Kollam

Kollam കൊല്ലം/ക്വയ്ലോണ്‍ Quilon (Anglicised name)
Metropolis
From top clockwise: RP Mall in Downtown Kollam, Lighthouse in Tangasseri, British Residency in Asramam, Kollam Junction railway station and Kollam MEMU Shed, Aerial view of Ashtamudi Lake, Kollam Port, Asramam Adventure Park, Jalakeli Kendram near Kollam Beach
Nickname(s): Prince of Arabian sea Cashew Capital of the World[1]
Kollam
Coordinates: IN 8°53′N 76°36′E / 8.88°N 76.60°ECoordinates: IN 8°53′N 76°36′E / 8.88°N 76.60°E
Country	India
Region	South India
State	Kerala
District	Kollam
Former Name	Quilon
Native Language	Malayalam
Established	1099
Named for	"कोल्लं (Kollam)" means pepper
Government
• Type	Mayor–Council
• Body	Kollam Municipal Corporation
• Mayor	V. Rajendrababu
• MP	N.K Premachandran
• City Police Commissioner	P. Prakash IPS
Area
• Metropolis	73.03 km^2 (28.20 sq mi)
Area rank	5 (only Corporation area)
Elevation	3 m (10 ft)
Population (2011)[2]
• Metropolis	397,419[3][4]
• Rank	4 (49th IN)
• Density	5,936/km^2 (15,370/sq mi)
• Metro[5]	1,351,000
Demonym(s)	Kollamite, Kollathukaaran
Languages
• Official	Malayalam English
Time zone	IST (UTC+5:30)
PIN	691 XXX
Telephone code	Kollam, Kottarakkara, Paravur: 91 (0)474, Punalur: 91 (0)475, Karunagappally: 91 (0)476
Vehicle registration	Kollam, Paravur: KL-02, Karunagappally: KL-23, Kottarakkara: KL-24, Punalur: KL-25, Kunnathur: KL-61
Sex ratio	1112 ♂/♀
HDI	High
Literacy	91.18%[6]
UN/LOCODE	IN QUI IN KUK
Website	www.kollam.nic.in

Kollam (IPA: [koɭɭəm]) or Quilon (Coulão), formerly Desinganadu, is an old seaport and city on the Laccadive Sea coast in Kerala, India on Ashtamudi Lake.^[7][8][9] Kollam has had a strong commercial reputation since the days of the Phoenicians and Romans.^[10] Fed by the Chinese trade, it was mentioned by Ibn Battuta in the 14th century as one of the five Indian ports he had seen during the course of his twenty-four year travels.^[11] Desinganadu's rajas exchanged embassies with Chinese rulers while there was a flourishing Chinese settlement at Kollam. In the 9th Century, on his way to Canton, China, Persian merchant Sulaiman al-Tajir found Kollam to be the only port in India visited by huge Chinese junks. Marco Polo, the great Venetian traveller, who was in Chinese service under Kublai Khan in 1275, visited Kollam and other towns on the west coast, in his capacity as a Chinese mandarin.^[12]

V. Nagam Aiya in his Travancore State Manual records that in 822 AD two East Syrian bishops Mar Sabor and Mar Proth, settled in Quilon with their followers. Two years later the Malabar Era began (824 AD) and Quilon became the premier city of the Malabar region ahead of Travancore and Cochin.^[13] Kollam Port was founded by Mar Sabor at Thangasseri in 825 as an alternative to reopening the inland sea port of Kore-ke-ni Kollam near Backare (Thevalakara), which was also known as Nelcynda and Tyndis to the Romans and Greeks and as Thondi to the Tamils.^[13]

General information

Kollam is a coastal city on the banks of Ashtamudi Lake that took the title God's Own Country without much demur. The braids of Ashtamudi Lake lie about 71 kilometres (44 mi) north of the state capital, Thiruvananthapuram. The city hosts the administrative offices of Kollam district and is a prominent trading city for the state. The proportion of females to males in Kollam city is second highest among the 500 most populous cities in India.^[14] Kollam is the least polluted city in India.^[15]

Four major trading centers/towns around Kollam are Kottarakara, Punalur, Paravur and Karunagapally.

Kollam is an ancient trading town – trading with Romans, Chinese, Arabs and other Orientals – mentioned in historical citations dating back to Biblical times and the reign of Solomon, connecting with Red Sea ports of the Arabian Sea (supported by a find of ancient Roman coins).^[16][17] There was also internal trade through the Punalur Pass connecting the ancient town to Tamil Nadu. The overland trade in pepper by bullock cart and the trade over the waterways connecting Allepey and Cochin established trade linkages that enabled it to grow into one of the earliest Indian industrial townships. The rail links later established to Tamil Nadu supported still stronger trade links. The factories processing marine exports and the processing and packaging of cashewnuts extended its trade across the globe.^[18]

Major characteristics

Kollam is the fourth most populous city in Kerala, after Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi and Kozhikode (the new population is taken as city agglomeration) and the fifth largest in incorporated area, after Kochi, Thiruvananthapuram, Kozhikode and Thrissur.^{[19][20][21][22]} It is known for cashew processing and coir manufacturing. Ashtamudi Lake is considered the southern gateway to the backwaters of Kerala and is a prominent tourist destination at Kollam. The Kollam urban area includes suburban towns such as Kottiyam in the south, Kundara in the east, and Chavara in the north of the city. Other important towns in the city suburbs are Eravipuram, Kannanallur and Karunagapally, Paravur and Kottarakkara are major towns within 25 km of the Kollam city centre to the north, south, and east respectively.

Kollam appeared as Palombe in Mandeville's Travels, where he claimed it contained a Fountain of Youth.^[23][24] During the later stages of the rule of the Chera monarchy in Kerala, Kollam emerged as the focal point of trade and politics. Kollam continues to be a major business and commercial centre in the Southern Kerala.

Toponymy

In 825 CE, the Malayalam calendar, or Kollavarsham, was created in Kollam at meetings held in the city.^[25] The present Malayalam calendar is said to have begun with the re-founding of the town, which was rebuilt after its destruction by a fire. The name Kollam is believed to have been derived from the Sanskrit word Kollam, meaning pepper.

History

As the ancient city of Quilon, Kollam was a flourishing port during the Chera dynasty (c. 3rd century BC–12th century), and later became the capital of the independent Venad or Kingdom of Quilon on its foundation in c. 825. Kollam was considered one of the four early entrepots in global sea trade during the 13th century, along with Alexandria and Cairo in Egypt, the Chinese city of Quanzhou, and Malacca in the Malaysian archipelago^[26]

Chera rule

Along with Pattanam (Muziris), Quilon was an ancient seaport on the Malabar Coast of India from the early centuries before the Christian era.

The city had a high commercial reputation from the days of the Phoenicians and Ancient Romans. Pliny the Elder (23–79 AD) mentions Greek ships anchored at Muziris and Nelcynda. There was also a land route over the Western Ghats. Spices, pearls, diamonds, and silk were exported to Egypt and Rome from these ports. Pearls and diamonds came to the Chera Kingdom from Ceylon and the southeastern coast of India, then known as the Pandyan Kingdom.

Kollam in the 1500s

Capture of Kollam in 1661

Kollam in the 1700s

Cosmas Indicopleustes, a Greek Nestorian sailor,^[27] in his book the Christian Topography^[28] who visited the Malabar coast in 550, mentions an enclave of Christian believers in Male (Chera Kingdom). He writes, "In the island of Tabropane (Ceylon), there is a church of Christians, and clerics and faithful. Likewise at Male, where the pepper grows, and in the farming community of Kalliana (Kalliankal at Nillackal) there is also a bishop consecrated in Persia in accordance with the Nicea sunnahadose of 325 AD."^[29] The Nestorian Patriarch Jesujabus, who died in 660 AD, mentions Kollam in his letter to Simon, Metropolitan of Persia.

Capital of Venad (9th to 12th centuries)

The port at Kollam, then known as Quilon, was founded in 825 by the Nestorian Christians Mar Sabor and Mar Proth with sanction from Ayyanadikal Thiruvadikal, the king of the independent Venad or State of Quilon, a feudatory under the Chera kingdom.^[30][31] It is believed that Mar Sapor Iso also proposed that the Chera king create a new seaport near Kollam in lieu of his request that he rebuild the almost vanished inland seaport at Kollam (kore-ke-ni) near Backare (Thevalakara), also known as Nelcynda and Tyndis to the Romans and Greeks and as Thondi to the Tamils, which had been without trade for several centuries because the Cheras were overrun by the Pallavas in the 6th century, ending the spice trade from the Malabar coast. This allowed the Nestorinas to stay in the Chera kingdom for several decades and introduce the Christian faith among the Nampoothiri Vaishnavites and Nair sub castes in the St. Thomas tradition, with the Syrian liturgy as a basis for the Doctrine of the Trinity, without replacing the Sanskrit and Vedic prayers.^[32] The Tharisapalli plates presented to Maruvan Sapor Iso by Ayyanadikal Thiruvadikal granted the Christians the privilege of overseeing foreign trade in the city as well as control over its weights and measures in a move designed to increase Quilon's trade and wealth.^[33] The two Christians were also instrumental in founding Christian churches with Syrian liturgy along the Malabar coast, distinct from the ancient Vedic Shivism propounded by Adi Shankara in the early 9th century among the Nampoothiri Vaishnavites and Nair Sub Castes, as Malayalam was not accepted as a liturgical language until the early 18th century.

Thus began the Malayalam Era, known as Kolla Varsham after the city, indicating the importance of Kollam in the 9th century.^[34]

The Persian merchant Soleyman of Siraf visited Malabar in the 9th century and found Quilon to be the only port in India used by the huge Chinese ships as their transhipment hub for goods on their way from China to the Persian Gulf. The rulers of Kollam (formerly called 'Desinganadu') had trade relations with China and exchanged embassies. According to the records of the Tang dynasty (618–913),^[35] Quilon was their chief port of call before the 7th century. The Chinese trade decreased about 600 and was again revived in the 13th century. Mirabilia Descripta by Bishop Catalani gives a description of life in Kollam, which he saw as the Catholic bishop-designate to Kollam, the oldest Catholic diocese in India. He also gives^[36] true and imaginary descriptions of life in 'India the Major' in the period before Marco Polo visited the city.

Portuguese, Dutch and British conquests (16th to 18th centuries)

Kollam fort in 1756 after it had passed from Portuguese rule to the Dutch

The Portuguese were the first Europeans to establish a trading center in Tangasseri, Kollam in 1502, which became the centre of their trade in pepper.^[37] In the wars with the Moors/Arabs that followed, the ancient church (temple) of St Thomas Tradition at Thevalakara was destroyed. In 1517 the Portuguese built the St. Thomas Fort in Thangasseri, which was destroyed in the subsequent wars with the Dutch. In 1661 the Dutch East India Company took possession of the city. The remnants of the old Portuguese Fort, later renovated by the Dutch, can be found at Thangasseri. In the 18th century Travancore conquered Kollam, followed by the British in 1795.^[38] Thangasseri remains today as an Anglo-Indian settlement, though few Anglo-Indians remain. The Infant Jesus Church in Thangasseri, an old Portuguese-built church,^[39] remains as a memento of the Portuguese rule of the area.^[40][41] see also^[42]

Battle of Quilon

The Battle of Quilon was fought in 1809 between a troop of the Indian kingdom of Travancore led by the then Dalawa (prime minister) of Travancore, Velu Thampi Dalawa and the British East India Company led by Colonel Chalmers at Cantonment Maidan in Quilon. The battle lasted for only six hours^[43] and was the result of the East India Company's invasion of Quilon and their garrison situated near the Cantonment Maidan. The British forces won the battle while all the insurrectionist who participated in the war were court-martialed and subsequently hanged at the maidan.^[44]

Geography

Kollam city is bordered by the panchayats of Neendakara and Thrikkaruva to the north, Mayyanad to the south, and Thrikkovilvattom and Kottamkara to the east, and by the Laccadive Sea to the west. Ashtamudi Lake is in the heart of the city. The city is about 71 kilometres (44 mi) from Thiruvananthapuram, 142 kilometres (88 mi) from Kochi, 350 kilometres (220 mi) from Kozhikode, 82 kilometres (51 mi) from Alappuzha and 226 kilometres (140 mi) from Thrissur.

The six major urban centres are Punalur, Kottarakara, Karunagapally, Paravur, Anchal and Kundara.

Two of the major waterways in the district are the Kallada and Ithikkara rivers. The Kallada empties into Ashtamudi Lake, while the Ithikkara runs to Paravur Kayal. The Palaruvi Falls and Kumbhavurutty Waterfalls are also important geographical attractions in Kollam district. In March 2016, IndiaTimes - one of the leading online news media, selected Kollam as one of the 9 least polluted cities on earth to which anybody can relocate.^[45]

Panoramic view of Lake Ashtamudi from Hotel Raviz Kollam

Climate

Climate data for Kollam
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °C (°F)	31 (88)	31 (88)	32 (90)	32 (90)	31 (88)	29 (84)	29 (84)	29 (84)	29 (84)	30 (86)	29 (84)	30 (86)	30.2 (86.3)
Average low °C (°F)	23 (73)	23 (73)	25 (77)	26 (79)	25 (77)	24 (75)	24 (75)	24 (75)	24 (75)	24 (75)	24 (75)	23 (73)	24.1 (75.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	18 (0.71)	26 (1.02)	53 (2.09)	147 (5.79)	268 (10.55)	518 (20.39)	381 (15)	248 (9.76)	209 (8.23)	300 (11.81)	208 (8.19)	51 (2.01)	2,427 (95.55)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)	1	2	4	8	11	21	19	16	12	12	8	3	117
Source: Weather2Travel

Demographics

Religion in Kollam[46]
Religion			Percentage
Hinduism			56%
Islam			22%
Christianity			21%
Others			1%
Distribution of religions †Includes Not Stated, Sikhs (<0.01%), Buddhists (<0.01%).

As of the 2011 India census,^[2] Kollam city had a population of 349,033 with a density of 5,900 persons per square kilometre. The sex ratio (the number of females per 1,000 males) was 1,112, the highest in the state. The district of Kollam ranked seventh in population in the state while the city of Kollam ranked fourth. As of 2010 Kollam had an average literacy rate of 93.77%,^[47] higher than the national average of 74.04%. Male literacy stood at 95.83%, and female at 91.95%. In Kollam, 11% of the population was under six years of age. In May 2015, Government of Kerala have decided to expand City Corporation of Kollam by merging Thrikkadavoor panchayath. So the area will become 73.03 square kilometres (28.20 sq mi) with a total city population of 384,892.^[48][49]

Malayalam is the most spoken language while Tamil is well understood in the city. There are also small communities of Anglo-Indians, Konkani Brahmins, Telugu Chetty and Bengali migrant labourers settled in the city. For ease of administration, Kollam Municipal Corporation is divided into six zones with local zonal offices for each one.^[50]

• Central Zone – 1, Kollam Municipal Corporation
• Central Zone – 2 (Headquartered at Cantonment), Kollam Municipal Corporation
• Sakthikulangara Zone, Kollam Municipal Corporation
• Vadakkevila Zone, Kollam Municipal Corporation
• Kilikollur Zone, Kollam Municipal Corporation
• Eravipuram Zone, Kollam Municipal Corporation

In 2014, former Kollam Mayor Mrs. Prasanna Earnest was selected as the Best Lady Mayor of South India by the Rotary Club of Trivandrum Royal^[51]

Civic administration

Armed Reserve Police Camp, Kollam

British Residency in Asramam, Kollam - Till 1829, Quilon was the capital of the Travancore State with the headquarters of the British Residency situated here

Kollam City is a Municipal Corporation with elected Councillors from its 55 divisions. The Mayor, elected from among the councillors, generally represents the political party holding a majority. The Corporation Secretary heads the office of the Corporation.

Kollam Income Tax Office

The present Mayor of Kollam Corporation is Adv.V. Rajendrababu of CPI(M).^[52]

The police administration of the city falls under the Kollam City Police Commissionerate which is headed by an IPS (Indian Police Service)cadre officer and he reports to the Inspector General of Police (IGP) Thiruvananthapuram Range. The police administration comes under the State Home Department of the Government of Kerala. Kollam City is divided into three subdivisions, Karunagappally, Kollam and Chathannoor, each under an Assistant Commissioner of Police.

Urban structure

With a total urban population of 1,187,158^[53] and 349,033 as city corporation's population, Kollam is the fourth most populous city in the state and 49th on the list of the most populous urban agglomerations in India. As of 2011 the city's urban growth rate of 154.59% was the second highest in the state.^[54] The Metropolitan area of Kollam includes Uliyakovil, Adichanalloor, Adinad, Ayanivelikulangara, Chavara, Elampalloor, Eravipuram (Part), Kallelibhagom, Karunagappally, Kollam, Kottamkara, Kulasekharapuram, Mayyanad, Meenad, Nedumpana, Neendakara, Oachira, Panayam, Panmana, Paravur, Perinad, Poothakkulam, Thazhuthala, Thodiyoor, Thrikkadavoor, Thrikkaruva, Thrikkovilvattom, and Vadakkumthala.^[55]

The Kerala Government has decided to develop the City of Kollam as a "Port City of Kerala". Regeneration of the Maruthadi-Eravipuram area including construction of facilities for fishing, tourism and entertainment projects will be implemented as part of the project^[56]

Industry and economy

The city life of Kollam has changed greatly in the last previous decade. In terms of economic performance and per capita income, Kollam city is in 5th position from India.^[57] Kollam is famous as a city with excellent export background.^[58] 5 star, 4 star and 3 star hotels, multi-storied shopping malls, branded jewelleries, textile showrooms and car showrooms have started operations in the city and suburbs. Kollam was the third city in Kerala (after Kochi and Kozhikode) to adopt the shopping mall culture. Kollam district ranks first in livestock wealth in the state. Downtown Kollam is the main CBD of Kollam city.

Five star hotel 'The Raviz', Kollam

RP Mall, Kollam - Kollam was the third city in Kerala (after Kochi and Kozhikode) to adopt the shopping mall culture

Malayala Manorama Press & office in Kollam city

Dairy farming is fairly well developed. Also there is a chilling plant in the city. Kollam is an important maritime and port city of the state. Fishing has a prominent place in the economy of the district. Neendakara and Sakthikulangara villages in the suburbs of the city have thriving fisheries. An estimated 134,973 persons are engaged in fishing and allied activities. Cheriazheekkal, Alappad, Pandarathuruthu, Puthenthura, Neendakara, Thangasseri, Eravipuram and Paravur are eight of the 26 important fishing villages. There are 24 inland fishing villages also. Recognizing the unique location and infrastructure available, the Government has initiated steps for establishing a fishing harbour at Neendakara which is expected to increase fish production by 15%. Average fish landing is estimated at 85,275 tonnes per year. One-third of the state's fish catch is from Kollam. Nearly 3000 mechanised boats are operating from the fishing harbour. FFDA and VFFDA promote fresh water fish culture and prawn farming respectively. A model fishing village with 100 houses is being built at Eravipuram. A model prawn farm is being built at Ayiramthengu, and several new hatcheries are also planned to cater to the needs of the aquaculturists. Kerala's only turkey farm and a regional poultry farm are at Kureepuzha.^[59]

There are two Central Government industrial operations in the city, the Indian Rare Earths, Chavara and Parvathi Mills Ltd., Kollam. Kerala Ceramics Ltd. in Kundara, Kerala Electrical and Allied Engineering Company in Kundara, Kerala Premo Pipe factory in Chavara, Kerala Minerals and Metals Limited in Chavara and United Electrical Industries in Kollam are Kerala Government-owned companies. Other major industries in the private/cooperative sector are Aluminium Industries Ltd. in Kundara, Thomas Stephen & Co. in Kollam, Floorco in Paravur and Cooperative Spinning Mill in Chathannoor.^[60] The beach sands of the district have concentrations of such heavy minerals as Ilmenite, Rutile, Monosite and Zircon, which offer scope for exploitation for industrial purposes.

Besides large deposits of China clay in Kundara, Mulavana and Chathannoor, there are also lime-shell deposits in Ashtamudi Lake and Bauxite deposits in Adichanallur.^[61]

Industry focus and industrial estates

Twin cashew nuts, ready for harvest - A scene from Kollam district

Kollam, like other districts in Kerala, is moderately industrialised. Some of the major employers in the public sector include Indian Rare Earths Limited (IRE) and Kerala Metals and Minerals Limited at Chavara, the former Kerala Primo pipe factory at Chavara (now closed); United Electrical Industries Limited (popularly known as the Meter Company) and Parvathi Spinning Mill at Kollam.

Industrial estates in Kollam City include;

• Mundakkal^[62]
• SIDCO Industrial Estate, Umayanalloor^[63]

Cashew industry

Known as the "Cashew Capital of the World", Kollam is noted for its traditional cashew business and is home to more than 600 cashew-processing units. Every year, about 800,000 tonnes of raw cashews are imported into the city for processing^[64] and an average of 130,000 tonnes of processed cashews are exported to various countries worldwide.^[65] The Cashew Export Promotion Council of India (CEPCI) expects a rise in exports to 275,000 tonnes by 2020, an increase of 120 per cent over the current figure.^[66] Along with coir processing, the cashew business is one of the most important sources of private sector employment in the city: 80% of all Indian cashew processing and export takes place at Kollam.^[67][68] The Kerala State Cashew Development Corporation Limited (KSCDC) is situated at Mundakkal in Kollam city. The company owns 30 cashew factories all across Kerala. Of these, 24 are located in Kollam district.^[69][70] Cashew processing and sorting employs a large number of women workers who manually shell, peel and sort cashews into different categories by size.

The Kerala State Cashew Workers Apex Industrial Co-Operative Society Ltd. (CAPEX) is situated in Kadappakada, Kollam while the headquarters of the Cashew Export Promotion Council of India is situated at Mundakkal, Kollam.^[71] They have a modern testing lab in Kollam.^[72]

Seafood exports

A large Chinese fishing net at Ashtamudi Lake in Kollam city

Kollam is one of the best known seafood export hubs in India with numerous companies involved in the sector. Most of these are based in the Maruthadi, Sakthikulangara, Kavanad, Neendakara, Asramam, Kilikollur, Thirumullavaram and Uliyakovil areas of the city.^[73][74] Capithans, Kings Marine Exporters, India Food Exports and Oceanic Fisheries are examples of seafood exporters.^[75] The dynamic development of Kollam Port will accelerate business in the city, as its total export contribution is high compared to other cities in Kerala.^[76] The Kochi based Marine Products Export Development Authority(MPEDA) has one its seven sub-regional offices situated in Kollam's Chinnakada area.^[77]

Clam fishery

Kollam's Ashtamudi Lake clam fishery was the first Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) certified fishery in India.^[78] The clam fishery supports around 3,000 people involved in the collection, cleaning, processing and trading of clams. Around 90 species of fish and ten species of clams are found in the lake.

Around 80% of India's export quality clams come from Kollam. The growth of Ashtamudi's commercial fishery was driven by demand from Vietnam, Thailand and Malaysia in the 1980s and 90s. By 1991, the catch peaked at 10,000 tonnes a year, but declined by 50 per cent in 1993 due to overfishing. An average of 10,000 tonnes of clams are taken in Kollam every year.^[79][80][81]

Pencil slat production

Kollam is the largest pencil slat manufacturing hub in India. There are more than 150 slat production units in the city employing roughly 5,000 persons. A good portion of the demand for pencil slats in the country is met by these units. 35% of the world's pencil slats are manufactured in Kerala.^[82] Of the 170 odd pencil slat manufacturing units in Kerala, 125 are based in and around Kollam district. These units export 160 loads of slats per month to companies across the world. This, according to slat manufacturers, is enough to make 200 million pencils per month.^[83] A slat is of 185mm length, 77mm width and 5.5mm thickness. Each load exported contains 300 bags with 900 slats bundled into each. On an average each month 150 loads of pencil slats are shipped to pencil factories based in Delhi, Chennai, Mumbai and various places in Gujarat. Over 30 countries depend on Kollam's pencil slat manufacturers for pencil making under different brand names.^[84] These factories are working with the support of their associations: the Kerala Slats Factories Association and the Kerala State Small Industries Association (KSSIA). Most of the important employees of these associations are from Kollam.^[85][86]

Kollam Technopark

The Kollam Technopark is part of Technopark, Trivandrum, built on the hub and spoke model for the development of the Information Technology industry in Kerala.^[87] As the second phase of development of the IT industry in Kerala the Kollam Technopark comes up in one of the earliest industrial towns of Kerala, Kundara Located on the banks of the Kanjiracode Lake, a tributary of the Ashtamudi in Kollam this technopark is to offer the support of uniform talent distribution, Infrastructure and supporting IT platforms, e.g. telecom, datacom and digital exchanges, excellent infrastructure availability and back-up support available in Kollam.^[88][89][90] Kollam Technopark is the first IT park in the country which is accessible by road, rail, water and air transportation facilities.

Kerala Minerals and Metals Ltd.(KMML)

Kerala Minerals and Metals Ltd.(KMML) is an integrated titanium dioxide manufacturing public sector undertaking in Kollam, Kerala, India. Its operations comprise mining, mineral separation, synthetic rutile and pigment-production plants. Apart from producing rutile-grade titanium dioxide pigment for various types of industries, it also produces other products like Ilmenite, Rutile, Zircon, Sillimanite, Synthetic rutile etc.^[91] It is one of the best performing Public Sector Units in India.^[92]

Technolodges

A Techno-lodge is a kind of small Information Technology park established by Government of Kerala in small towns or villages in Kerala.^[93][94] Techno-lodges constitute the third tier of the IT infrastructure in Kerala after the IT hubs at Thiruvananthapuram (Technopark), Kollam (Technopark), Kochi (InfoPark) and Kozhikode (Cyberpark).^[95] The Government has approved the setting up of two such parks in Perinad,^[96] a suburb of Kollam city and Kadakkal Grama Panchayats in Kollam District.^[97]

Parvathy Mills

Parvathy Mills is a Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) under National Textile Development Corporation in the city of Kollam. It is situated very close to the heart of the city. It was one of the glorious spinning units in India. The mill is under the consideration of National Textile Development Corporation for renovation.^[98][99] The mill is also placed in the Master Plan of the Greater Kollam City Project in which the Government is planning to build a large scale garment manufacturing unit by utilizing the available infrastructural facilities.^[100]

United Electrical Industries Limited (UNILEC)

United Electrical Industries Limited (UEI) is an ISO 9001:2000 accredited State Level Public Enterprise that has successfully operated in the electrical engineering sector since 1950.^[101] The company is one of the pioneers in energy meter manufacturing and switch gear components. Situated at Pallimukku in Kollam city, UEI Ltd. has so far supplied over four million electromechanical and five million electronic electricity meters for domestic and industrial use. The company has received several awards for their achievements in energy conservation.^[102]

Indian Rare Earths Limited (IREL)

Indian Rare Earths Limited (IREL) is a government-owned ISO 9002 Certified corporation in India. One of the four production plants of IREL is situated near Chavara, in the suburbs of Kollam city. The plant operates on a mining area containing as high as 40% heavy minerals and extending over a length of 23 km in the Chavara belt. The present annual production capacity of Chavara unit engaged in dry as well as wet (dredging/ up-gradation) mining and mineral separation stands at 1,54,000t of ilmenite, 9,500t of rutile, 14,000t of zircon and 7,000t of sillimanite. In addition the plant has facilities for annual production of ground zircon called zirflor (−45 micron) and microzir (1–3 micron) of the order of 6,000t and 500t respectively.^[103] The other plants of IREL are Manavalakurichi, OSCOM and Rare Earths Division at Aluva.

"The Kollam coast in Kerala is a blessed coastal belt with the best mineral sand deposit of the country".^[104] This belt commonly known as the Chavara deposit, after the main locality, is 22 kilometres (14 mi) in length and about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) wide in the north and 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) in the south. Around 60% of the Chavara barrier beach portion is composed of heavy minerals. The Chavara deposit is estimated to contain 127 million tonnes of heavy minerals with ilmenite content of 80 million tonnes from the total reserve of raw sand of the order of 1400 million tonnes. The deposit is quite rich with respect to ilmenite, rutile and zircon and the mineral-ilmenite happens to be of weathered variety analyzing 60% TiO2.^[104]

Tourism

Tangasseri Lighthouse

The city of Kollam borders Ashtamudi Lake. Many a foreign traveller visited Kollam in the early medieval period. It was one of the early centres of Christian activity in Kerala. It is said that the present town of Kollam was built by the Syrian merchant Sapir Iso in the 9th century.

Kollam Beach

House boat moving through the Ashtamudi Lake, Kollam

The popularity of Kollam is illustrated in the time-honoured proverb, Once you see Kollam, you will not need your home any more. Kollam is an important commercial, industrial and trading centre. It is also the headquarters of the Kerala State Cashew Development Corporation.

A picture of the famous Clock Tower in Chinnakada, Kollam

The 144 feet (44 m). Tangasseri Lighthouse, built in 1902, is a centre of attraction.^[105] The Ananda Valleeswaram Temple here attracts people almost daily. The Thangal Kunju Musaliar College of Engineering, the first private college of its kind in the state, is at Kilikollur, about 7 kilometers east of Kollam city. Mahatma Gandhi Park and Beach at Kochupilamoodu, Thirumullavaram Beach and Ashramam picnic village are some of the important local sight seeing spots. Mahatma Gandhi beach lies just 2 Kilometers away from the city center. It is a fascinating place for an evening. Thirumullavaram Beach is 5 Kilometers from the city. The sea here is ideal for swimming and bathing. Ashramam picnic village is located in the 48 acre Guest House Complex. This is the centre of various tourist development activities of the district. The Government Guest House(popularly known as "British Residency") here is 200 years old. It stands by Ashtamudi Lake and is a major attraction for its elegance and architectural beauty. Tourists can stay here at economical rates.^[106]

The British Residency, situated in the city, is "one of the most beautiful buildings in the country", as architect Pandala describes it, a massive building built with a tile-fitted sloping roof. Another building built by the British, a two-storeyed, twin-tower structure in laterite stone, is called the Thevally Palace, once the home of the Travancore kings, who are best remembered today for amassing a mind-boggling treasure in the secret vaults of the Sri Padmanabha Swami temple in Thiruvananthapuram.^[107]

The Children's Traffic & Entertainment Park, designed by NATPAC, is also located here. It is the largest traffic park in Kerala. The Adventure Park, located in the village along the shores of the Ashtamudi backwaters, is a novel experiment for the country. Different types of boats, including luxury cruise boats, powerboats and motorboats, are available on hire from the boat jetty near to the Adventure Park. Eight-Point Gallery Cafe, the first international standard art cafe in the city, is also a major tourist attraction in the city.^[108]

Neendakara, 9 Kilometers from the city, is the headquarters of the "IndoNorweigian Fisheries Community Project", which was established in 1953. The important institutions included in this project are the boat building yard at Sakthikulangara, the Fisherman's Training Institute, the ice factory and the refrigeration plant. Improvements have been made to Neendakara Port, which has been thrown open to traffic. Thangassery is a place of historical importance situated 5 km from Kollam city. The churches here are fairly old, having been built in the 18th century. The chief attraction of the place is the light house, built in 1902. The 144 ft.light house stands as a sentinel, warning seamen of the treacherous reefs of Thangassery. A fishing harbour is being built. Thangassery was an enclave of the Portuguese, Dutch and British in succession. Remnants of the Portuguese and Dutch forts still exist.^[109]

Ashtamudi Lake

Ashtamudi Lake (Ashtamudi Kayal) in the Kollam District of Kerala, India, is the most visited backwater of Kerala. With the unique ecosystem, a palm-shaped (also called octopus-shaped) large water body, Ashtamudi means 'eight coned' (Ashta = 'eight'; mudi = 'coned') in the local language of Malayalam. The lake is also called the gateway to the backwaters of Kerala. Quilon is an important historic port city located on the right bank of the lake.

The boat journey is an 8-hour trip (day cruise), winds through lakes, canals and water-bound villages, and gives a complete exposure to the beauty of the backwaters of Ashtamudi Lake. Chinese fishing nets, called cheena vala in the Malayalam language, are used by local fisherman and are a common sight along the waterway.

The lake is the source of livelihood for the people living close to it in fishing, coconut husk retting for coir production and inland navigation services. The lake and the life on its shores have inspired many artists and writers. It has been the subject of many poems of renowned poet Thirunalloor Karunakaran, who was born and brought up on its banks.

Adventure Park

Adventure Park, Ashramam

Adventure Park in Asramam is a scenic park in the city which attracts so many visitors everyday, every time. It is along the shores of the Ashtamudi backwaters and is about 3 km away from the city centre. It is a novel experiment in the country. The park is a delightful place for children. District Tourism Promotion Council arranges backwater cruises from here. Close to the park are the Government Guest House and a boat jetty. Different types of boats, including luxury cruise boats, powerboats and motorboats, are available on hire from the boat jetty near to the Adventure Park.^{[110][111][112][113]} 10 fascinating sculptures with distinctive themes are one of the major attractions of Adventure Park. The skillful hands of some of the state's finest sculptors have given a whole new ambience to the pristine beauty of the Adventure Park on the banks of the Ashtamudi Lake.^[114]

Portuguese Cemetery

The Portuguese Cemetery at Tangasseri, Kollam, which became the Dutch Cemetery after the Dutch invasion, was constructed in around 1519 as part of the Portuguese invasion of old Quilon city. Kollam is one of the oldest Portuguese-Dutch-English settlements in Asia. Popularly known as Tangy, Tangasseri was an erstwhile trading outpost of the Portuguese, Europeans, Arabs, Chinese and Jews.^[115] The site is a centrally protected monument under the control of Archaeological Survey of India since 1920.^[116]

Asramam Picnic Village

Asramam picnic village is located in the 48 acre Guest House Complex. It is a center of tourism activities in Kollam. The Government guest house is a sprawling 200-year-old property campus and was the residence of Lord Munroe then. This picnic village lie facing Kollam backwaters. The Paaramparya Museum in the same premises has on display paintings from different parts of the country including Warli, Kalamkari and Madhubani as well as Kerala mural art. A budget hotel for tourists, Yatri Nivas, run by Kerala Tourism Development Corporation, is also located in this village. The village is just 2 km away from the city.^{[11][110][112][117]}

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Police Museum, Kollam

Central Police Canteen, Kollam city

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Police Museum is the only such establishment in the country that traces the history and growth of the Police force in India.^[118] It is located just opposite the Kollam Junction railway station. The museum was dedicated to the iron man of India, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. In addition to arms and ammunition of the 18th and 19th centuries, including bullets, guns, machines, and a diversity of other weapons, the museum also houses information charts on DNA tests, human bones, fingerprints, snaps of police dogs and a variety of medals awarded to policemen of different ranks.^[119]

Kollam Beach

An evening view of Laccadive Sea from Kollam Beach

Kollam Beach is also known as Mahatma Gandhi Beach. It is one of the twin beaches of the city. The other is Thirumullavaram beach. Kollam Beach is 2 km from Kollam city. It is one of the top crowd-pulling beaches in Kerala. The beach also has a park of international standard. The Mahatma Gandhi Park was inaugurated on January 1, 1961 by the then Vice President of India, Zakir Hussein. So many eye-catching and entertainment stuffs are there in the park. A mermaid statue of height 10.6 metres (35 ft) stands at the center of the park.^[120] Kollam Corporation has started the construction of a marine aquarium at Kollam Beach which is the first of its kind in the state of Kerala. The Harbour Engineering Department is constructing the aquarium on the eastern side of the beach.

Thangasserry - Beach, Lighthouse and Fort

Fishing activities at Thangassery

Thangassery or Tangasseri is a thickly populated beach area on the shores of the Arabian Sea in Kollam city. It is located about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from the city center. The splendid cultural and historical background of Thangassery harbour often makes it a pride landmark of Kollam. Archaeologists recently discovered Chinese coins and other artifacts from the cost which reveals the splendid historic background of Thangassery^[121] Kollam Port also making Thangassery an important place in the world maritime map.^[122][123] There are also ruins of Portuguese and Dutch forts and 18th century churches. Thangassery fishing harbour is another important trade centre in Kollam City. Tangasseri is a picturesque seaside village with a three kilometre long beach on which stands a 144 feet tall lighthouse—a silent sentinel warning seamen since 1902 of the treacherous reefs. Only Kollam, Thiruvananthapuram, Alappuzha, Thrissur, Kozhikode and Kannur districts have more than one lighthouse. The Lighthouses in Kollam district are,

1. Tangasseri Lighthouse
2. Kovilthottam Lighthouse

St. Thomas Fort is about 20 feet tall. Today, the remains of the fort, popularly known as Tangasseri Fort, remain facing the beach. The government of India has taken over the fort and it is being considered an historical landmark. Reformation of the fort is still going on. At present, this fort is managed by the Archaeological Survey of India(ASI).

Thirumullavaram Beach

Thirumullavaram beach is one among the twin beautiful beaches in the Cashew Capital of the World. It is at a distance of 6 km away from the heart of the city. The secluded beach soothe your mind and body with its natural beauty. The beach will give an estuary feel for the tourists as the area is full of coconut palms which makes the place a shady paradise and it is a very silent place. The beach is ideal for early morning walks^[124] The beach is ideal for swimming and sun bathing and no danger zones are identified. The beach is connected with all the major roads around the state and it can be easily accessed to reach the place.^[125] The taste of local cuisine that is mostly flavoured with coconut and spices like cardamom, black pepper, cloves, cinnamon and ginger also attract a good number of visitors. A water hillock named Njarazhcha Para which means Sunday Rock, is another allurement for the tourists visiting here. During low tides, this hillock can be seen clearly from the shore about one and a half km into the sea.

Transport

Air

Old Kollam Airport area, Asramam

The city corporation of Kollam is served by Trivandrum International Airport, which is about 56 kilometers from the city. Trivandrum International Airport is the first international airport in a non-metro city in India^[126] and the only airport in Kerala having more than 2 Terminals. Daily domestic flight services are available such major cities as Mumbai, Chennai, Delhi, Bangalore and Kochi. International flight services connecting to Sharjah, Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Bahrain, Kuwait, Muscat, Male, Doha, Singapore and Colombo are available from here.

However, Quilon Aerodrome at Asramam in Kollam City was the first aerodrome in Kerala. The first flight to Kerala landed at Kollam Asramam Airport. Now the old airport area is serving as a twin-helipad of the city, which is about 1 km away from the city center.^[127] The first Amphibian Aircraft (Seaplane) of Kerala also landed in Kollam.

Rail

View of backwaters near Kollam in Kerala

A view of the Kollam backwaters

Kollam Junction (Code: QLN) is the second largest railway station in Kerala in area, after Shornur Junction, with a total of 6 platforms. Kollam also boasts the longest railway platform in Kerala(second longest in India), which is more than 1 km long. The total length of Kollam Junction's PF-3 and 4 combined is around 1180 meters, which is more than the length of the longest existing platform in the world (Kharagpur – 1072.5 meters), but the length of the PF-3 side is about 900 m, while the PF-4 side is about 880 m. In a single stretch the total length is 1180 m.^[128]

The metre gauge track from Kollam to Punalur was converted to broad gauge under Project Unigauge and was inaugurated by the Minister of State for Railways, E. Ahmed, on 12 May 2010. The Thiruvananthapuram – Ernakulam (via Kottayam and Alappuzha) line passes through Kollam. Kollam has completely electrified railway tracks. Two railway lines passing through Kottarakkara (Chengannur -Kottarakkara – Thiruvananthapuram) and Punalur (Erumeli – Punalur – Thiruvananthapuram) have been proposed and are awaiting survey.^[129][130]

Mainline Electrical Multiple Unit (MEMU) services started from Kollam to Ernakulam via: Alappuzha and Kottayam in the 2nd week of January 2012.^[131][132] By 1 December 2012, MEMU service between Kollam and Nagercoil became a reality and later extended up to Kanyakumari. Kollam MEMU Shed inaugurated on 1 December 2013 for the maintenance works of MEMU rakes. Kollam MEMU Shed is the largest MEMU Shed in Kerala, which is equipped with most modern facilities. There is a long-standing demand for the Kollam Town Railway Station in the Kollam-Perinad stretch and "S.N College Railway Station" in the Kollam-Eravipuram stretch. The railway stations in Kollam city are:

• Kollam Junction railway station
• Eravipuram railway station
• Kilikollur railway station

Suburban Rail

A new suburban rail system has been proposed by the Kerala Government and Indian Railways on the route Thiruvananthapuram - Kollam - Haripad/Chengannur for which MRVC is tasked to conduct a study and submit a report. Ten trains, each with 7 bogies, will transport passengers back and forth along the Trivandrum-Kollam-Chengannur-Harippad section. The Suburban Corridor is modelled on the lines of the Mumbai Suburban Rail, where around 3,000 suburban trains run every day^[133]

Suburban railway stations in Kollam Metropolitan Area

Kilikollur railway station entrance

No.	Station	Area
1	Perinad	North Kollam
2	Karunagappalli	North Kollam
3	Ochira	North Kollam
4	Kilikollur	East Kollam
5	Chandanathoppe	East Kollam
6	Kundara	East Kollam
7	Eravipuram	South Kollam
8	Mayyanad	South Kollam
9	Paravur	South Kollam

Kollam MEMU Shed

Kollam MEMU Shed is a motive power depot facility for maintaining MEMU rakes, situated in the city of Kollam in the Indian state of Kerala. It is one of the four MEMU rake maintenance sheds serving the Southern Railway zone of the Indian Railways.^[134] The first announced MEMU shed for Kerala was actually in Kollam, but the inauguration of this shed had been delayed for more than 2 years due to the clearance issues from Indian Railways.^[135] Palakkad MEMU shed inaugurated on 1 January 2011.^[136] Kollam MEMU Shed was formally commissioned on 1 December 2013, five years after its completion.^[134] Kollam MEMU Shed is the largest MEMU Shed in Kerala, which is equipped with most modern facilities. Presently, 5 pairs of MEMU services are now running from Kollam Junction. The maintenance works of those rakes are regularly doing in Kollam MEMU Shed.

Road

Dalavapuram bridge near Kollam City - This bridge had given a new way of connectivity for the people of Dalavapuram with Kollam City along with the existing boat services.

Kollam Bypass - The 13.141km long Kollam Bypass project was actually planned in 1975 but because of the political and financial issues, NHAI and Government of Kerala is still dragging the construction works.

Kollam KSRTC Bus Station is situated at the banks of famous Ashtamudi Lake. One of the main bus stations in the state, still waiting to get a makeover.

The city of Kollam is connected to almost all the cities and major towns in the state, including Trivandrum, Alappuzha, Kochi, Palakkad, Kottayam, Kottarakkara, and Punalur, and with other Indian cities through the National Highways – NH 66 (formerly NH 47), NH 183 (formerly NH 220), NH 744 (formerly NH 208) - and other state PWD Roads. Road transport is provided by state-owned Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) and private transport bus operators. Road transport is also provided by private taxis and autorickshaws, also called autos. There is a city private bus stand at Andamukkam. There is a KSRTC bus station beside Ashtamudi Lake. Buses to various towns in Kerala and interstate services run from this station.^[137]

Major places connecting to NH 66

Mevaram → Thattamala → Pazhayattinkuzhi → Pallimuk → Madannada → Polayathode → College Jn. → Railway Station → Chinnakada → Cutchery → Collectorate → Mulamkadakam → Nellimukku → Medayil Jn → Ramankulangara → Vallikeezhu → Kavanad → Aaltharamoodu → Capithans → Sakthikulangara → Neendakara

Major places connecting to NH 744

Chinnakada → Kadappakada → Randamkutty → Koickal → Kallumthazham → Moonnamkutty → Karicode → Kilikollur → Chandanathoppe

A new railway over-bridge from SN College Junction to Kollam DCC Office Junction was inaugurated recently.^[138] To reduce traffic congestion in the city, the Government is planning an underpass at Chinnakada Junction. It also has plans to start bus bays near Kollam Port and Andamukkam. A city flyover running from the SMP Palace junction to the KSRTC bus stand is also in the planning stage.^[139]

Kollam Bypass

Kollam Bypass is under construction to ease traffic congestion in the city. The 13.141 km bypass extends from Kavanad in the north to Mevaram in the south, via Aravila, Kadavur, Kallumthazham and Ayathil.^[140] The Government of Kerala proposed the bypass in 1975. A stretch of 4.8 km from Mevaram to Kallumthazham has been completed. The Kallumthazham-Kavanad stretch remains to be built. This stretch includes three bridges, five culverts, one vehicle underpass, and five major intersections and must pass over Ashtamudi Lake. The section will include a seven-metre two-lane carriageway, paved shoulders and earthen shoulders.^[141][142] The Kollam Bypass is of great importance, since it will touch three major National Highways (National Highways – NH 66 (formerly NH 47), NH 183 (formerly NH 220), and NH 744 (formerly NH 208)) passing through the state of Kerala.

City Bus Stand

The city bus stand of Kollam is situated at Andamukkam, near to Chinnakada. The bus stand is known as Andamukkam City Bus Stand. It is one among the 2 bus stands in the city of Kollam.^[143] The bus stand is only for private city buses and KSRTC ordinary bus services running up to Chinnakada, Kollam. It is the starting point of various city bus services connecting Chinnakada with Mayyanad, Elampalloor, Sakthikulangara, Chavara, Thoppilkadavu, Prakkulam, Kottiyam, Perumon, Kadavoor. KSRTC have a plan to start an operating centre in the bus station.^[144]

Water

The State Water Transport Department operates boat services to West Kallada, Munroe Island, Guhanandapuram, Dalavapuram and Alappuzha from Kollam KSWTD Ferry Terminal situated on the banks of the Ashtamudi Lake. Asramam Link Road in the city passes adjacent to the ferry terminal.^[145]

Kollam-Dalavapuram boat service

Double decker luxury boats run between Kollam and Allepey daily. Luxury boats, operated by the government and private owners, operate from the main boat jetty during the tourist season. The West coast canal system, which starts from Thiruvananthapuram in the south and ends at Hosdurg in the north, passes through Paravur, the city of Kollam and Karunagappally taluk. The Thiruvananthapuram-Shornur canal, which forms a part of the Thiruvananthapuram-Hosdurg system, runs a distance of about 62 kilometres (39 mi). The other canal systems include the Paravur Kayal, Kollam Canal and Chavara canal.^[146][147]

Gateway to the Backwaters-1, Kollam

Port

Kollam Port (Thangasseri Port) is the second largest port in Kerala, after Cochin Port Trust. It is one of two international ports in Kerala. Cargo handling facilities began operation in 2013.^[148] Foreign ships arrive in the port regularly with the MV Alina, a 145-metre (476 ft) vessel registered in Antigua anchored at the port on 4 April 2014.^[149] Once the Port starts functioning in full-fledged, it will make the transportation activities of Kollam-based cashew companies more easy.^[150] Shreyas Shipping Company is now running a regular container service between Kollam Port and Kochi Port.^[151][152]

The natural depth of Kollam Port is 8 meters. This will soon be increased to 10 meters. The project to increase depth is now underway at a cost of Rs.5.7 crores. Kollam Port has a cement terminal, cargo handling facilities, and a customs clearance centre (under construction). The port is undergoing infrastructural development.^[153] The port is very near the city of Kollam. Chief Minister Oommen Chandy launched the Coastal Shipping Project (CSP) at Kollam Port on 9 November 2013.^[154] Passenger ships will start operating from Kollam Port by 2014.^[155][156]

Neendakara and Sakthikulangara are twin fishing harbours in Kollam. Neendakara is one of the busiest fishing harbours in South Kerala. Some port operations are carried out through Neendakara as well. The concerned authorities of Kollam Port has recently cleared the decks for tie-up with Tuticorin Port.^[157]

Kollam-Minicoy (Lakshadweep) passenger ferry

Historically, the port city of Kollam (formerly Quilon) was one of India's major trading hubs. This spurred the local port authority to reactivate an old proposal for a passenger ferry service between Kollam Port and Minicoy, a route of approximately 398 kilometres (247 mi).^[158] The As of 2014, the Lakshadweep authorities are also seeking opportunities to invest in Kollam Port with funds available for a passenger terminal with dormitory facilities and an office to guide the people of Minicoy arriving at Kollam Port.^[159] Traditionally, Lakshadweep's connections with the mainland have been through Kochi and Beypore ports. However, Minicoy, a small atoll at the southernmost end of the archipelago, is closer to Kollam than to either Kochi or Beypore.^[160]

Education

Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham at Amritapuri is an integrated campus There are many respected colleges, schools and learning centres in Kollam.

TKM Engineering College, Kollam

The city and suburbs contribute greatly to education by providing the best and latest knowledge to the scholars. The Thangal Kunju Musaliar College of Engineering, the first private school of its kind in the state, is at Kilikollur, about 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) east of Kollam city, and is a source of pride for all Kollamites. The Government of Kerala has granted academic autonomy to Fatima Mata National College, another prestigious institution in the city.^[161] Sree Narayana College, Bishop Jerome Institute ( an integrated campus providing Architecture, Engineering and Management courses), and Travancore Business Academy are other important colleges in the city. There are two law colleges in the city, Sree Narayana Guru College of Legal Studies under the control of Sree Narayana Trust and N S S Law College managed by the N.S.S.

Kerala State Institute of Design (KSID), a design institute under Department of labour and Skills, Government of Kerala, is located at Chandanathope, about 8 Kilometers from Kollam town. It was established in 2008 and was one of the first state-owned design institutes in India. KSID currently conducts Post Graduate Diploma Programs in Design developed in association with National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad.^[162][163]

Sree Naryana Guru College of Legal Studies, Kollam

The Institute of Fashion Technology, Kollam, Kerala is a fashion technology institute situated in Vellimon, Kollam, established in technical collaboration with the National Institute of Fashion Technology and the Ministry of Textiles. In addition, there are two IMK (Institute of Management, Kerala) Extension Centres active in the city.^[164]

Apart from colleges, there are a number of bank coaching centres in Kollam.^[165] Kollam is known as India's hub for bank test coaching centres with around 40 such institutes in the district.^[166] Students from various Indian states such as Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh also come here for coaching.

Healthcare

Kollam has a fairly well-developed network of medical facilities.^[167][168] According to the 14th century Travels of Sir John Mandeville, the mountains outside the city were the supposed site of the Fountain of Youth. The health care sector of Kollam has changed greatly in the past decade. Once there were no medical colleges in the district, but now there are three, two under official management, Kerala Government Medical College and Valiyath Institute of Medical Sciences, Karunagappally. The only ESIC Medical College in Kerala is located in the Kollam district.^[169] Travancore Medicity Medical College in the city and Azeezia Medical College and Dental College in Meeyannoor are the other two medical colleges in the district.

The Samad In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) hospital has a branch in Kollam. There are a number of Christian Missionary Hospitals in the district, including Bishop Benziger Hospital in the city and Holy Cross Hospital, Kottiyam. The Kollam district hospital and Victoria Hospital play a vital role in the health care sector of the city. The Upasana Hospital, owned by R.P Group, N.S Co-operative Hospital, KIMS Hospital, and Ashtamudi Hospital are other important hospitals in the city. The Meditrina Group is constructing its new hospital in the city while ESIC corporation runs a highly specialized hospital in Asramam, Kollam.

Azeezia Institute of Medical Science and Research, Kollam

Notable events

A photo taken during 'Kollam Fest'

Kollam Fest is Kollam's own annual festival, attracting mostly Keralites but also hundreds of domestic and foreign tourists to Kollam. The main venue of Kollam Fest is the historic and gigantic Ashramam Maidan. Kollam Fest is the signature event of Kollam. Kollam Fest seeks to showcase Kollam's rich culture and heritage, tourism potential and investments in new ventures.^[170]

Kollam Pooram, part of the Ashramam Sree Krishnaswamy Temple Festival, is usually held on 15 April, but occasionally on 16 April. The pooram is held at the Ashramam maidan.

Paravur Puttingal fireworks competition

The President's Trophy Boat Race (PTBR) is an annual regatta held in Ashtamudi Lake in Kollam. The event was inaugurated by President Prathibha Patil in September 2011. The event has been rescheduled from 2012.^[171]

Paravur Puttingal Meenabharani Maholsavam is a Temple Festival usually held on the 2nd day of the 2nd month (Meenam) of the Malayalam Calendar (March–April). This temple is very famous for the fireworks competition (Malsara Kambam), which is usually held on the final day of the festival.

Kadakkal Thiruvathira is a famous festival celebrated in March, and is one of the most attractive festivals of the region. The temple festivities attract large crowds from various parts of the state.

"Oachira Kali", To commemorate old war between Venad King and Kayankulam King. Involves marital art Kalarippayattu and a practice fighting with model weapons.

Chittumala Theerthatanam is an annual march held on Thiruvonam to promote communal harmony; it was first celebrated in 1968. It starts from Munroe Island, 25 km from Kollam, and ends at Chittumala.

Irupathiettam onam is a Temple Festival celebrated on the 28th day of Onam.

Kallada Boat Race (Kallada Jalolsavam) conducted during Irupathiettam Onam is one of the oldest boat races in the district and attracts thousands of peaple

Thrikkadavur Thiruvathira, a world famous annual festival of Thrikkadavoor temple in the Malayalam month of Kumbha ( Feb-March). The only one Nedumkuthira(Eduppukuthira= the vertical men lifted traditional colorful chariot)water-procession of the world. Centuries old custom. International tourists also attracted nowadays.

Perumon Therukettu Festival, The traditional Kerala chariot lifted and circumvented by mass of people around the antique temple of Perumon. Celebrated once in an year. Hindus believe that seeing the right-starting movement of the chariot will wash away all the sins made by one for the previous year and thus can escape the punishment by God.

Sports

Cricket is the most popular sport, followed by hockey and football. Kollam is home to a number of local cricket, hockey and football teams participating in district, state-level and zone matches. An International Hockey Stadium with the most modern facilities and international hockey turf is under construction in the city at a cost of Rs.13 crore. The land for the construction of the stadium was taken over from the Postal Department at Asramam, Kollam. The city has another stadium named the Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Kollam. It is a multipurpose stadium and has repeatedly hosted such sports events as the Ranji Trophy, Santhosh Trophy and National Games.^[172] Two open grounds in the city, the Asramam Maidan and Peeranki Maidan, are also used for sports events, practice and warm-up matches.

Kadappakada Sports Club, Kollam - established in 1942

Kerala First-Class Matches played on Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Kollam(Quilon)

Year	Date	Tournament	Teams Played
1979	3 November	Ranji Trophy 1979/80	Kerala vs Andhra
1988	10 December	Ranji Trophy 1988/89	Kerala vs Goa
1988	17 December	Ranji Trophy 1988/89	Kerala vs Karnataka

The Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium is getting ready to host the 35th National Games of India. Construction work for the International Hockey Stadium is in full swing for the same reason.

Places of worship

The city of Kollam is a microcosm of Kerala state and its residents belong to varied religious, ethnic and linguistic groups.^[173] There are so many ancient temples, centuries-old churches and mosques in the city and it's suburbs.

Hindus and temples

Kottarakkara Sree Mahaganapathi Kshethram

Kollam is a Hindu majority city in Kerala. 56.35% of Kollam's total population belongs to Hindu community. Moreover, the Kollam Era (also known as Malayalam Era or Kollavarsham or Malayalam Calendar or Malabar Era), solar and sidereal Hindu calendar used in Kerala, has been originated on 825 CE (Pothu Varsham) at Quilon(Kollam) city.^{[174][175][176]}

Anandavalleeshwaram Sri Mahadevar Temple is a 400 years old ancient Hindu temple in the city. The 400-year-old Sanctum sanctorum of this temple is finished in teak.^[177] Ammachiveedu Muhurthi temple is another major temple in the city that have been founded around 600 years ago by the Ammachi Veedu family, aristocrats from Kollam.^[178][179] The Kollam pooram, a major festival of Kollam, is the culmination of a ten-day festival, normally in mid April, of Asramam Sree Krishna Swamy Temple.^[180] Kottankulangara Devi Temple is one of the world famous Hindu temples in Kerala were cross-dressing of men for Chamayavilakku ritual is a part of traditional festivities. The men also carry large lamps. The first of the two-day dressing event drew to a close early on Monday.^[181] Moreover, Kottarakkara Sree Mahaganapathi Kshethram in Kottarakkara,^[182] Puttingal Devi Temple in Paravur,^[183] Poruvazhy Peruviruthy Malanada Temple in Poruvazhy,^[184] Sasthamcotta Sree Dharma Sastha Temple in Sasthamkotta,^[185] Thrikkadavoor Sree Mahadeva Temple in Kadavoor and Kattil Mekkathil Devi Temple in Ponmana^[186] are the other famous Hindu worship centres in the Kollam Metropolitan Area.^[187]

Christianity and churches

New cathedral in Tangasseri, Kollam

Christian population accounts 21.17% of the total population of Kollam city.^[188] The Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon or Kollam is the first Catholic diocese in India. The diocese, which covers an area of 1,950 km². (753 square miles) and contains a population of 4,879,553 - 235,922 (4.8%) of whom are Catholic - is claimed to have first been erected on 9 August 1329. It was re-erected on 1 September 1886. The famous Infant Jesus Cathedral, 400 years old, located in Thangassery, is the co-cathedral of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon.^[189] CSI Kollam Diocese is one of the twenty-four dioceses of the Church of South India.^[190]

The Infant Jesus Cathedral in Tangasseri is established by Portuguese during 1614. It is now the pro-cathedral of Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon - the ancient and first catholic diocese of India. The Church remains as a memento of the Portuguese rule of old Quilon city.^[191] St. Sebastian's Church at Neendakara is another important church in the city. The Dutch Church in Munroe Island is built by the Dutch in 1878.^[192] Our Lady of Velankanni Shrine in Cutchery is another important Christian worship place in Kollam city. Saint Casimir Church in Kadavoor,^[193] Holy Family Church in Kavanad, St.Stephen's Church in Thoppu^[194] and St.Thomas Church in Kadappakada are some of the other major Christian churches in Kollam.^[195][196]

Muslims and mosques

Karunagappally Mosque

Muslims accounts 22.05% of Kollam's total population. As per the Census 2011 data, 80,935 is the total Muslim population in Kollam.^[197] The Karbala Maidan and the adjacent Makani mosque serves as the Eid gah for the city. The 300-year-old Juma-'Ath Palli at Karuva houses the mortal remains of a Sufi saint, Syed Abdur Rahman Jifri.^[198][199]

Kottukadu Juma Masjid in Chavara, Elampalloor Juma-A-Masjid, Valiyapalli in Jonakappuram, Chinnakada Juma Masjid, Juma-'Ath Palli in Kollurvila, Juma-'Ath Palli in Thattamala and Koivila Juma Masjid in Chavara are the other major Mosques in Kollam.^[200][201]

Notable people

Music Director Paravur G.Devarajan

Jayan - Malayalis consider him the "Immortal Star" of the Malayalam Film Industry

Notable individuals born in Kollam include:

• Jayan, Film actor and Indian Navy officer
• Mahakavi K.C Kesava Pillai, Malayalam poet
• Paravur Devarajan, Malayalam music director
• O. N. V. Kurup, Malayalam poet and lyricist
• K. Surendran, Novelist
• Thirunalloor Karunakaran, Poet
• Raveendran Master, Malayalam music director
• O. Madhavan, Theatre Personality
• Shaji N Karun, Malayalam movie director
• Thangal Kunju Musaliar, Industrialist
• Kollam Thulasi, Actor
• Kollam G. K. Pillai, Actor
• P. K. Gurudasan, Politician and MLA
• R.Balakrishna Pillai, Politician and Former Minister of State
• James Albert, Screenwriter - Director
• Anwar Rasheed, Film director
• Benny Dayal, Singer
• Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair, Malayalam film actor
• Suresh Gopi, Actor
• Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai, Historian and Scholar
• D Shina, Electricity Finance Expert
• Pamman (R. Parameswara Menon), Novelist
• Bharath Murali, Film actor
• Mukesh, Malayalam film actor
• Kalpana, Actress
• Urvashi, Actress
• Kalaranjini, Actress
• K. B. Ganesh Kumar, Malayalam film actor and ex-Minister
• Resul Pookutty, Oscar Award winner for sound design and mixing
• V. Sambasivan, Kathaprasangam artist
• Tinu Yohannan, International Cricket
• Olympian T.C.Yohannan,Athlette
• M. J. Radhakrishnan, Cinematographer
• Ambili Devi, Malayalam film actress
• Rajan Pillai, Businessman
• R. Sankar, Former Chief Minister of Kerala
• B. Ravi Pillai, Businessman
• Pro. S.Guptan Nair, Literature.
• Kundara Johnny, Film Actor
• K. Ravindran Nair aka Achani Ravi, Film Producer
• M. A. Baby,Politician
• Baby John, Politician
• Ithikkara Pakki, The Socialist Thief
• Matha Amrithananda Mayi, Spiritual life

Gallery

• 

  Thangassery Breakwater

• 

  Mayyanad Thaany beach

• 

  Chinese fishing net at Kollam

See also

• Downtown Kollam
• Quilon Aerodrome
• Chinnakada
• Kadappakada
• Kollam Junction railway station
• Kollam Metropolitan Area
• Kollam Beach
• Kollam Port
• Kollam Bypass
• Kollam District
• Kollam Technopark
• Kollam MEMU Shed
• Kollam Pooram
• Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Kollam
• Asramam Maidan
• Educational institutions in Kollam district
• List of Kollam district schools
• List of neighbourhoods of Kollam
• Religion in Kollam District
• Roman Catholic Diocese of Kollam (Quilon)
• Kollam Lok Sabha constituency
• Ashtamudi Lake
• Thangassery
• St Thomas Fort Thangassery, Kollam
• Paravur
• Paravur railway station
• Paravur Kayal

References

1. Kollam, Ashtamudi Lake - great alternatives to Kochi, Vembanad Lake
2. Census March 1, 2001 (via archive.org)
3. "Population Finder - Census of India 2011" (PDF). Government of India.
4. "Thrikkadavoor panchayath" (PDF). Government of Kerala.
5. "Demographia World Urban Areas" (PDF). Demographia. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
6. "Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Cities having population 1 lakh and above" (PDF). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.
7. Cities of Kerala
8. Kerala Cities
9. Alphabetical listing of Places in State of Kerala
10. Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta (1958) [1935]. History of South India (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
11. Kollam - Mathrubhumi
12. Short History of Kollam
13. Aiyya, V.V Nagom, State Manual p. 244
14. "census2011.co.in - Indian Cities". Retrieved 7 December 2015.
15. "The 4 Least Polluted Cities in India - India.com". 7 December 2015. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
16. "The legendary beauty of Kollam".
17. "History of Kollam".
18. "Kollam Tourism - Official Website". Retrieved 6 January 2014.
19. "Trivandrum city Corporation". Trivandrum city Corporation. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
20. "Kochi city Corporation". Kochi city Corporation. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
21. "Kozhikode city Corporation". Kozhikode city Corporation. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
22. "Thrissur city Corporation". Thrissur city Corporation. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
23. Mandeville, John. The Travels of Sir John Mandeville. Accessed 24 September 2011.
24. Kohanski, Tamarah & Benson, C. David (Eds.) The Book of John Mandeville. Medieval Institute Publications (Kalamazoo), 2007. Op. cit. "Indexed Glossary of Proper Names". Accessed 24 September 2011.
25. ending with the Royal sanction of Tarissapalli copper plates to Assyrian Monks by Vaishnaite chera King Rajashekara Varma, against the backdrop of a Shivite revival led by Adi Shankara among the Nampoothiri communities Kerala government website
26. tignor, Robert (2010). Worlds together, worlds apart : a history of the world from the beginnings of humankind to the present (3rd ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Co. p. 365. ISBN 978-0-393-93492-2.
27. Roger Pearse (5 July 2003). "Cosmas Indicopleustes, Christian Topography. Preface to the online edition". Ccel.org. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
28. Roger Pearse. "Cosmas Indicopleustes, Christian Topography (1897) pp. 358–373. Book 11". Ccel.org. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
29. Travancore Manual
30. Kerala Charithram P.59 Sridhara Menon
31. V. Nagam Aiya (1906), Travancore State Manual, page 244
32. History of Kollam city and Kollam Port Quilon.com
33. Yogesh Sharma (2010). Coastal Histories: Society and Ecology in Pre-modern India. Primus Books. p. 78. ISBN 978-93-80607-00-9.
34. Pius Malekandathil (2010). Maritime India: Trade, Religion and Polity in the Indian Ocean. Primus Books. p. 43. ISBN 978-93-80607-01-6.
35. Travancore Manual, page 244
36. Mirabilia Descripta by Jordanus Catalani circa 1320–1336 (trans Hiracut Society, London)
37. Thangassery, Kollam - Kerala Tourism
38. About the City of Kollam
39. New proof for Pre-Portuguese mission in Kollam
40. "Tourmet - Thangassery, Kollam". Retrieved 6 January 2014.
41. "History of Kollam". Retrieved 15 January 2014.
42. 'Jornada' of Portuguese Bishop Dom Alexis Menezes 1599–1600AD
43. E-book:History of Travancore by P. Shangoony Menon. Retrieved 2014-11-05.
44. A place in history
45. "9 Of The Least Polluted Cities On Earth You Could Consider Moving To". Indiatimes. Retrieved 21 March 2016.
46. "Kollam City Census 2011 data". Census2011. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
47. "Kollam District". www.kollam.nic.in. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
48. "Thrikadavur becomes part of Kollam city". The Hindu. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
49. "Thrikadavur Panchayath". Thrikadavur Panchayath. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
50. "Building Permit Management System -Kollam Corporation". Retrieved 16 December 2014.
51. "Award for Kollam Mayor". The Hindu. 2014-04-03. Retrieved 2014-06-06.
52. "CPI(M) rides to power in five of six corporations in Kerala". Economic Times. 18 November 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
53. "Kollam District Level Statistics 2011" (PDF). ecostat.kerala.gov.in. 2012. Retrieved 2014-01-01.
54. "ANALYSIS OF CENSUS DATA - Census of India Website" (PDF). censusindia.gov.in.
55. "Kollam city population Census". census2011.co.in. Retrieved 16 December 2013.
56. "Kollam - Port City Project". 2013.
57. "Delhi ranked 23rd in mega survey of 53 Indian cities". Hindustan Times. 14 June 2015. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
58. "APPENDICES AND AAYAT NIRYAT FORMS" (PDF). Govt. of India. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
59. Department of Animal Husbandry - Kerala
60. Kollam - Trade & Commerce
61. resources - Kollam
62. "Land for CAPEX at Kollam" (PDF). 2013.
63. "SIDCO Industrial Estate, Kollam".
64. Online Customs Clearance Facility for Kollam Port to be ready in a month
65. Rise in earnings from cashew kernel exports - The Hindu
66. CEPCI - Kollam
67. ":: Brazil's Fortaleza, our Kollam ::".
68. ":: Cashew Board in Kollam sought ::".
69. ":: KSCDC ::". Cashewcorporation.com. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
70. ":: The Kerala State Cashew Development Corporation Limited ::". Cashewcorporation.com. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
71. ":: Cashew Export Promotion Council of India ::".
72. "The Kerala State Cashew Development Corporation Ltd". Cashewcorporation.com. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
73. Kerala Exporters
74. Kollam - Marine Food Exporters
75. Registered Kerala Exporters
76. Port of Kollam - Deloitte
77. OFFICES OF MPEDA - Kollam
78. "Ashtamudi short-neck clam fisheries becomes India's first MSC certified fisheries". Indian Council of Agricultural Research. 2014-11-05. Retrieved 2015-05-16.
79. "Global stamp for the Ashtamudi". The Hindu. Retrieved 2014-11-16.
80. "Sustainable Fishing Practice of Thekkumbhagam Wins Acclaims". Times of India. Retrieved 2014-11-17.
81. "Ashtamudi Yellow Clams of Get MSC Certification". Times of India. Retrieved 2014-11-17.
82. Pencil slat production stopped
83. Pencil slat manufacturing units to reopen on Friday
84. Pencil slat manufacturing sector in crisis
85. The state office bearers of KSSIA
86. "'Pencil Slat Industry Paints a Bleak Picture' - The New Indian Express". Retrieved 30 December 2014.
87. "Technopark - Kollam". Retrieved 9 August 2014.
88. "Kollam Technopark". Retrieved 9 August 2014.
89. "Business Standards". Retrieved 9 August 2014.
90. "Twixt Technologies – First Company to set up shop in Kollam Technopark". Retrieved 9 August 2014.
91. "Sail signs MoU with KSIDC & KMML for titanium project". Retrieved 14 August 2014.
92. "Government honours Best Performing PSUs & CEOs for 2011–12". Retrieved 14 August 2014.
93. Kerala State IT Mission (Retrieved on 21 September 2009)
94. State plans new Techno Lodge Scheme, The Hindu dated 22 February 2009 (Retrieved on 21 September 2009)
95. IT parks coming to the villages, The Hindu dated 21 September 2009 (Retrieved on 21 September 2009)
96. Kollam Technolodge Inaugurated, Technopark Today (Retrieved on 18 August 2014)
97. Government of Kerala Order setting up Techno-lodges in Kadakkal and Perinad Grama Panchayats in Kollam District
98. "Fresh moves to revive Parvathy Mills in Kollam - The Hindu". Retrieved 11 August 2014.
99. "Parvathy Mills may get modernised - TNIE". Retrieved 11 August 2014.
100. "Town Planning - Kollam" (PDF). Retrieved 11 August 2014.
101. "United Electrical Industries Ltd.". Retrieved 9 August 2014.
102. "United Electrical Industries(UEI) receives energy conservation award". Retrieved 9 August 2014.
103. "Indian Rare Earths Limited (IREL)". Retrieved 11 August 2014.
104. "Indian Rare Earths Limited (IREL)". Retrieved 11 August 2014.
105. "Rs. 1.11-cr. project to beautify road to Tangasseri lighthouse". The Hindu. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
106. Attractions in Kollam
107. The legendary beauty of Kollam
108. "'Eight-point gallery cafe' to boost art in Kollam - Deccan Chronicle". Retrieved 1 October 2015.
109. Kollam - Short History
110. Feel the Beauty of Kollam Backwaters
111. DTPC's 'Ashtamudi' sinking
112. Tourist Attractions in Kollam
113. Places to Hangout Near Kollam Techno Park
114. Sculptors' touch gives a new look to adventure park
115. "Superb India Tours - Kollam". Superb India Tours. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
116. "Colonial Voyage - Tangasseri". Mathrubhumi. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
117. Picnic Village in Kollam
118. Local Attractions - The Raviz, Kollam
119. History of Kerala Police, Police Museum Kollam from God's Own Kerala
120. Row over 'mermaid sculpture' on Kollam beach
121. "Archaeologist Throws Light on Thangassery Artefacts". TNIE. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
122. "Thangassery Port". Infrawindow.com. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
123. "Cabinet approval for Thangassery port plans". Projectstoday.com. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
124. Thirumullavaram readying for Vavubali
125. The most beautiful Thirumullavaram Beach in Kerala
126. Trivandrum International Airport
127. "Aviation school proposal evokes mixed response". The Hindu. 2009-06-08. Retrieved 2014-09-15.
128. "Kollam railway station finally gets a 'real' platform No 1". The Times Of India. 2012-11-19. Retrieved 2013-12-18.
129. "New Railway Lines Remain Empty Promises". The New Indian Express. 18 August 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
130. "Railway Budget: Full text of Mamata's speech". IBN Live. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
131. "Timings of MEMUs included". India: The New Indian Express. 2 July 2010. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
132. "Kerala / Thiruvananthapuram News : MEMU services figure in timetable". The Hindu. 1 July 2010. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
133. http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/new-drm-optimistic-about-suburban-project/article5547937.ece
134. MEMU Maintenance Work Begins in Kollam Kollam MEMU Shed
135. Rs.74-crore MEMU shed project awaits nod
136. More Memu sheds sought in Railway Budget
137. "National Highways in Kerala". Kerala PWD. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
138. Road overbridge opened
139. DPR of flyover project. PWD issues directive
140. Kollam bypass: Central team conducts alignment study
141. Bypasses to take 3 years for completion
142. Fears over construction of Kollam, Alappuzha NH bypasses
143. "Travel Time Calculator". Distancesfrom.com. Retrieved 2014-08-21.
144. "Shortage of drivers may hit services". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 2014-08-21.
145. "Kerala State Water Transport Department - Introduction". KSWTD. Retrieved 2015-01-04.
146. "Transport - Kollam Corporation". Kollam Municipal Corporation. Retrieved 2015-01-04.
147. "Important places enroute - KSWTD". KSWTD. Retrieved 2015-01-04.
148. Kollam port starts cargo handling. Accessed 29 July 2014.
149. "Foreign Ship Reaches Kollam Port". The New Indian Express. 5 April 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
150. Kollam cashew importers suffering due to port congestion at tuticorin terminal. Accessed 29 July 2014.
151. Shreyas Shipping starts Kochi-Kollam container service. Accessed 29 July 2014.
152. Shreyas Shipping inaugurates Kollam port with new service. Accessed 29 July 2014.
153. MLA seeks consensus on Kollam port development. Accessed 26 August 2014.
154. Kerala Coastal Shipping Project Launched at Kollam Port. Accessed 29 July 2014.
155. Passenger ships will start from Kollam this year: Chandy. Accessed 17 December 2013.
156. Passenger Ships to Dock at Kollam Port. Accessed 29 July 2014.
157. Decks cleared for tie-up of Kollam, Tuticorin ports. Accessed 29 July 2014.
158. "Kollam to Minicoy". Google. Retrieved 2014-08-27.
159. "Lakshadweep keen on investing in Kollam port". The Hindu. Retrieved 2014-08-27.
160. "Passenger Ship Service Likely between Kollam and Minicoy". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 2014-08-27.
161. "Autonomy: 13 colleges in the list". The New Indian Express. 2012. Retrieved 2014-01-08.
162. "Admission Process Starts at KSID for New Diploma Courses".
163. "Institute of design inaugurated".
164. "IMK Extension Centres - Kerala". imk.ac.in. 2012. Retrieved 2014-01-08.
165. "Which is the best banking coaching centre in India - Kollam". Retrieved 2014-08-09.
166. "Engineering graduates opt for banking sector". Times of India. Retrieved 2014-08-09.
167. Hospitals in Kollam - MedIndia
168. List Best Hospitals - Hospitals in Kollam
169. Title = ESI Medical College Inaugurated
170. "Kollam Fest 10 November 2011". Thiraseela.com. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
171. "presidents trophy boat race". Presidentstrophy.gov.in. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
172. Stadiums in India KCA-Cricket Archive
173. Menon, A Sreedhara; "A Survey of Kerala History"; D C Books, 1 January 2007 – History – pp 54–56
174. "Kollam Era" (PDF). Indian Journal History of Science. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
175. Broughton Richmond (1956), Time measurement and calendar construction, p. 218
176. R. Leela Devi (1986). History of Kerala. Vidyarthi Mithram Press & Book Depot. p. 408.
177. "400-year-old sreekovil to be replaced". The Hindu. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
178. Ammachiveedu Muhurthi Temple at kollamcity.com
179. Ammachiveedu Muhurthi Temple at thekeralatemples.com
180. News article regarding kollam pooram
181. "Kerala temple: Where the lady with the lamp is a man". NDTV. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
182. "Of small appam and Kottarakkara". Mathrubhumi. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
183. "Puttingal Devi Temple, Paravur". Puttingal Devi Temple. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
184. "Malanada temple fete draws big crowds". The Hindu. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
185. "Sasthamcotta Sree Dharma Sastha Temple". Sasthamcotta Sree Dharma Sastha Temple. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
186. "Here, bells on tree answer your prayers". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
187. "No permission for RSS to conduct 'shakha' in temple: Kerala HC told". Times of India. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
188. "Kollam City Census 2011 data". Census2011. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
189. "Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon". Kollam Diocese. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
190. "CSI Redraws Borders of Dioceses". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
191. "About Kollam City". Kollam, India. Retrieved 19 January 2016. About the city of Quilon
192. "The emerald isle". The Hindu. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
193. "Church festival from Saturday". The Hindu. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
194. "St.Stephen's Church". Kollam St.Stephen's Church. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
195. "St.Thomas Church". The Hindu. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
196. "Piety marks Good Friday observance". The Hindu. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
197. "Population of Kollam City - Census 2011 data". Census2011. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
198. "Important religious centres in Kollam". Retrieved 6 January 2014.
199. "Juma-Ath-Mosque". Retrieved 29 July 2014.
200. "Juma-Ath-Palli". Retrieved 29 July 2014.
201. "Elampalloor Juma-A-Masjid". Retrieved 29 July 2014.

Bibliography

• Ring, Trudy (1994). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania, Volume 5. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-884964-05-3.
• Chan, Hok-lam (1998). "The Chien-wen, Yung-lo, Hung-hsi, and Hsüan-te reigns, 1399–1435". The Cambridge History of China, Volume 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24332-2.
• Lin (2007). Zheng He's Voyages Down the Western Seas. Fujian Province: China Intercontinental Press. ISBN 978-7-5085-0707-1.
• Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai, Keralathinde Eruladanja Edukal, p. 64,112,117
• Travancore Archaeological Series (T.A.S.) Vol. 6 p. 15
• Diaries and writings of Mathai Kathanar, the 24th generation priest of Thulaserry Manapurathu, based on the ancestral documents and Thaliyolagrandha handed down through generations
• Z.M. Paret, Malankara Nazranikal, vol. 1
• L. K. Ananthakrishna Iyer, State Manual, p50,52
• Bernard Thoma Kathanar, Marthoma Christyanikal, lines 23,24
• Narayan, M.G.S, Chera-Pandya conflict in the 8th–9th centuries which led to the birth of Venad: Pandyan History seminar, Madurai University, 1971
• The Viswavijnanakosam (Malayalam) Vol. 3, p. 523,534
• Narayan M.G.S., Cultural Symbiosis p33
• The handwritten diaries of Pulikottil Mar Dionyius (former supreme head of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church and Chitramezhuthu KM Varghese)

External links

• Kollam travel guide from Wikivoyage
• Official website
• The enhanced version of the Kollam Official website