List of assassinations in Europe

This is a list of assassinations which took place on the continent of Europe.

For the purposes of this article, an assassination is defined as the deliberate, premeditated murder of a prominent figure, often for religious or political reasons.

Albania

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
1924	Avni Rustemi, nationalist member of parliament
1943	Qazim Koculi, politician
1998	Azem Hajdari, member of parliament

Austria

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
1913	Franz Schuhmeier, socialist member of parliament	Paul Kunschak
1916	Count Karl von Stürgkh, Minister-President of Austria	Friedrich Adler
1934	Engelbert Dollfuss, Chancellor of Austria[1]	Paul Hudl, Otto Planetta and other Austrian Nazis	Part of a failed coup d'état, the July Putsch.
1975	Daniş Tunalıgil, Turkish ambassador	Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide
1989	Abdul Rahman Ghassemlou, dissident Kurdish Iranian political leader	Sahra-roodi and others,Islamic republic of Iran Intelligence agency	Killed in Vienna on the negotiation table

Belgium

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
1127	Charles I, Count of Flanders
1950	Julien Lahaut, chairman of the Communist Party of Belgium	Belgian royalists	Shot in his home town of Seraing.
1971	Maximiliano Gómez, Dominican communist leader		Poisoned by his lover in Brussels.
1990	Gerald Bull, Canadian developer of the Martlet cannon		Shot outside his apartment in Brussels.
1991	André Cools, Belgian politician		Killed in Liège.

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
June 28, 1914	Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie	Gavrilo Princip	This assassination played a role in starting World War I[1]
1993	Hakija Turajlić, deputy prime minister

Bulgaria

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
1895	Stefan Stambolov, former Prime Minister of Bulgaria		Died in Sofia after being stabbed.
1907	Dimitar Petkov, Prime Minister of Bulgaria		Killed in Sofia.
1923	Aleksandar Stamboliyski, Prime Minister of Bulgaria		Killed in his home town of Slavovitsa.
1943	Hristo Lukov, soldier and rightist politician
1995	Vasil Iliev, insurance boss, owner of "VIS-2", former wrestler		Shot while being driven in Sofia.
October 2, 1996	Andrey Lukanov, former Prime Minister of Bulgaria[2]		Shot outside his apartment in Sofia.
2003	Iliya Pavlov, president of Multigroup corporation, former wrestler, the wealthiest man in Bulgaria		Shot outside his office in Sofia.
2005	Georgi Iliev, football club owner, brother of the assassinated Vasil Iliev		Shot in a restaurant in Sunny Beach.
2005	Emil Kyulev, banker, ex-professional swimmer, voted Mr. Economics in Bulgaria for 2002		Shot while driving along Boulevard Bulgaria in Sofia.
2006	Ivan "Doktora" Todorov, businessman alleged of smuggling
2008	Borislav Georgiev, CEO of "Atomenergoremont" nuclear plant repair company

Croatia

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
480	Julius Nepos, Roman emperor		Assassinated near Salona (modern Solin).
1931	Milan Šufflay, nationalist writer
1933	Josip Predavec, politician
1991	Ante Paradžik, politician

Cyprus

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
1970	Polykarpos Giorkatzis, government minister
1974	Rodger Paul Davies, United States ambassador

Czech Republic

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
921	Saint Ludmila, wife of Duke Bořivoj, grandmother of Duke Václav I	Tunna and Gomon	Tunna and Gomon were Viking warriors hired by Ludmila's daughter-in-law Drahomíra I., they killed Ludmila by strangulation
935	Václav I (Saint Wenceslas), Duke of Bohemia		Stabbed to death in Stará Boleslav
1306	Václav III, King of Bohemia		Killed in Olomouc.
1634	Albrecht von Wallenstein, Czech general during the Thirty Years' War	Walter Devereux	Stabbed to death in Cheb.
1923	Alois Rašín, Minister of Finances of Czechoslovakia	Josef Šoupal	Shot in Prague.
1923	Rayko Daskalov, Bulgarian politician	Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization
1942	Reinhard Heydrich, a General in the Nazi German paramilitary corps and governor of occupied Czech lands	Jan Kubiš, Jozef Gabčík	Died after being wounded by a bomb thrown at him whilst being driven through Libeň near Prague. The massacre of Lidice followed as a retribution by the Nazis. A legend has it that he deliberately put the Crown of Bohemia on his head beforehand, meaning an untimely death.

Denmark

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
1086	Canute IV, King of Denmark
1286	Erik V Klipping, King of Denmark

Finland

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
1904	Nikolai Ivanovich Bobrikov, Governor-General of Finland	Eugen Schauman	Happens on day described in James Joyce's novel Ulysses, is briefly mentioned in the book.
1905	Eliel Soisalon-Soininen, attorney General
1911	Valde Hirvikanta, president of Turku Court of Appeal
1922	Heikki Ritavuori, Minister of the Interior of Finland	Ernst Tandefelt

France

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
1354	Charles d'Espagne, constable of France
1358	Étienne Marcel, Parisian merchant
1407	Louis of Valois, Duke of Orléans
1419	John the Fearless
1572	Gaspard de Coligny
1589	Henri III, King of France	Jacques Clément	Religious-political antagonism.
1610	Henri IV, King of France	François Ravaillac	Religious-political antagonism.
1617	Concino Concini, chief minister
1789	Jacques de Flesselles, Provost of Paris
1793	Jean-Paul Marat, revolutionary	Charlotte Corday	Stabbed in his bathtub. Later often seen as a patriotic act.
February 13, 1820	Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry, younger son of the future King Charles X	Louis Pierre Louvel
June 24, 1894	Marie François Sadi Carnot, President of France	Sante Geronimo Caserio, anarchist	Stabbed to death after a speech in Lyon.
July 30, 1914	Jean Jaurès, politician, pacifist[3]	Raoul Villain	Killed in Paris. The assassin was tried and acquitted in 1919.
1920	Esat Toptani, former Albanian leader	Avni Rustemi
1926	Symon Petlyura, Ukrainian president-in-exile	Sholom Schwartzbard
May 6, 1932	Paul Doumer, President of France	Paul Gorguloff	Shot at a book fair at the Hôtel Salomon de Rothschild, Paris.[1]
1934	Alexander I of Yugoslavia, king of Yugoslavia	Vlado Chernozemski	Killed in Marseille during a state visit.
1934	Louis Barthou, foreign minister of France	Vlado Chernozemski	Killed along with King Alexander I of Yugoslavia at Marseille.
1938	Ernst vom Rath, German diplomat in France	Herschel Grynszpan	Killed in Paris.
1941	Marx Dormoy, politician
1944	Constant Chevillon, head of FUDOFSI		Killed by Gestapo in Lyon
1944	Philippe Henriot, State secretary for Information and Propaganda of Vichy government		Killed by French resistants in Paris
1944	Georges Mandel, former radical-socialist minister and French resistant		Killed by miliciens in forest of Fontainebleau
1944	Eugène Deloncle, milicien and former leader of clandestine far-right organisation La Cagoule		Killed by Gestapo
1965	Mehdi Ben Barka, Moroccan socialist leader and Third-World Tricontinental leader		Disappeared in Paris
December 8, 1972	Mahmoud Hamshari, Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) representative in Paris	Mossad, Israeli Secret Service	Killed in his apartment by a bomb planted in his telephone as he answered a call in retribution for the Black September attack and killing of Israeli athletes in the Munich Massacre at the 1972 Summer Olympics, the second of a number of revenges pursuant to Operation Wrath of God.
1973	Outel Bono, Chadian medical doctor and anti-Tombalbaye activist		Shot while climbing into his car in Paris by unknown hand.
June 28, 1973	Mohammad Boudia, the Algerian-born director of operations for Black September in France	Mossad, Israeli Secret Service	Killed in Paris by a pressure-activated bomb packed with heavy nuts and bolts placed under his car seat as part of Operation Wrath of God.
1975	İsmail Erez, Turkish ambassador	Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia
1976	Jean de Broglie, former minister and one of the French negotiators of the Évian Accords
1978	François Duprat, neofascist writer
1978	Henri Curiel, anticolonialist activist		Shot in Paris by unknown hand.
1978	Bruno Bušić, Croatian/Yugoslav writer	Yugoslav secret police
1978	José Miguel Beñaran Ordeñana "Argala", Basque leader		Killed by a bomb in Anglet, allegedly planted by the Batallón Vasco Español.
1979	Pierre Goldman, left-wing activist		Shot in Paris by unknown hand.
1979	Robert Boulin, minister of Labor and many times minister since 1961		Officially suicide, but a lot of anomalies revealed since.
1979	Zuhair Muhsin, Palestinian political leader
1980	Joseph Fontanet, former minister		Killed in Paris.
1980	Salah al-Din Bitar, Syrian Baath politician		Killed in Paris.
1980	Yehia El-Mashad, Egyptian atomic scientist		Shot at the Le Méridien hotel in Paris.
1982	Jean-Pierre Maïone-Libaude, right-wing activist and criminal		Shot at Argent-sur-Sauldre soon after being released from prison.
July 23, 1982	Fadl Dani, deputy director of the PLO office in Paris	Mossad, Israeli Secret Service	Killed in Paris by a bomb that had been placed in his car as part of Operation Wrath of God.
1986	Georges Besse, Renault executive		Shot while emerging from his car in Paris, by far-left activists of Action directe
1988	Dulcie September, African National Congress representative		Killed in Paris.
1990	Joseph Doucé, activist for sexual minorities		Corpse found in Rambouillet forest; murder remains unsolved
1991	Shapour Bakhtiar, Prime Minister of Iran briefly in 1979		Stabbed to death at his home in France.
1995	Abdelbaki Sahraoui, co-founder of the Algerian Islamic Salvation Front		Killed in Paris.
1998	Claude Érignac, prefect of Corsica	Yvan Colonna	Shot in Ajaccio by a Corsican nationalist.
2013	Sakine Cansız, Fidan Doğan and Leyla Söylemez, Kurdish nationalists		Shot at Rue La Fayette, Paris

Germany

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
235	Alexander Severus, Roman emperor		Killed near Moguntiacum (present-day Mainz) by his troops.
268	Postumus, Gallic emperor		Killed in Mainz
268	Laelianus, Gallic emperor		Killed in Mainz
1208	Philipp von Hohenstaufen, Emperor, in Bamberg
1225	Engelbert I. von Köln, Archbishop of Cologne
1233	Konrad von Marburg, inquisitor
1819	August von Kotzebue, dramatist	Karl Ludwig Sand
1919	Rosa Luxemburg, socialist writer		Killed in Berlin.
1919	Karl Liebknecht, socialist lawyer and politician		Killed in Berlin.
1919	Kurt Eisner, Prime Minister of Bavaria	Anton Graf von Arco auf Valley	Killed in Munich.
1919	Leo Jogiches, Marxist revolutionary
1919	Hugo Haase, socialist politician
1921	Talat Pasha, former Ottoman Minister of Interior Affairs	Soghomon Tehlirian	Killed in Berlin.
1921	Matthias Erzberger, politician	Members of Organisation Consul	Shot at Bad Griesbach.
1922	Bahattin Şakir, Turkish genocide suspect	Armenian Revolutionary Federation
June 24, 1922	Walther Rathenau, German foreign minister[3]	Ernst Werner Techow, Erwin Kern and Hermann Fischer	Shot whilst being driven through Berlin by assassins in another car.
1934	Ernst Röhm, leader of the Sturm Abteilung (SA)	Michael Lippert	Shot in Stadelheim Prison by SS officers during the Night of the Long Knives.
1934	Kurt von Schleicher, former German chancellor	SS officers	Murdered at Babelsberg by the SS during the Night of the Long Knives. His wife Elisabeth was also killed.
1934	Erich Klausener, politician		Night of the Long Knives
1934	Gregor Strasser, politician		Night of the Long Knives
1959	Stepan Bandera, Ukrainian nationalist leader	Bohdan Stashynsky	Poisoned by cyanide gas in Munich.
1961	Salah Ben Youssef, Tunisian politician		Shot in a hotel in Frankfurt.
1970	Krim Belkacem, Algerian politician		Shot in a hotel in Frankfurt.
1977	Siegfried Buback, German attorney general	Red Army Faction members	Shot while driving his car near Karlsruhe.
1977	Jürgen Ponto, CEO Dresdner Bank	Red Army Faction members	Killed in Frankfurt.
1977	Hanns-Martin Schleyer, president of the German employers' organization	Red Army Faction members	Kidnapped and later killed.
1989	Alfred Herrhausen, Deutsche Bank CEO	Red Army Faction members	Killed by a bicycle bomb as his car passed in Bad Homburg.
1991	Detlev Karsten Rohwedder, director of Treuhandanstalt for former East Germany	Red Army Faction members	Killed in Düsseldorf.
1992	Sadeq Sharafkandi, Fattah Abdoli, Homayoun Ardalan, Nouri Dehkordi, dissident Kurdish Iranian political leaders	Ordered by Islamic Republic of Iran's leaders Rafsanjani,Khameneye and others	Killed in Berlin (see Mykonos restaurant assassinations).
1992	Petra Kelly, green politician and activist	Allegedly by ex-general Gert Bastian, who then killed himself	Shot in Bonn while sleeping.

Greece

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
514 BC	Hipparchus (son of Peisistratos), Tyrant of Athens	Harmodius and Aristogeiton
461 BC	Ephialtes, leader of the radical democracy movement in Athens
404 BC	Alcibiades, Athenian general and politician
October, 336 BC	Philip II of Macedon, king of Macedon	Pausanias of Orestis	Assassinated in the theatre of ancient Aegae (present-day Vergina).
281 BC	Seleucus I Nicator, founder of the Seleucid dynasty		Killed near Lysimachia.
251 BC	Abantidas, tyrant of Sicyon
192 BC	Nabis, Tyrant of Sparta	Aetolian League
1831	Ioannis Kapodistrias, first President of Greece	Konstantinos Mavromichalis and Georgios Mavromichalis	Killed outside Nafplio church. Konstantinos Mavromichalis was thrown over a cliff by the citizens of Nafplio; Georgios Mavromichalis was executed by firing squad.
June 13, 1905	Theodoros Deligiannis, Prime Minister of Greece	Antonios Gherakaris	Stabbed outside the Greek parliament.
March 8, 1907	Marinos Antypas, Greek politician		Killed at Pyrgetos in Thessaly.
1912	Andreas Kopasis, governor of Samos
March 18, 1913	George I of Greece, King of Greece[2]	Alexandros Schinas	Shot while walking in Thessaloniki. Possible conspiracy.
May 1948	George Polk, American journalist critical of US aid to rightist Greek government
1963	Grigoris Lambrakis, leader of anti-fascist movement in Greece	Emannouel Emannouilides and Spyro Gotzamanis	Killed with a club in Thessaloniki.
1975	Richard Welch, CIA Station Chief		Shot whilst being driven through Athens.
1988	Hagop Hagopian, Armenian leader of ASALA		Killed in Athens.
1988	William Nordeen, Tsantes successor as U.S. military attaché in Athens	Members of Revolutionary Organization 17 November	Killed in Athens.
1989	Pavlos Bakoyannis, New Democracy politician	Members of Revolutionary Organization 17 November	Shot outside his office in Athens.
2000	Stephen Saunders, Brigadier and British military attaché in Athens	Members of Revolutionary Organization 17 November	Killed whilst driving in Athens by motorcycle gunmen.

Hungary

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
April 6, 1490	Mathias Corvinus, King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia,Duke of Austria[3] Although this not the view of mainstream history.
October 31, 1918	István Tisza, Premier of Hungary[3]

Iceland

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
September 23, 1241	Snorri Sturluson, historian and politician	Gissur Þorvaldsson

Ireland

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
1014	Brian Boruma, Irish king	Brodir	Killed while praying in his tent during the aftermath of the Battle of Clontarf.
1186	Hugh de Lacy, Lord of Meath
1882	Lord Frederick Charles Cavendish, Chief Secretary for Ireland	Irish National Invincibles
1920	Tomás Mac Curtain, Lord Mayor of Cork		Shot in his home by a group of masked men, likely members of the Royal Irish Constabulary.
1922	Michael Collins, President of the Provisional Government and Irish Republican Army (IRA) guerrilla leader during the Irish War of Independence[4]	Sonny O'Neill	Killed in an ambush firefight near the end of Irish Civil War.
1927	Kevin O'Higgins, Irish politician, Minister of Home Affairs/Minister of Justice of the Irish Free State[3]	Timothy Coughlin, Bill Gannon and Archie Doyle	Killed while on his way to Mass by three anti-Treaty members of the IRA.
1936	Henry Boyle Townshend Somerville		Assassinated for providing assistance to Royal Navy recruits.
1976	Christopher Ewart-Biggs, British ambassador to Ireland	IRA	Killed by a land mine planted by the IRA.
1979	Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, Royal Navy Admiral of the Fleet, last Viceroy of India[2]	IRA	Killed by a bomb onboard his boat; three other people killed, including his grandson.
1994	Dominic McGlinchey, Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) leader		Shot 14 times while making a call in a phone box.
1996	Veronica Guerin, Irish journalist

Italy (and former Roman Empire)

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
748 BC	Titus Tatius, Sabine king		Killed in Rome.
579 BC	Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, Etruscan king of Rome		Killed in Rome by the sons of Ancus Marcius.
554 BC	Phalaris, Tyrant of Agrigento	Killed in an uprising led by Telemachus (Acragas)	Killed in Sicily. Said to be burned in his own brazen bull.
534 BC	Servius Tullius, Etruscan king of Rome	Tarquin II	Killed in Rome.
439 BC	Spurius Maelius, Wealthy Roman plebeian	Gaius Servilius Ahala
354 BC	Dion of Syracuse	Calippus of Syracuse	Killed in Sicily
133 BC	Tiberius Gracchus, Roman tribune		Killed in Rome by Roman senators.
44 BC	Julius Caesar, Roman general and dictator	Marcus Junius Brutus, Gaius Cassius Longinus, and other members of the Roman Senate	Resulted in Civil War and indirectly in the end of the Roman Republic.
43 BC	Cicero, Roman orator		Killed near Formiae under orders from Mark Antony and with the approval of the Second Triumvirate.
41	Caligula, Roman Emperor	Cassius Chaerea, members of the Praetorian Guard, and others
54	Claudius, Roman Emperor	Uncertain, reputed to be Agrippina the Younger on behalf of Nero	Rumored to be killed by poison mushrooms supplied by Locusta.
69	Vitellius, Roman Emperor		Killed in Rome by the Flavian army.
69	Galba, Roman Emperor		Killed in Rome by the Praetorian Guard under orders from Otho.
96	Domitian, Roman Emperor	Stephanus, steward to Julia Flavia	Killed in Rome.
192	Commodus, Roman Emperor	Narcissus, wrestler	Killed in Rome.
193	Pertinax, Roman Emperor		Killed in Rome by the Praetorian Guard.
193	Didius Julianus, Roman Emperor		Killed in Rome by the Praetorian Guard.
212	Publius Septimius Geta, Roman Emperor		Killed in Rome by centurions under orders of Caracalla.
217	Caracalla, Roman Emperor	Martialis	Killed between Edessa and Carrhae (modern-day Sanli Urfa and Harran), possibly under orders of Macrinus.
222	Elagabalus, Roman Emperor		Killed in Rome by the Praetorian Guard under orders of Julia Maesa and Julia Mamaea.
238	Maximinus Thrax, Roman Emperor		Killed outside Aquileia by his troops.
238	Pupienus, Roman Emperor		Killed in Rome by the Praetorian Guard. See Year of the Six Emperors.
238	Balbinus, Roman Emperor		Killed in Rome by the Praetorian Guard. See Year of the Six Emperors.
253	Volusianus, Roman Emperor		Killed near Interamna by his troops.
253	Trebonianus Gallus, Roman Emperor		Killed near Interamna by his troops.
275	Aurelian, Roman Emperor	Mucapor and members of the Praetorian Guard	Killed near Caenophrurium (modern-day Corlu).
276	Florianus, Roman Emperor		Killed near Tarsus.
882	Pope John VIII
1052	Boniface III, Margrave of Tuscany
1345	Andrew, Duke of Calabria
1412	Gian Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan[5]
1478	Giuliano de' Medici, co-ruler of Florence	Francesco de' Pazzi and Bernardo Bandini	Giuliano was stabbed 19 times, in an incident known as the Pazzi conspiracy. Lorenzo de' Medici was also attacked, but escaped with his life.
1497	Giovanni Borgia, Duke of Gandia, son of Pope Alexander VI
1537	Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence	Lorenzino de' Medici
1848	Pellegrino Rossi, Papal States Minister of Justice
July 29, 1900	Umberto I of Italy, King of Italy[4]	Gaetano Bresci	He was shot four times with a revolver. The reason was the royal decoration of the general Fiorenzo Bava Beccaris, who ordered a bloody repression in Milan in 1898. Influenced Leon Czologsz to kill United States President William McKinley in 1901.
1921	Said Halim Pasha, former Ottoman Prime Minister	Arshavir Shirakian	Killed in Rome owing to his alleged role in the Armenian Genocide.
June 10, 1924	Giacomo Matteotti, Italian socialist politician[3]		Kidnapped and killed by Fascists.
1925	Luigj Gurakuqi, Albanian independence leader	Baltjon Stambolla	Killed in Bari.
April 28, 1945	Benito Mussolini, fascist, former Prime Minister of Italy[6]	Walter Audisio and fellow Communists	Shot in the village of Giulino di Mezzegra in Lombardy. His lover Clara Petacci was also killed.
1962	Enrico Mattei, Italian public head officer, head of Eni oil company, supported Algerian independence		Died in a plane crash near Bascapè in Lombardy, allegedly caused by a bomb.
1975	Pier Paolo Pasolini, Italian writer, poet and film director	Giuseppe Pelosi	Died in Ostia after being run over by his own car which Pelosi had stolen.
1977	Taha Carım, Turkish ambassador to the Holy See	Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide
1978	Aldo Moro, former Prime Minister of Italy	Members of the Red Brigades	Kidnapped and later killed. See Kidnapping of Aldo Moro.
1978	Giuseppe Impastato, anti-mafia activist	Members of the Mafia	Killed by a charge of TNT placed under his own body.
1979	Cesare Terranova, magistrate		Shot whilst being driven through Palermo. His driver was also killed.
1980	Piersanti Mattarella, Sicilian president	Sicilian Mafia
1982	Pio La Torre, Communist politician	Sicilian Mafia
1982	Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa, General of the Carabinieri Corps, investigating on the mafia	Giuseppe Greco, Giuseppe Lucchese and members of the Mafia	Shot whilst being driven through Palermo. His wife and their driver were also killed.
1983	Rocco Chinnici, magistrate	Giuseppe Greco, Michele Greco and members of the Mafia	Car bombing in Palermo.
1992	Giovanni Falcone, anti-mafia judge	Giovanni Brusca	Killed in motorway bombing near Palermo.
1992	Paolo Borsellino, anti-mafia judge	Salvatore Riina and members of the Mafia	Car bombing in Palermo, in which five police officers were also killed. See Massacre of Via D'Amelio.
1992	Salvo Lima, politician	Members of the Mafia	Shot whilst climbing out of his car in Palermo.
2002	Marco Biagi, Italian Labor Ministry advisor	Members of the New Red Brigades	Killed in Bologna.

Kosovo

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
1902	Haxhi Zeka, Albanian nationalist

Malta

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
1995	Fathi Shaqaqi, Palestinian politician	Mossad

Montenegro

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
1860	Danilo I, Prince of Montenegro		Killed in Kotor (then Austria-Hungary) by a member of Bjelopavlici tribe.
1945	Sekula Drljević, Montenegrin nationalist

Netherlands

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
754	Saint Boniface, Christian missionary
1099	Conrad, Bishop of Utrecht
1296	Count Floris V
1425	Duke John of Straubing-Holland
1584	William I of Orange, leader of the Dutch war of independence from Spanish rule (Eighty Years' War)	Balthasar Gérard
1649	Isaac Dorislaus, diplomat
1672	Johan de Witt, politician, and his brother
1672	Cornelis de Witt
1938	Yevhen Konovalets, Ukrainian nationalist	NKVD
1943	Folkert Posthuma, Nazi collaborator
1979	Sir Richard Sykes, British ambassador	Provisional Irish Republican Army
1987	Gerrit Jan Heijn, top manager of Ahold	Ferdi Elsas	Kidnapped and later killed.
2002	Pim Fortuyn, election candidate	Volkert van der Graaf	The attack took place in a parking lot outside a radio studio in Hilversum, where Fortuyn had just given an interview.
2004	Theo van Gogh, film director, writer and critic	Mohammed Bouyeri	Van Gogh was cycling to work in Amsterdam. He was shot on his bicycle eight times with an HS2000 handgun. Bouyeri also tried to decapitate van Gogh with one knife, and stabbed him in the chest with another.

Norway

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
1136	Harald IV Gille of Norway, King assassinated by a pretender to the throne

Ottoman Empire

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
1389	Murad I, Third Sultan of the Ottoman Empire	Serbian Miloš Obilić	Killed during Battle of Kosovo
1579	Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier of Ottoman Empire
1622	Osman II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
January 23, 1913	Mahmud Şevket Pasha, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire[3]
1929	Djemal Pasha, former Ottoman Minister for the Navy		Killed in Istanbul, due to his role in the Armenian Genocide

Poland

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
1079	Stanislaus of Szczepanów, Bishop of Kraków (now a saint)
December 16, 1922	Gabriel Narutowicz, President of Poland[3]	Eligiusz Niewiadomski	Killed five days after his inauguration, while attending the opening of an art exhibit at the Zachęta Gallery in Warsaw.
June 15, 1934	Bronisław Pieracki, Minister of Interior of Poland	OUN
August 29, 1931	Tadeusz Hołówko, interwar Polish politician, diplomat	OUN
1942	Marceli Nowotko, Communist politician
1944	Franz Kutschera, German SS general and chief of police	Armia Krajowa	Killed by Polish resistance. See Operation Kutschera.
1947	Karol Świerczewski, Army general	Ukrainian Insurgent Army
1984	Jerzy Popiełuszko, Polish priest		Killed by the communist political police.
1992	Piotr Jaroszewicz, former prime minister
1998	Marek Papała, chief of the police		Believed to have been killed by the mafia.
1999	Andrzej Kolikowski, leader of the Pruszków mafia in Poland	Ryszard Bogucki

Portugal

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
139 BC	Viriathus, leader of the Lusitanian people that resisted Roman expansion over the regions of Western Iberia
1355	Inês de Castro, posthumously declared Queen of Portugal
February 1, 1908	Carlos I of Portugal, King, and Luiz Filipe of Portugal, Crown Prince[3]	Manuel Buíça and Alfredo Costa	Shot by assassins sympathetic to Republican interests and aided by anti-monarchic society Portuguese Carbonária.
1918	Sidónio Pais, President
1921	António Joaquim Granjo, prime minister
1965	Humberto Delgado, General, Presidential Candidate
1983	Issam Sartawi, member of the Palestine Liberation Organization		Shot in a hotel.

Romania

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
1601	Mihai Viteazul, Ruler of Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania
1862	Barbu Catargiu, Prime Minister of Romania		Killed in Bucharest.
1933	Ion Duca, Prime Minister of Romania	Nicolae Constantinescu	Shot at Sinaia railway station.
1938	Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, politician	Members of the Romanian Gendarmerie	Killed in Tâncăbeşti.
1939	Armand Călinescu, Prime Minister of Romania[6]	Members of the Iron Guard	Shot while being driven through Bucharest.
1940	Nicolae Iorga, former Prime Minister of Romania, historian		Kidnapped and later killed.
1940	Gheorghe Argeșanu, former Prime Minister	Iron Guard
1940	Virgil Madgearu, politician		Kidnapped and later killed.
1945	Constantin Tănase, actor
1989	Danny Huwe, Belgian journalist		Shot by a sniper during the Romanian Revolution.

Russia/Soviet Union

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
1762	Peter III of Russia, Emperor of Russia	Unknown	Possibly organized by Catherine the Great
1801	Paul I of Russia, Emperor of Russia	Band of dismissed officers led by Levin August, Count von Bennigsen, Vladimir Mikhailovich Yashvil, Nikolay Zubov and others	Organized by Peter Ludwig von der Pahlen, Nikita Petrovich Panin and José de Ribas
1825	Mikhail Miloradovich, military Governor of Saint Petersburg	Pyotr Kakhovsky
1878	Nikolay Mezentsov, Executive Director of the Third Section	Sergey Stepnyak-Kravchinsky
March 13, 1881	Alexander II of Russia, Tsar of All the Russias[1]	Ignacy Hryniewiecki	Assassination plot concluded with bombs.
1893	Nikolay Alekseyev, Mayor of Moscow	Andrianov
April 8, 1902	Dmitry Sipyagin, Russian Interior Minister[3]	Stepan Balmashov
1904	Vyacheslav von Plehve, Russian Interior Minister	Yegor Sazonov
1905	Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich Romanov, former Governor-General of Moscow	Ivan Kalyayev	Organized by the SR Combat Organization
September 14, 1911	Pyotr Stolypin, Russian Prime Minister	Dmitry Bogrov	Killed in theater in Kiev[3]
December 30, 1916	Grigori Rasputin, controversial friar and mystic[4]	Band of nobles led by Felix Yusupov, Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia, Vladimir Purishkevich and Vasily Maklakov
1917	Ivan Logginovich Goremykin, former Prime Minister
July 16, 1918	Tsar Nicholas II and his family: Tsarina Alexandra, Tsarevich Alexei, Grand Duchesses Olga, Tatiana, Maria and Anastasia, physician Eugene Botkin, maid Anna Demidova, footman Alexei Trupp and cook Ivan Kharitonov	Jewish terrorist assassins	Order given by Yakov Yurovsky on behalf of Vladimir Lenin
July 18, 1918	Elizabeth of Hesse, Grand Duchess of Russia, Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich, Princes John Constantinovich, Constantine Constantinovich and Igor Constantinovich, poet and prince Vladimir Paley and nun Varvara Yakovleva	Cheka officers
1918	V. Volodarsky, revolutionary	Grigory Ivanovich Semyonov
1918	Wilhelm von Mirbach, German Ambassador in Moscow	Yakov Blumkin
December 1, 1934	Sergey Kirov, Bolshevik party leader in Leningrad[3]	Leonid Nikolaev
1948	Solomon Mikhoels, Chairman of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee[7]	Police officers, led by Sergei Ogoltsov	Ordered by Joseph Stalin
1991	Igor Talkov, singer-songwriter, anti-Soviet activist	Allegedly Valeriy Schlyafman
1995	Vladislav Listyev, a Russian journalist and head of the ORT TV Channel	Unknown
1996	Dzhokhar Dudayev, first Chechen separatist President and anti-Russian guerrilla leader	Russian military
1998	Valeriy Hubulov, South Ossetian politician, former prime minister	Unknown
1998	Galina Starovoytova, influential politician, then member of Russian parliament (Duma)	Yuri Kolchin and Vitali Akishin
1998	Larisa Yudina, Kalmyk journalist
1998	Otakhon Latifi, Tajik journalist and opposition figure	Allegedly Abdullo Tursunov
2003	Sergei Yushenkov, Russian politician	Mikhail Kodanev and others	Killed in Moscow[8]
2003	Yuri Shchekochikhin, Russian journalist	Unknown	Killed in Moscow[9]
2004	Paul Klebnikov, editor of the Russian edition of Forbes magazine
2004	Akhmad Kadyrov, Kremlin-backed President of the Chechen Republic	Presumed to be Chechen Islamists	Killed along with about 30 others in a football stadium during a Soviet Victory Day parade, by a bomb that had been built into the concrete of one of the stadium's supporting columns.
2005	Aslan Maskhadov, President of separatist Chechnya
2005	Anatoly Trofimov, former FSB deputy director
2005	Magomed Omarov, deputy Interior Minister of Dagestan
2005	Bayaman Erkinbayev, Kyrgyz MP
2006	Altynbek Sarsenbayev, Kazakh politician
2006	Abdul-Khalim Sadulayev, President of separatist Chechnya
2006	Anna Politkovskaya, Russian journalist and human rights campaigner	Unknown; many theories	Shot in the elevator block of her apartment in Moscow. See Assassination of Anna Politkovskaya.
2008	Vitaly Karayev, mayor of Vladikavkaz, North Ossetia–Alania
2008	Kazbek Pagiyev, former mayor of Vladikavkaz, North Ossetia–Alania
2008	Nina Varlamova, mayor of Kandalaksha, Murmansk Oblast
2009	Anastasia Baburova, journalist
2009	Stanislav Markelov, human rights lawyer
2009	Adilgerei Magomedtagirov, interior minister of Dagestan
2009	Aza Gazgireyeva, deputy chair of Ingushetia Supreme Court
2009	Bashir Aushev, former deputy prime minister of Ingushetia
2009	Natalia Estemirova, human rights activist
2011	Gadzhimurat Kamalov, journalist
2015	Boris Nemtsov, politician	Unknown	See Murder of Boris Nemtsov

Serbia

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
1817	Karađorđe Petrović, leader of the First Serbian Uprising
1868	Mihailo Obrenović, Prince of Serbia	Paul Radovanović and Kosta Radovanović	Shot in Košutnjak, a park in Belgrade, as part of a conspiracy.
1903	Aleksandar Obrenović, King of Serbia, and Draga Mašin, Queen Consort	Army officers led by Dragutin Dimitrijević	Killed in the royal palace as part of the May Overthrow.
1903	Dimitrije Cincar-Marković, Prime Minister
1921	Milorad Drašković, Yugoslav interior minister	Alija Alijagić
1928	Đuro Basariček, Croatian politician	Puniša Račić
1928	Stjepan Radić, Croatian politician.	Shot in parliament by the Serbian radical politician Puniša Račić.	Shot in Belgrade.
1983	Galip Balkar, Turkish ambassador
2000	Željko Ražnatović "Arkan", warlord
2000	Pavle Bulatović, defense minister
2000	Žika Petrović, Jat Airways executive
2000	Boško Perošević, Vojvodina regional politician
2003	Zoran Đinđić, Prime Minister of Serbia	Zvezdan Jovanović	Jovanović killed his victim with a sniper rifle (a relatively rare type of assassination); see Assassination of Zoran Đinđić.

Slovakia

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
1999	Ján Ducký, government minister

Spain

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
1369	Peter the Cruel, King of Castile	Henry II of Castile
December 17, 1485	Pedro de Arbués, a prominent member of the Spanish Inquisition		Assassinated while praying in La Seo Cathedral of Zaragosa. His death allowed Grand Inquisitor Tomás de Torquemada to massively expand the Spanish Inquisition.
1870	Juan Prim, Prime Minister of Spain and Governor of Puerto Rico		Shot in Madrid by unknown hand.
1897	Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, Prime Minister of Spain	Michele Angiolillo	Shot in a spa in Mondragón, Guipúzcoa.
1912	José Canalejas, Prime Minister of Spain	Manuel Pardiñas	Shot in Madrid.
1921	Eduardo Dato Iradier, Prime Minister of Spain	Lluís Nicolau, Pere Mateu, and Ramon Casanelles	Shot in Madrid by Catalan anarchists.
1923	Juan Cardinal Soldevilla y Romero, Roman Catholic archbishop of Zaragoza	Los Solidarios
1936	José Castillo, Spanish Socialist Workers' Party lieutenant in the Assault Guards	Falangist gunmen	Killed in Madrid.
1936	José Calvo Sotelo, right-wing politician		Killed in a police vehicle in Madrid.
1936	Federico García Lorca, Spanish poet and dramatist	Nationalists	Shot at Alfacar by fascists.
1936	Raoul Villain, assassin of Jean Jaurès		Shot on the island of Ibiza.
1937	Camillo Berneri, Italian anarchist
1937	Andrés Nin, Spanish Communist revolutionary		Taken to a camp by the Spanish Government and probably killed there. (this is disputed).
1967	Mohamed Khider, Algerian politician		Killed in Madrid.
1968	Melitón Manzanas, secret police officer and state torturer	Members of ETA	Killed at Irún, Guipúzcoa.
December 20, 1973	Luis Carrero Blanco, Spanish prime minister[10]	ETA	Shot while driving through Madrid. The murder of Luis Carrero Blanco was, according to ETA, then to intensify existing divisions within the Franco regime between the "openness" and "purists".
1984	Santiago Brouard, Basque nationalist	Grupos Antiterroristas de Liberación
1997	Miguel Ángel Blanco, Basque politician	ETA	Kidnapped and later killed.
2000	Fernando Buesa Blanco, Basque politician and party leader	ETA	Car bombing in Vitoria.
2000	Ernest Lluch Martín, former Spanish minister	ETA	Shot in Barcelona.
2014	Isabel Carrasco, governor of León province, leader of People's Party in León		Shot in León.

Sweden

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
1156	King Sverker I of Sweden
1160	King Eric IX of Sweden
1167	King Charles VII of Sweden
1436	Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson, Regent of Sweden
1577	King Eric XIV of Sweden		On order of his half-brother King John III of Sweden
1792	King Gustav III of Sweden	Jacob Johan Anckarström	The king was shot at a masquerade ball and died two weeks later from his wounds.
June 20, 1810	Count Axel von Fersen, Marshal of the Realm	Otto Johan Tandefelt, sailor ("crushing of the ribcage" by jumping with both feet on Count von Fersen's chest.)	Killed by a vicious mob in Stockholm, who blamed him for the death of Crown Prince Carl August. Army soldiers were present at the scene, but were ordered not to interfere.
1971	Vladimir Rolović, Yugoslav ambassador	Croatian National Resistance
February 28, 1986	Olof Palme, Prime Minister of Sweden[2]	Unknown	Shot on his way home from a cinema on a street in central Stockholm. He was not accompanied by any bodyguards on this occasion.
September 11, 2003	Anna Lindh, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Sweden	Mijailo Mijailović	Lindh was stabbed while visiting the NK department store in central Stockholm on September 10. She died the following morning. Lindh was prominently featured in the ”Yes” campaign during the Euro referendum, which took place later in the same weekend. She did not have any protective detail assigned to her, because the Swedish Security Police had not received, or perceived there to be no specific threats made against her.

Switzerland

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
1308	Albert I of Habsburg, German King and Duke of Austria	John Parricida	Albert was killed by his nephew, whom he had deprived of his inheritance, at Windisch on the Reuss River.
1639	Jörg Jenatsch		Killed in Chur
1898	Elisabeth ("Sisi"), empress of Austria and queen of Hungary	Luigi Lucheni	Lucheni attacked the Empress randomly on the street of Geneva. Elisabeth was stabbed in the heart once with a sharp needle file. Due to her extremely tight corset, she had no idea she has been wounded and collapsed suddenly two hours later due to slow internal hemorrhaging.
1923	Vatslav Vorovsky, Soviet diplomat	Maurice Conradi
1936	Wilhelm Gustloff, German leader of the Swiss Nazi party
1960	Félix-Roland Moumié, successor to Ruben Um Nyobe at the head of the UPC		Assassinated by the SDECE (French secret services).
1990	Kazem Rajavi, Iranian opposition leader		Killed in Geneva.

United Kingdom

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
293	Carausius, usurper of the Western Roman Empire
946	Edmund I, King of England		Stabbed at a banquet
978	Edward the Martyr, King of England
995	Kenneth II, King of Scotland
1100	William Rufus, King of England	Walter Tirel	Shot in the heart with an arrow, supposedly by accident, but the circumstances remain unclear.
1170	Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury	Four knights	Stabbed to death in Canterbury Cathedral on the orders of Henry II of England
1306	John III Comyn, Lord of Badenoch	Robert the Bruce, Roger de Kirkpatrick
1346	Raghnall Mac Ruaidhrí	William III, Earl of Ross	Killed at Elcho Priory whilst attending a royal muster on the eve of a Scottish invasion of England.
1381	Robert Hales, Lord High Treasurer		Beheaded at Tower Hill by rebels during the Peasants' Revolt.
1381	Simon of Sudbury, Lord Chancellor, Archbishop of Canterbury and Bishop of London		Beheaded at Tower Hill by rebels during the Peasants' Revolt.
1381	John Cavendish, Chief Justice of the King's Bench, Chancellor of the University of Cambridge		Beheaded in Bury St Edmunds by rebels during the Peasants' Revolt.
1437	King James I of Scotland	Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl (coup leader), Sir Robert Graham (dealt lethal blow)	Killed at Perth on the night of 20–1 February in a failed coup by his kinsman and former ally Walter Stewart.
1452	William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas	James II of Scotland
1471	Henry VI of England, King of England		Killed in the Tower of London likely on the orders of Edward IV of England.
1488	King James III of Scotland		Killed by rebels.
1567	Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, husband of Mary, Queen of Scots		Killed at Kirk o' Field, Edinburgh
1570	James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray, Regent of Scotland	James Hamilton	The first assassination carried out with a firearm.
1628	George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, Lord High Admiral/royal favourite	John Felton	Stabbed in Portsmouth whilst planning a second expedition to La Rochelle.
1679	James Sharp, Archbishop of St Andrews		Killed in Fife, near St Andrews.
1812	Spencer Perceval, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom	John Bellingham	The only British prime minister to be assassinated.
1812	Louis-Alexandre de Launay, French diplomat		Stabbed to death with a stiletto by his former servant at his home in Barnes. His wife was also killed.
1916	Lord Kitchener, British Field Marshal and Secretary of State for War		Killed on the HMS Hampshire after the cruiser struck a mine off Orkney. His body was never recovered. Some claim that Kitchener was deliberately assassinated; Fritz Joubert Duquesne, a German spy, claimed to have orchestrated the sinking of the Hampshire.
June 22, 1922	Henry Hughes Wilson, British field marshal, retired Chief of the Imperial General Staff and Conservative politician[3]	Reginald Dunne and Joseph O'Sullivan	Killed outside his house in Eaton Square, London, by voluntary members of the Irish Republican Army.
1940	Michael O'Dwyer, former Lieutenant Governor of the Punjab	Udham Singh, a Punjabi revolutionary	Killed during a speech at Caxton Hall, London.
1972	Paddy Wilson, Social Democratic and Labour Party politician		Stabbed to death in Belfast, along with his friend Irene Andrews. See Paddy Wilson and Irene Andrews killings.
1975	Ross McWhirter, co-author of the Guinness Book of Records and right wing political activist	Harry Duggan and Hugh Doherty	Killed outside his home in Bush Hill Park, London, by members of the Balcombe Street Gang, both of whom were Irish Republican Army volunteers.
1977	Kadhi Abdullah al-Hagri, past prime minister of Yemen Arab Republic		Killed in London.
1978	Georgi Markov, Bulgarian dissident		Died in London after being attacked with ricin fired from a gun disguised as an umbrella on Waterloo Bridge.
July 9, 1978	Abdul Razak al-Naif, former Prime Minister of Iraq		Killed in London
1979	Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, former Governor-General of India	Thomas McMahon	Killed along with three others while on a fishing trip with his family by a bomb planted onto his boat by McMahon. McMahon was a member of the Provisional Irish Republican Army, who claimed responsibility for the attack.
1979	Airey Neave, British Conservative politician		Car bombing outside Palace of Westminster, by members of the Irish National Liberation Army
1981	Sir Norman Stronge, aristocrat and Northern Irish politician, and his son, Sir James Stronge, aristocrat and Northern Irish politician	IRA members	Both were killed by members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army at their ancestral home, Tynan Abbey in County Armagh, which the Provisional IRA later set on fire.
1981	Robert Bradford, Unionist MP in Northern Ireland	IRA members	Murdered during a speech at Finaghy in Belfast.
1982	Shlomo Argov, Israeli Ambassador to the Court of St. James's		Although Argov survived this assassination attempt, the injuries he sustained in the attack resulted in his death in 2003.
1983	Edgar Graham, Ulster Unionist politician		Shot by an IRA gunman outside Queens University Belfast.
1987	George Seawright, Northern Ireland politician	IPLA members	Killed by the Irish People's Liberation Organisation in Shankill, Belfast.
1989	Patrick Finucane, solicitor	Ken Barrett	Killed in Belfast by Ulster Loyalists.
1990	Ian Gow, British Conservative politician	IRA members	Killed by a car bomb near his house in East Sussex.
1997	Billy Wright, Loyalist Volunteer Force leader	INLA prisoners	Killed in Maze Prison.
1999	Jill Dando, British television presenter		Shot outside her own home in Fulham, London by unknown hand.
2006	Alexander Litvinenko, former FSB officer and critic of Vladimir Putin	Unknown, though believed to be figures within the government of Russia	Acute radiation syndrome via ingestion of polonium-210. See Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko.

Ukraine

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
1918	Mykola Leontovych, Ukrainian composer
1926	Symon Petlura, Ukrainian political leader	Sholom Schwartzbard
1938	Yevhen Konovaletz, Ukrainian nationalist leader	Pavel Sudoplatov
1959	Stepan Bandera, Ukrainian nationalist leader	Bohdan Stashynsky
1957	Lev Rebet, Ukrainian nationalist leader	Bohdan Stashynsky
1979	Volodymyr Ivasiuk, Ukrainian composer
1995	Akhat Bragin, Ukrainian businessman of Tatar descent, president of the football club Shakhtar Donetsk until his death.
1998	Vadym Hetman, politician, banker
2000	Georgiy Gongadze, Ukrainian journalist
2000	Yevhen Shcherban, Ukrainian politician
2005	Stepan Senchuk, Ukrainian politician
2014	Oleh Babayev, Mayor of Kremenchuk
2015	Oles Buzina, Ukrainian pro-Russian writer

Yugoslavia

Date	Victim(s)	Assassin(s)	Notes
268	Gallienus, Roman emperor		Killed near Naissus.
282	Probus, Roman emperor		Assassinated at Sirmium.
285	Carinus, Roman emperor		Assassinated at Margus.
2000	Željko Ražnatović ("Arkan"), Serb paramilitary leader
2000	Pavle Bulatović, defense minister of Yugoslavia
2000	Boško Perošević, Serbian politician	Milivoje Gutović	Assassinated at Novi Sad Fair.
2000	Ivan Stambolić, Serbian politician

References

1. World Almanac 2004, p155
2. "Historic Assassinations Since 1865," The World Almanac and Book of Facts 2004, p156 (World Almanac 2004)
3. 20th Century Timeline, p118
4. "Historic Assassinations Since 1865," The World Almanac and Book of Facts 1982 (World Almanac 1982), p750
5. Adams, John (1794). A defence of the constitutions of government of the United States of America, against the attack of M. Turgot in his letter to Dr. Price, dated the twenty-second day of March, 1778. London: John Stockdale. pp. 153–155. OCLC 2678599. Retrieved November 6, 2010.
6. "Assassinations and Political Murders," 20th Century Timeline (Griesewood & Dempsey, Ltd., 1985) (Crescent Books, 1985) [20th Century Timeline] , p119
7. "stalin's secret pogrom-INTRO". Joshuarubenstein.com. Retrieved 2012-01-29.
8. http://www.eng.terror99.ru/publications/092.htm
9. http://www.eng.terror99.ru/publications/118.htm
10. 20th Century Timeline, p120