congress) and third time MP from the district has not received any Union Ministry in Manmohan Singh's Ministry. Mr Bhaktacharan Das, MP during the Chandrasekhar regime (1990–91), was part of the union ministry in the Railway and Sports department. No other MPs in last two decades have made it to any important post of national or state level. Mr Bhupinder Singh the seating MLA from Narla Constituency is leader of opposition of Odisha assembly. Mr Bhupinder Singh, Mr Jagannath Pattnaik and Mr Rasha Bihari Behera have been among the senior leaders of Congress Party. Despite trio of them being in an important ministry like Revenue and Tourism, Agriculture they failed to make it to limelight. Currently Sri Pushpendra Singh Deo sitting MLA of Dharamgarh MLA constituency is a state minister with independent charge in Naveen Patnaik Government in Odisha. Political disappointment in the region is raising. Separate State Movement for the creation of 'Kosal' state has been an issue in the region. The 'Kosal Mukti Rath'of Mr. Balgopal Mishra, a former MP7 MLA has been widely welcomed by the people of Kalahandi.

Kalahandi highlighted for starvation and poverty is often marginalised in Odisha state and Indian national politics. This discrimination is thought to be due to national politics. Immediately after independence Kalahandi Lok Sabha Constituency was represented by non-congress candidate for 30 years, the period India was ruled by Congress Party. Thus, Kalahandi Lok Sabha Constituency was neglected and left out of development initiatives when the Congress ruled at the Centre. Indira Gandhi visited Kalahandi in the early 1980s; Rajiv Gandhi visited in 1984; Sonia Gandhi visited in 2004, and Rahul Gandhi visited in 2008, 2009 and 2010. Since 1980, the Indian National Congress has been ruling for 20 years at the Centre. Despite late prime ministers Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi, P.V. Narasimha Rao, and present leaders Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Sonia Gandhi, Rahul Gandhi etc. tall claims for developing Kalahandi, little was done for long term sustainable development in higher education, national highway, railway and industry during those leadership at Delhi. Few initiatives taken in post-independence of India for developing Kalahandi were only during non-congress rule in India such as Upper Indiravati Irrigation Project (during Moraji Desai as Prime Minister of India), Lanjigarh road – Jungarh (during Chandrasekhar as Prime Minister of India), National Highway 201 & 217 passing through Kalahandi (during Atal Bihari Vajpayee as Prime Minister of India), all these projects are not yet fully accomplished.

The Central government of India has established two public sector factories such as HAL factory and NALCO factory in the neighbouring Koraput district (part of KBK), a Lok Sabha constituency hold by congress party since independence, and an ordnance factory in Balangir district (part of KBK) leaving only Kalahhani among KBK for such development in the region. No public sector industrial investment has been taken place in Kalahandi since past 62 years. Local need in major infrastructure in railway, highways and demand for a railway factory and Central University is not yet addressed. In 2008, "India Today" surevy put Kalahandi among the bottom five Lok Sabha Constituency in Socio-economic and infrastructure development in India.

Administrative Setup

Kalahandi has been divided into two sub-divisions namely Bhawanipatna subdivision and Dharamgarh subdivision and 13 blocks.

Struggle for irrigation project

During princely state Kalahandi, a major irrigation project was initiated on Indravati River by intellectuals and then Maharaja Pratap Keshari Deo around 1946–47. However, in post independence period it took about 30 years until late prime minister Maraji Desai accepted Deo's proposal to construct the Indravati dam for hydroelectricity generation and irrigation purposes. Many people think such delay was due to Congress Party which was ruling India since independence and was not in a favour of development of a Lok Sabha Constituency which was represented by non-congress party. After late prime minister Moraji Desai's approval in 1978, the project took more than two decades to be realised and was alleged with corruption.

However, the project is a major boost to agricultural development today known as Upper Indravati Hydroelectric and irrigation project. There are still concerns and lack for government funds to irrigate Koksara, Golamunda and Bhawanipatan blocks in Kalahandi through this projects as every year lots of water is released from the dam through Hati river without using for irrigation. Similarly water shades in Tel river for irrigation in Kalahandi is one of the basic demands of local farmers which is not getting Government support.

Struggle for a central university

Refer to video Part I,[26] II[27] and III[28] Kalahandi was struggling for a higher educational institution since independence. Earlier proposal to establish a Government Engineering College in Kalahandi or Koraput region in the 1980s was later on shifted to some other part in Odisha for political reasons. A team visited by planning commission to Kalahandi Balangir Koraput (KBK) region had suggested to establish an agriculture college in the region. Since 1988 people of Kalahandi are seriously demanding a Central University in Kalahandi as it is central to all KBK districts and has good railway connectivity to major cities in India from Kesinga railway station. In the 1990s when state Government of Odisha proposed to establish a University in northern Odisha, people of Kalahandi repeated their demand for such a University in Kalahandi as well. Then Chief Minister of Odisha Biju Patnaik while addressing publicly in Government College Bhawanipatna said Government could not establish University if people want to establish University in their neighbourhood. But Mr Giridhar Gomang, Chief Minister of Odisha later on 1999 agreed to establish two Universities in Baripada and Balasore due to public protest making people of Kalahandi highly disappointed. Through "Kalahandi Sikhya Bikash Parisad" and "Central University Kriya Committee" the struggle for a Central University in Kalahandi seriously continued since 2000. Many memoranda were submitted to both state and central Government in this regards during past 9 years. When Government of India announced to establish 12 Central Universities in various states not having any Central University across India which included Odisha, a delegation from Kalahandi consisting intellectuals, general people and politicians met Odisha's Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik in May 2008 to establish the Central University in Kalahandi.[29] Mr. Naveen Patnaik promised and asked them to find out land details for establishing it in Kalahandi. People of Kalahandi sent the land details through district of Collector of Kalahandi in July 2008. However, without studying it, Odisha's Chief Minister unilaterally announced to establish proposed Central University of Odisha in Koraput,[30] though it was expected to come up in Bhawanipatna.[31] After six months the chief minister announced to establish a Government Engineering and Agriculture Colleges in Bhawanipatna.[32] People of Kalahandi though welcome establishment of such the colleges, Kalahandi Sikhya Bikas Parisad and Central University Kriya Committee said its not a replacement for the Central University[33] as estimated cost for the proposed Central University is ₹8 billion (US$120 million) with an area of 500 acres (2.0 km2) of land, whereas both Engineering and Agriculture Colleges are estimated to be 100 million as per Government announcement so far.

Struggle for a railway factory

Kalahandi and Nuapada districts have a higher number of migrant workers than other states. Agriculture alone is not enough for employment generation for this region and needs industrial development. Local demands for a railway factory is pending since last one and half decade. In the 2010-11 budget Indian railway has proposed a Wagon factory to be established in Bhubaneswar or Kalahandi.[34] Langigarh- Bhawanipatana section of Lanjigarh road – Junagarh railway line was completed in December 2011. Passenger Service in this new railway line started from Bhawanipatna. The surveyed railway line, Kantabanji (Balangir) -Jeypore (Koraput) via Nuapada, Kalahandi and Nabarangpur districts, needs approval, funding and immediate immplementation.

Geography

Kalahandi lies in between 19.3 N and 21.5 N latitudes and 82.20 E and 83.47 E longitudes[35] and occupies the south western portion of Odisha, bordered to the north by the Balangir district and Nuapada district, to the south by the Nabarangpur district, Koraput district and Rayagada district, and to the east by the Rayagada district, Kandhamal district and Boudh district. It has an area of 8,364.89 square kilometres and ranks 7th in area among the 30 districts of Odisha. The district headquarters is at Bhawanipatna which stands almost in the central location of the district. Bhawanipatna and Dharamgarh are two sub-divisions of Kalahandi. Junagarh, Jaipatna, Kesinga, Lanjigarh and Mukhiguda are other major towns in Kalahandi. Tel is the main river of Kalahandi. Other notably rivers are Indravati, Udanti, Hati, Utei, Sagada, Rahul, Nagabali, Mudra, etc. The topography of Kalahandi consists of plain land, hills & mountains. Kalahandi is surrounded by hills. Its border with Nabarangpur, Koraput, Rayagada and Kandhamal districts are hilly and mountainous. The district is primarily agricultural, with over one third of the district area covered with dense jungle forest. Industry is very limited, but bauxite and graphite deposits can be commercially exploited.

Economy

In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Kalahandi one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640).[36] It is one of the 19 districts in Odisha currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).[36]

Agriculture

Kalahandi is largely an agriculture based economy. During Bengal famine Kalahandi alone had sent 100,000 tons of rice. During the 1930s princely state of Kalahandi had proposed to build upper Indravati project but subsequent merger of princely state with India delayed the project . It got approved in 1978 and yet to be fully completed. In the mean time drought occurred in the 1960s and lately in the 1980s. In the 1980s Kalahandi become infamous for drought, child selling, malnutrition and starvation death and social worker referred it as 'Kalahandi Syndrome'.[4] Though KBK[37] project was announced in the 1990s by central Government specially for undivided Kalahandi, Balangir and Koraput districts primarily keeping poverty, backwardness and starvation death in mind, undivided Kalahandi district continued to remain politically ignored. Kalahandi is an example of disparity/contrasts that exist in many parts of the developing/underdeveloped world. On the one side, this district is famous for famine and starvation deaths: this is the same district that is rich with agriculture. Dharamgarh sub-division was historical known for rice production in Odisha. Since the 2000s the Indravati Water Project, second biggest in the state has changed the landscape of southern Kalahandi, leading to two crops in a year. Because of this, blocks like Kalampur, Jaipatna, Dharamgarh, Jungarh, Bhawanipatna etc. are witnessing rapid agricultural growth. This has boasted the highest number of rice mills in Kalahandi among districts in Odisha. The number of rice mills in the district was around 150 in the year 2004–05. More than 70% have been built in the five years after commissioning of the Indravati project.

Forest resources

Forest based products like Mahua, Kendu leaf, wood, timber and bamboos contribute local economy largely. Kalahandi supplied substantial raw materials to paper mills in neighbouring Rayagada and Jeypore.

Gem stone

Kalahandi was famous for gemstone (Karonda Mandal) in ancient time. Its rich gemstone deposit included cat's eye, sapphire, ruby, garnet, crystal, topaz, moonstone, diamond, tourmoline, acquamarine, beryle, alexandrite, etc. The distribution and occurrence of precious and semi-precious gemstones and other commercial commodities of the region have found place in accounts of Panini (5th century BC), Kautilya (3rd century BC), Ptolemy (2nd century AD), Wuang Chuang (7th century AD) and Travenier (19th century AD). Till recently Kalahandi along with Balangir supply gem stone for handicraft work that can be found in Delhi Haat. Jiligndara, near Junagarh of Kalahandi, has one of the largest ruby deposit of Asia as per Geological Survey of India.[38]

Industry

Vedanta Alumina Limited (VAL),[39] a subsidiary of Sterlite Industries, a major aluminium processor has made major investments by establishing an 1 MTPA Alumina Refinery and 75 MW Captive Power Plant at Lanjigarh. Though this project has received criticism from environmentalists, especially from tribals of Niyamgiri; supporters of VAL claims it has brought significant changes in Socio-Economic scenario of Lanjigarh and Kalahandi. The Union Environment Ministry in August 2010, rejected earlier clearances granted to a joint venture led by the Vedanta Group company Sterlite Industries for mining bauxite from Niyamgiri hills[40] making the company to depend on bauxite from outside Odisha. The company's proposal for Expansion of the Refinery to 6 MTPA, which would have made it one of the largest refinery in the world, was halted by India's environment ministry.[41]

Transport

The nearest airport is in Raipur (200–250 km) having daily flights to majority of the cities in India. Kalahandi can be reached from Raipur via Nuapada or Dharamgarh. Vishakhapatnam airport is 300 km away and Bhubaneswar airport in 450 km. Kesinga is the gateway of Kalahandi for rail connectivity. It is directly linked with most of the major cities in India, such as Delhi, Chennai, Kolkata, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ranchi, Bhubaneswar, Visakhapatnam, Raipur, Nagpur, Ahemadabad etc. by rail. A new railway station for Bhawanipatna has been opened for service and was inaugurated on 11 Aug 2012.[42][43] National Highway 201 and 217 pass through Kalahandi. Luxury night buses are available to Bhubaneswar, Cuttack, Raipur, Visakhapatnam, Sambalpur and Rourkela from Kalahandi.

Demographics

According to the 2011 census Kalahandi district has a population of 1,573,054,[1] roughly equal to the nation of Gabon[44] or the US state of Idaho.[45] This gives it a ranking of 317th in India (out of a total of 640).[1] The district has a population density of 199 inhabitants per square kilometre (520/sq mi) .[1] Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 17.79%.[1] Kalahandi has a sex ratio of 1003 females for every 1000 males,[1] and a literacy rate of 59.22%.[1]

Language and literature

The language spoken by the people of Kalahandi is Kalahandia Language, locally known as Kalahandia . It is a dialect of Odia language. Local weekly newspaper such as Arjji and Kalahandi Express publish articles in standard Odia with Kalahandia Language dialect. Hindi is the second preferable language after Odia. Some of the known and recognised writers, poet and dramatists from the region are Chaitanya Das, Pataraja Padman Singh, Maharaja Udit Pratap, Maharani Asha Kumari Devi, Rama Chandra Raiguru, Brajaraj Singhdeo, Bira Bikram Deo, Lai Rudra Madhab Deo, Gadadhar Mishra, Parsuram Mund, Dr. Someswar Behera, Kaviraj Prayagdutta Joshi, Anup Singhde, Prof. Bhubaneswar Behera, Prafulla Kumar Rath, Akhila Nayak, Bharat Majhi, Parameswar Mund, Dr Dola Govinda Bisi, Dr Hare Krushna Meher, and others.

Other languages include Kui, Bhatri, Parji, Bhunjia, spoken by approximately 7000 Bhunjia Adivasis.[46]

Culture

Kalahandi is a rich land in culture and festivals.[47] Since it is a melting point of southern Odisha and Western Odisha with a substantial tribal population, those living in hills as well as plain land, their culture, tradition, languages and belief along with mainstream Hindu culture have made Kalahandi region rich with culture and festivals. The mixture of Aryan and tribal culture makes Kalahandi region rich in its culture and festivals. In pre-independence period Kalahandi was largely inspired to Saivaism, Vaishanivism and Shakti puja. Shakti Puja is largely accepted among tribal, perhaps due to which Kalahandi was well known for celebrating Shati Puja. However, affect induction of Kalahandi as part of Odisha state, dominance of coastal Oriya culture in the state is increasingly influencing the local culture. Celebration of Rathajatra and construction of Jaggannath temple in Kalahandi has been increasingly realised unlike in old days of Radha Krishna temple.

Local custom

The majority of the population are Hindu, a small minority being Christan, Muslim, Sikh, Buddhist and Jain. 28% of the population are tribal people which has the majority of the impact on the local customaries and influenced the dialect.

Art & craft

Literally 'Kalahandi' means 'pot of arts'. This name has been possibly derived from "Gudahandi Caves" containing pre-historic paintings in red and black colours. Kalahandi is a rich land in terms of art and craft. Stone from Kalahandi is well known to make jewellery. Habasipuri pattern is well established in handloom Saree. Wood craft from Khaipadar is famous for export and domestic market.

Dance & music

Kalahandi has the wide varieties of dance forms comprising tribal and non-tribal dance. Among the districts level in Odisha, it has the maximum dance form. Overall Kalahandi life is associated with music and dance. Some of the dance found in Kalahandi such as Dalkhai, Jaiphula, Rasarkeli, Sajani etc. have similarities with the dance form in Balangir, Sambalpur, etc. regions[48] whereas Sari song, Pholia song, song related to nature etc. has similarities with Koraput region. However, Boria song, Nialimali, Kalakolik etc. mostly found in Kalahandi. On the other hand, Ghumura, Madali, Dandari, Dhab, Bajasalia etc. folk form found in Kalahandi can be composed songs.

Main article: Ghumura Dance

Ghumura dance is the most sought folk dance in Kalahandi. It is classified as folk dance as the dress code of Ghumura resembles more like a tribal dance, but recent researchers argue[49] different mudra and dance form present in Ghumura bear more resemblance with other classical dance form of India. The timeline of Ghumura dance is not clear. Many researchers claim[50] it was a war dance in ancient India and used by Ravana in Ramayana. Ghumura dance is depicted in Sun Temple of Konark confirming this dance form is since the medieval period. Ghumura dance has evolved from a war dance to a dance form for cultural and social activities. The dance is associated with social entertainment, relaxation, love, devotion and friendly brotherhood among all class, creed and religion in the present days. Traditionally this dance is also associated with Nuakhai and Dasahara celebration in Kalahandi and large parts of south western Odisha. Ghumura dance is still hidden in the village level in south western Odisha and some parts of bordering Andhra Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. Kalahandi region has taken a leading rule in popularising and retaining its unique identity of Ghumura dance. Ghumura dance has got the opportunity to represent the nation in international events Delhi, Moscow, and other places.

Festivals

Popular Hindu festivals

Chhatra Jatra in Bhawanipatna

Local specials

Chhatar of Chhatra Jatra in Bhawanipatna
Main article: Nuakhai

This is typically a local festival prevalent in Western Odisha including Kalahandi. It is inspired from harvesting of new crops and historically came from tribal. But now everybody irrespective of caste, creed and religion celebrate it. Many tribal converted Christian do celebrate Nuakhai in the region. There are many kinds of Nuakhai according to tribal culture, out of which Dhan (Rice) Nuakhai is most popularly celebrated.

Cuisine

Tourist attractions

Around Bhawanipatna

Around Dharamgarh

Sri Aurobindo Kendra, Dharamgarh, Kalahandi
Sri Aurobindo Relics Center, Dharamgarh, Kalahandi

Notable personalities

Kishen Pattanayak, Former MP & Social Activist

Education

Through the Western Odisha Development Council, the state government has been initiated a private medical college with a tie up with one South India based organisation in Junagarh block of Kalahandi since 2004, which has not started yet. Odisha state Government has announced Government College of Engineering Kalahandi and Agriculture College at Bhawanipatna in 2009 but local demand for a Central University in Kalahandi has not been accomplished.

Hospitals

Media

Establishment

Politics

Vidhan sabha constituencies

The following is the 5 Vidhan sabha constituencies[66][67] of Kalahandi district and the elected members[68] of that area

No. Constituency Reservation Extent of the Assembly Constituency (Blocks) Member of 14th Assembly Party
77 Lanjigarh ST Lanjigarh, Thuamul Rampur, Jaipatana (part), , Bhawanipatna (part) Balabhadra Majhi BJD
78 Junagarh None Junagarh (NAC), Junagarh, Golamunda Dibyashankar Mishra BJD
79 Dharmagarh None Dharmagarh, Koksara, Kalampur, Jaipatana (part) Puspendra Singh Deo BJD
80 Bhawanipatna SC Bhawanipatna (M), Kesinga (NAC), Bhawanipatna (PART), Kesinga (part) Anama Naik BJD
81 Narla None Narla, Karlamunda, Madanpur-Rampur, Kesinga (part) Dhaneswar Majhi BJD

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "District Census 2011". Census2011.co.in. 2011. Retrieved 2011-09-30.
  2. ↑ B.Mishra, J. Bengal Art, Vol.9&10, 2004–2005, 383–410
  3. 1 2 P.Mohanty, B. Mishra, Op. Cit,2000; C.R. Mishra, S. Pradhan, op. cit. 1989–1990, Infra, F.N.79
  4. 1 2 3 "The Kalahandi Syndrome: Starvation in Spite of Plenty DEVINDER SHARMA* 19apr02". Mindfully.org. Retrieved 2013-05-22.
  5. ↑ R.P.Prusty, 1992, Paleolithic Vestiges from Kalahandi, Odisha Historical Research Journal, XXXVII, no.1-5, pp.55–66, Orissa State Museum, Bhubaneswar
  6. ↑ P.Mohanty, B. Mishra, Op. Cit,2001, p.47
  7. ↑ "A tale of Tel valley civilization uncovered". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 2010-10-21.
  8. ↑ Mahabharata Sabhaparva, 31, sloka-11-16
  9. ↑ Proceedings, Indian History Congress, 1947, 10th session, 178
  10. ↑ H. C. Rayachoudhury, Political History of Ancient India, 538
  11. ↑ B. Mishra, op.cit., 2003–2004
  12. 1 2 N. K. Sahu, 1964, op. cit.
  13. ↑ N. K. Sahu, op.cit., 1964, p.200
  14. ↑ ibid.7
  15. ↑ N. K. Sahu, Utkal University, History of Orissa, 433
  16. ↑ S.P.Tiwari, Comprehensive History of Orissa, 95–96
  17. ↑ J. P. Singh Deo, op.cit.
  18. ↑ M.N.Das(Ed)Sidelight on History and Culture of Orissa, 36
  19. ↑ Orissa District Gazetters, Kalahandi, 46–49
  20. ↑ ibid.47
  21. ↑ ibid.41
  22. ↑ http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/
  23. ↑ Indian Literature, Sahitya Akademi's Bi-monthly Journal, Volume LI, No. 6, page 47-48. New Delhi ISSN 0019-5804.
  24. ↑ "Hunger Pangs Through A Lens Eye". Financial Express. 2003-01-19. Retrieved 2013-05-22.
  25. ↑ "I saw Kalahandi in Bengal: Rahul Gandhi". India Today. 2009-04-25. Retrieved 2013-05-22.
  26. ↑ "Central University in Kalahandi Part1". YouTube. 2011-10-18. Retrieved 2013-05-22.
  27. ↑ "Central University in Kalahandi Part2". YouTube. 2011-10-18. Retrieved 2013-05-22.
  28. ↑ "Central University in Kalahandi Part3". YouTube. Retrieved 2013-05-22.
  29. ↑ The New Indian Express, Bhubaneswar Edition, 8 May 2008
  30. ↑ The Statesman, Bhubaneswar Edition, 11 August 2008
  31. ↑ "The Pioneer". Pioneer. 1970-01-01. Retrieved 2013-05-22.
  32. ↑ The Telegraph (Kolkata), 29 December 2008
  33. ↑ The New Indian Express, Bhubaneswar Edition, 28 December 2008
  34. ↑ "RITES, SAIL to sign pact on wagon manufacturing unit". Financial Express. Retrieved 2013-05-22.
  35. ↑ Orissa District Gazetters, Kalahandi, 2
  36. 1 2 Ministry of Panchayati Raj (8 September 2009). "A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme" (PDF). National Institute of Rural Development. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
  37. ↑ "Special Area Development Project For K.B.K Districts Of Odisha". Kbk.nic.in. Retrieved 2013-05-22.
  38. ↑ P.Mohanty, B.Mishra, Environment and stone age culture of Kalahandi, Orissa in Peoples and Environment in India, edited by K.K.Mishra, M.L.K.Murty, p.42
  39. ↑ "Vedanta Aluminium, Odisha, India, Smelter, Captive Power Plant (CPP), Mining, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Kalahandi, Niyamgiri, Jharsuguda, Aluminium Company". Vedantaaluminium.com. 2012-07-15. Retrieved 2013-05-22.
  40. ↑ "'Avatar' tribe defeats Vedanta : North, News - India Today". Indiatoday.intoday.in. 2010-08-25. Retrieved 2013-05-22.
  41. ↑ "Government halts construction work at Vedanta refinery". Hindustan Times. 2010-10-21. Retrieved 2013-05-22.
  42. ↑ News, Express. "Bhawanipatna railway station opens". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 2013-05-22.
  43. ↑ "East Coast Railway". Eastcoastrail.indianrailways.gov.in. 2012-08-11. Retrieved 2013-05-22.
  44. ↑ US Directorate of Intelligence. "Country Comparison:Population". Retrieved 2011-10-01. Gabon 1,576,665 line feed character in |quote= at position 6 (help)
  45. ↑ "2010 Resident Population Data". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2011-09-30. Idaho 1,567,582 line feed character in |quote= at position 6 (help)
  46. ↑ M. Paul Lewis, ed. (2009). "Bhunjia: A language of India". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (16th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Retrieved 2011-09-30.
  47. ↑ Kalahandi: Loka Anusthan, edited by Jayanta Kumar Behera, Dr Dolagobinda Bisi, Parameswar Mund, Mahabir Sanskrutika Anusthan, 1998
  48. ↑ C. Pasayat, (Ed.) (2008), Paschima Odisara Lokageeta (in Oriya), Bhubaneswar: Folklore Foundation
  49. ↑ Loka Nutrya Ghumura, edited by Parameswar Mund, Mahabir Sanskrutika Anusthan, June 2002
  50. ↑ The Heroic Dance Ghumura, Edited by Sanjay Kumar, Mahabir Sanskrutika, 2002
  51. ↑ http://kalahandiutsav.com/
  52. ↑ "Places of interest in the district".
  53. ↑ D.K. Joshi, S. Mund, M.P.Mishra, The Kandha Revolution in Kalahandi, Orissa Review, Aug 2007
  54. ↑ "Sujit Meher : Indigenous Fashion Designer of Dharamgarh to Promote Sambalpuri ethnic garments – Odisha". www.eodisha.org/. Retrieved 2013-11-04.
  55. ↑ "Rising Star - Sujit Meher". Mumbai, India: youth incorporated magazine. Retrieved 2014-01-04.
  56. ↑ Sambit Misra (2001-04-25). "Professor Bhubaneswar Behera". Odiya.org. Retrieved 2013-05-22.
  57. ↑ Samabad, 2000
  58. ↑ Keun Mahatabanak Pain, Gana nath Das, The Prajatantra, 2 January 1988
  59. ↑ "Akashvani, Bhawanipatna - Home". Airbpn.org. Retrieved 2013-05-22.
  60. ↑ Kalahandi Express, Sept 2010
  61. ↑ "Obituary". Cpiml.org. 2004-10-08. Retrieved 2013-05-22.
  62. ↑ "Socialist leader Kishan Patnaik dead - Deccan Herald". Archive.deccanherald.com. 2004-09-27. Retrieved 2013-05-22.
  63. ↑ "Kishan Patnaik remembered". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 30 September 2004.
  64. ↑ "India is caught between scams and slums: Sri Sri Ravi Shankar". Indian Express. 2010-12-17. Retrieved 2013-05-22.
  65. ↑ http://www.airbpn.org/home.htm
  66. ↑ Assembly Constituencies and their EXtent
  67. ↑ Seats of Odisha
  68. ↑ "List of Member in Fourteenth Assembly". ws.ori.nic.in. Retrieved 19 February 2013. MEMBER NAME

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