Maharashtra

Maharashtra
महाराष्ट्र
Clockwise from top
Pratapgad fort (near Mahabaleshwar) located in the Western Ghats
Painting of Padmapani at Ajanta caves and Kailasa temple
Trimurti sculpture of Elephanta Caves
The Gateway of India
Seal of Maharashtra
Seal

Location of Maharashtra in India

Map of Maharashtra
Coordinates (Mumbai): 18°57′36″N 72°49′12″E / 18.96°N 72.820°E / 18.96; 72.820Coordinates: 18°57′36″N 72°49′12″E / 18.96°N 72.820°E / 18.96; 72.820
Country  India
Region Western India
Formation 1 May 1960† (Maharashtra Day)
Capital and largest city Mumbai
Districts 36 total
Government
 • Body Government of Maharashtra
 • Governor C. Vidyasagar Rao
 • Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis
 • Legislature Bicameral
Legislative Council 78
Legislative Assembly 288
 • Parliamentary constituency 48
 • High Court Bombay High Court
Area
 • Total 307,713 km2 (118,809 sq mi)
Area rank 3rd
Population (2011)[1]
 • Total 112,372,972
 • Rank 2nd
 • Density 370/km2 (950/sq mi)
Demonym(s) Maharashtrian
Time zone IST (UTC+05:30)
ISO 3166 code IN-MH
Vehicle registration MH-
HDI Increase 0.572[2] (medium)
HDI rank 12th, GDP $288 Billion (2015) Economy Rank 1st
Literacy Rate 82.9% (6th)
Sex ratio 929 ♀/1000 ♂ (2011)[3]
Official language Marathi
Website www.maharashtra.gov.in
†The State of Bombay was split into two States i.e. Maharashtra and Gujarat by the Bombay Reorganisation Act 1960[4]

Maharashtra (/mɑːhəˈrɑːʃtrə/; Marathi pronunciation: locally: [məharaːʂʈrə], abbr. MH) is a state in the western region of India and is India's third-largest state by area and is also the world's second-most populous sub-national entity. It has over 110 million inhabitants and its capital, Mumbai, has a population of approximately 18 million. Nagpur is Maharashtra's second capital as well as winter capital.[5] Maharashtra's business opportunities along with its potential to offer a higher standard of living attract migrants from all over India.

Ancient and medieval Maharashtra included the empires of the Satavahana dynasty, Rashtrakuta dynasty, Western Chalukyas, Mughals and Marathas. Spread over 118,809 sq mi (307,710 km2), it is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west and the Indian states of Karnataka, Telangana, Goa, Gujarat, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and the Union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli. The major rivers of the state are Godavari, Krishna, Narmada and Tapi. The state has several tourist destinations including the popular Hindu places of pilgrimage, Pandharpur, Dehu and Alandi. Other places that attract pilgrims from other parts of India and beyond include Hazur Sahib Gurudwara at Nanded, and Sai Baba shrine at Shirdi. Maharashtra is the second most urbanised state in India,[6] after Tamil Nadu, with large cities besides the capital Mumbai such as Pune, Nagpur, Nashik and Aurangabad.

Maharashtra is one of the wealthiest and the most developed states in India, contributing 25% of the country's industrial output and 23.2% of its GDP (2010–11).[7] As of 2011, the state had a per capita income of ₹1.0035 lakh (US$1,500), more than the national average of ₹0.73 lakh (US$1,100). Its GDP per capita crossed the ₹1.20 lakh (US$1,800) threshold for the first time in 2013, making it one of the richest states in India. However, as of 2014, the GDP per capita reduced to ₹1.03 lakh (US$1,500)[8] Agriculture and industries are the largest parts of the state's economy. Major industries include chemical products, electrical and non-electrical machinery, textiles, petroleum and allied products.

Etymology

The modern Marathi language developed from the Maharashtri Prakrit,[9] and the word Mahratta (later used for the Marathas) is found in the Jain Maharashtri literature. The terms Maharashtra, Maharashtri, Marathi and Maratha may have derived from the same root. However, their exact etymology is uncertain.[10] The Nashik Gazetteer states that in 246 BC Maharatta is mentioned as one of the places to which Mauryan emperor Ashoka sent an embassy, and Maharashtraka is recorded in a Chalukyan inscription of 580 CE as including three provinces and 99,000 villages. But the Marathas as a people do not seem to be mentioned before the thirteenth or fourteenth century.[11][12]

The most widely accepted theory among the linguistic scholars is that the words Maratha and Maharashtra ultimately derive from a combination of Maha (Marathi: महा) and rashtrika (Marathi: राष्ट्रिका).[10] The word rashtrika is a Sanskritized form of Ratta, the name of a tribe or dynasty of petty chiefs ruling in the Deccan region.[13] Another theory is that the term is derived from Maha ("great") and ratha / rathi (chariot / charioteer), which refers to a skillful northern fighting force that migrated southward into the area.[13][14]

An alternative theory states that the term derives from the word Maha ("great") and Rashtra ("nation/dominion").[15] However, this theory has not found acceptance among modern scholars who believe it to be the Sanskritised interpretation of later writers.[10]

History

Maharashtra was ruled by the Maurya Empire in the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE. Around 230 BCE Maharashtra came under the rule of the Satavahana dynasty for 400 years.[16] The greatest ruler of the Satavahana Dynasty was Gautamiputra Satakarni. In 90 CE Vedishri,[17] son of the Satavahana king Satakarni, the "Lord of Dakshinapatha, wielder of the unchecked wheel of Sovereignty", made Junnar, thirty miles north of Pune, the capital of his kingdom. The state was also ruled by Western Satraps, Gupta Empire, Gurjara-Pratihara, Vakataka, Kadambas, Chalukya Empire, Rashtrakuta Dynasty, and Western Chalukya before finally, the Yadava rule. The Buddhist Ajanta Caves in present-day Aurangabad display influences from the Satavahana and Vakataka style. The caves were possibly excavated during this period.[18] The Chalukya dynasty ruled from the 6th century to the 8th century CE and the two prominent rulers were Pulakeshin II, who defeated the north Indian Emperor Harsha, and Vikramaditya II, who defeated the Arab invaders in the 8th century. The Rashtrakuta dynasty ruled Maharashtra from the 8th to the 10th century.[19] The Arab traveller Sulaiman described the ruler of the Rashtrakuta Dynasty (Amoghavarsha) as "one of the 4 great kings of the world".[20] From the early 11th century to the 12th century the Deccan Plateau, which includes a significant part of Maharashtra, was dominated by the Western Chalukya Empire and the Chola dynasty.[21] Several battles were fought between the Western Chalukya Empire and the Chola dynasty in the Deccan Plateau during the reigns of Raja Raja Chola I, Rajendra Chola I, Jayasimha II, Someshvara I and Vikramaditya VI.[22]

In the early 14th century, the Yadava dynasty, which ruled most of present-day Maharashtra, was overthrown by the Delhi Sultanate ruler Ala-ud-din Khalji. Later, Muhammad bin Tughluq conquered parts of the Deccan, and temporarily shifted his capital from Delhi to Daulatabad in Maharashtra. After the collapse of the Tughluqs in 1347, the local Bahmani Sultanate of Gulbarga took over, governing the region for the next 150 years.[23] After the break-up of the Bahamani sultanate in 1518, Maharashtra split into five Deccan Sultanates: Nizamshah of Ahmednagar, Adilshah of Bijapur, Qutubshah of Golkonda, Bidarshah of Bidar and Imadshah of Elichpur. These kingdoms often fought with each other. United, they decisively defeated the Vijayanagara Empire of the south in 1565.[24] The present area of Mumbai was ruled by the Sultanate of Gujarat before its capture by Portugal in 1535 and the Faruqi dynasty ruled the Khandesh region between 1382 and 1601 before finally getting annexed by the Mughal Empire. Malik Ambar, the regent of the Nizamshahi dynasty of Ahmednagar from 1607 to 1626.[25] increased the strength and power of Murtaza Nizam Shah and raised a large army. Malik Ambar is said to have been a proponent of guerilla warfare in the Deccan region. Malik Ambar assisted Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in Delhi against his stepmother, Nur Jahan, who had ambitions of seating her son-in-law on the throne.[26]

By the early 17th century, Shahaji Bhosale, an ambitious local general who had served Ahmadnagar Nizamshahi , the Mughals and Adil Shah of Bijapur at different periods during his career, attempted to establish his independent rule.[27] His son Shivaji succeeded in establishing the Maratha Empire which was further expanded during the 18th century by the Bhat family Peshwas based in Pune, Bhonsle of Nagpur, Gaekwad of Baroda, Holkar of Indore, Scindia and Mahadik of Gwalior.[28] At its peak, the empire covered much of the subcontinent, encompassing a territory of over 2.8 million km². The Marathas are credited to a large extent for ending the Mughal rule in India.[29][30][31] The Marathas defeated the Mughals, and conquered large territories in northern and central parts of the Indian subcontinent. After their defeat at the hand of Ahmad Shah Abdali's Afghan forces in the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761, the Maratha suffered a setback. However, the Marathas soon regained lost influence and ruled central and north India including New Delhi until the end of the eighteenth century. The Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–1818) led to the end of the Maratha Empire and East India Company ruled the country in 1819.[32][33]

India contains no more than two great powers, British and Mahratta, and every other state acknowledges the influence of one or the other. Every inch that we recede will be occupied by them.
—  Charles Metcalfe, one of the ablest of the British Officials in India and later acting Governor-General, wrote in 1806

The British governed western Maharashtra as part of the Bombay Presidency, which spanned an area from Karachi in Pakistan to northern Deccan. A number of the Maratha states persisted as princely states, retaining autonomy in return for acknowledging British suzerainty. The largest princely states in the territory were Nagpur, Satara and Kolhapur; Satara was annexed to the Bombay Presidency in 1848, and Nagpur was annexed in 1853 to become Nagpur Province, later part of the Central Provinces. Berar, which had been part of the Nizam of Hyderabad's kingdom, was occupied by the British in 1853 and annexed to the Central Provinces in 1903.[34] However, a large part called Marathwada remained part of the Nizam's Hyderabad State throughout the British period. The period of British rule was marked by social reforms and an improvement in infrastructure as well as revolts due to their discriminatory policies. At the beginning of the 20th century, the struggle for independence took shape, led by nationalist extremists like Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Vinayak Damodar Savarkar and the moderates like Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Pherozeshah Mehta and Dadabhai Naoroji who were all born in this region. After the partial autonomy given to the states by the Government of India Act of 1935, B. G. Kher became the first Chief Minister of the Congress party led Government of tri-lingual Bombay Presidency.[35] The ultimatum to the British during the Quit India Movement was given in Mumbai, and culminated in the transfer of power and independence in 1947.

After India's independence, the Deccan States, including Kolhapur were integrated into Bombay State, which was created from the former Bombay Presidency in 1950.[36] In 1956, the States Reorganisation Act reorganised the Indian states along linguistic lines, and Bombay Presidency State was enlarged by the addition of the predominantly Marathi-speaking regions of Marathwada (Aurangabad Division) from erstwhile Hyderabad state and Vidarbha region from the Central Provinces and Berar. The southernmost part of Bombay State was ceded to Mysore. From 1954 to 1955 the people of Maharashtra strongly protested against bilingual Bombay state and Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti, under the leadership of Gopalrao Khedkar, was formed.[37][38] The Mahagujarat Movement was started, seeking a separate Gujarat state. Keshavrao Jedhe, S.M. Joshi, Shripad Amrit Dange, Pralhad Keshav Atre and other leaders fought for a separate state of Maharashtra with Mumbai as its capital under the banner of Samyukta Maharashtra Movement. On 1 May 1960, following mass protests and 105 deaths, the separate Marathi-speaking state was formed by dividing earlier Bombay State into the new states of Maharashtra and Gujarat.[39] The state continues to have a dispute with Karnataka regarding the region of Belgaum and Karwar.[40][41][42]

Geography and climate

Dried up Godavari at Puntamba, Ahmadnagar district after a poor Monsoon
Deccan Traps as seen from Matheran on the Sahyadri range
Wardha River river at Pulgaon

Maharashtra occupies the western and central part of the country and has a long coastline stretching nearly 720 kilometres along the Arabian Sea.[43] One of the more prominent physical features of Maharsahtra is the Deccan plateau, which is separated from the Konkan coastline by 'Ghats'.[44] The Ghats are a succession of steep hills, periodically bisected by narrow roads. Most of the famous hill stations of the state are at the Ghats. The Western Ghats (or the Sahyadri Mountain range) provide a physical backbone to the state on the west, while the Satpura Hills along the north and Bhamragad-Chiroli-Gaikhuri ranges on the east serve as its natural borders.[45] The state is surrounded by Gujarat to the north west, Madhya Pradesh to the north, Chhattisgarh to the east, Telangana to the south east, Karnataka to the south and Goa to the south west.[46]

Maharashtra is the third largest state by area in India.[6] Its coastline is 330 miles (530 km) long along the Arabian Sea. The Western Ghats better known as Sahyadri, are a hilly range running parallel to the coast, at an average elevation of 1,200 metres (4,000 ft).[44] Kalsubai, a peak in the Sahyadris, near Nashik city is the highest elevated point in Maharashtra.[47] To the west of these hills lie the Konkan coastal plains, 50–80 kilometres in width. To the east of the Ghats lies the flat Deccan Plateau. Forests comprise 17% of the total area of the state.[43] A majority of the forests are in the eastern and Sahyadri regions of the state. The main rivers of the state are Krishna, Bhima, Godavari, Tapi-Purna and Wardha-Wainganga.[43][48] Since the central parts of the state receives low rainfall, most of the rivers in the region have multiple dams. Maharashtra has around 1821 notable large dams.[49]

Maharashtra is divided into five geographic regions. Konkan is the western coastal region, between the Western Ghats and the sea.[50] Kandesh is the north-western region lying in the valley of the Tapti River.[48] Jalgaon, Dhule and Bhusawal are the major cities of this region.[51] Desh is in the centre of the state.[52] Marathwada, which was a part of the princely state of Hyderabad until 1956, is located in the southeastern part of the state.[43][53] Aurangabad and Nanded are the main cities of the region.[54] Vidarbha is the easternmost region of the state, formerly part of Central Provinces and Berar. Nagpur, where the winter session of the state assembly is held, and Amravati are the main cities in the region.[43] Sahyadri range, with an elevation of 1000 meters, is known for its crowning plateaus.[55] Lying between the Arabian Sea and the Sahyadri Range, Konkan is narrow coastal lowland, just 50 km wide and with an elevation below 200 meters.[56] The third important region is the Satpura hills along the northern border, and the Bhamragad-Chiroli-Gaikhuri ranges on the eastern border, which form physical barriers preventing easy movement. These ranges also serve as natural limits to the state.[43][57]

Maharashtra has typical monsoon climate, with hot, rainy and cold weather seasons. However, dew, frost and hail also occur sometimes, depending upon the seasonal weather. The winter in January and February is followed by summer between March and May and the monsoon season between June and September. Summers are extreme with March, April and May as the hottest months. During April and May thunderstorms are common all over the state. Temperature varies between 22 °C and 39 °C during this season. Rainfall starts normally in the first week of June. July is the wettest month in Maharashtra, while August also gets substantial rain. Monsoon starts its retreat with the coming of September to the state. Winter season is a cool, dry spell, with clear skies gentle breeze; pleasant weather prevails from November to February. But the eastern part of Maharashtra sometimes receives some rainfall. Temperature varies between 12 °C and 34 °C during this season. Rainfall in Maharashtra differs from region to region. Thane, Raigad, Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg districts, receive heavy rains of an average of 200 centimetres annually. But the districts of Nasik, Pune, Ahmednagar, Dhule, Jalgaon, Satara, Sangli, Solapur and parts of Kolhapur get rainfall less than 50 centimetres. Rainfall particularly concentrates at the Konkan and Sahyadrian Maharashtra. Central Maharashtra receives less rainfall. However, under the influence of the Bay of Bengal, eastern Vidarbha receives good rainfall in July, August and September.[58]

Biodiversity

State symbols of Maharashtra[59]
Animal Indian giant squirrel
Bird Green Imperial Pigeon
Tree Mango
Flower Lagerstroemia speciosa
Dance Lavani
Sport Kabaddi

Flora of Maharashtra is heterogeneous in composition. In 2012 the recorded thick forest area in the state was 61,939 km2 (23,915 sq mi) which was about 20.13% of the state's geographical area.[60] There are three main Public Forestry Institutions (PFIs) in the Maharashtra state: the Maharashtra Forest Department (MFD), the Forest Development Corporation of Maharashtra (FDCM) and the Directorate of Social Forestry (SFD).[61]

The flora of regions such as Nag region formed by Nagpur, Bhandara, Chandrapur and Gadchiroli and the plateau of Vidarbha composed by Wardha, Amravati, Yavatmal, Akola and Buldhana districts.[60] Most of the forests are found in the Sahyadri region and are very dense.[62] These forests are confined to areas which have low annual rainfall (50–70 cm), a mean annual temperature of 25–27 °C and low humidity. Some of the forest areas are converted into wildlife reserves, thus preserving their biodiversity.[63]

Maharashtra is known for its extensive avifauna. The state has three game reserves, as well as several national parks and bird sanctuaries.[64] Wild sanctuaries in the state include Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary, Bor Wildlife Sanctuary, Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary, Chandoli National Park, Sanjay Gandhi National Park and Mhadei Wildlife Sanctuary.[65] The most common animals are found in the state are tigers, black panthers, leopards, gaur, sloth bears, sambar, four-headed antelope, blue bull, chital, barking deer, mouse deer, civet cats, jackals, jungle cats, spotted hyena, and hare.[66] Other animals in the state include reptiles such as lizards, cobras and kraits.[64] The national parks of Maharashtra possess a variety of plant species that include jamun, palas, shisam, neem, teak, dhawada, kalam, ain, bija, shirish, mango, acacia, awala, kadamba, moha, terminalia, hedu and ficus.[67]

Regions, divisions and districts

refer caption
Divisions of Maharashtra

Maharashtra consists of six administrative divisions:[68]

  1. Amravati
  2. Aurangabad
  3. Konkan
  4. Nagpur
  5. Nashik
  6. Pune

The state's six divisions are further divided into 36 districts, 109 sub-divisions and 357 talukas.[69] Maharashtra's top five districts by population, as ranked by the 2011 Census, are listed in the following table.[70]

Each district is governed by a district collector or district magistrate, appointed either by the Indian Administrative Service or the Maharashtra Civil Service.[71] Districts are subdivided into sub-divisions, governed by sub-divisional magistrates, and again into blocks.[72] A block consists of panchayats (village councils) and town municipalities.[73][74] Talukas are intermediate level panchayat between the zilla panchayat (district councils) at the district level and gram panchayat (village councils) at the lower level.[72][75]

Demographics

Religion in Maharashtra (2011)[77]

  Hinduism (79.8%)
  Islam (11.5%)
  Buddhism (5.8%)
  Jainism (1.2%)
  Christianity (1.0%)
  Sikhism (0.2%)
  Other (0.5%)

According to the provisional results of the 2011 national census, Maharashtra is the second most populous state in India with a population of 112,374,333 (9.28% of India's population) of which male and female are 58,243,056 and 54,131,277 respectively.[78] The total population growth in 2011 was 15.99 percent while in the previous decade it was 22.57 percent.[79][80] Since independence, the decadal growth rate of population has remained higher (except in the year 1971) than the national average. For the first time, in the year 2011, it was found to be lower than the national average.[80] The 2011 census for the state found 55% of the population to be rural with 45% being urban based.[81] The state has a large number of Uttar Pradesh diaspora.[82] Marathis comprise the majority of the population. Bihari, Gujarati, Sindhis, Punjabis, Parsis, Marwari, Kannada and Tamil minorities are scattered throughout the state. The 2011 census found scheduled castes and scheduled tribes to account for 11.8 and 8.9% of the population respectively.[83] The scheduled tribes include adivasis such as Thakar, Warli, Konkana and Halba.[84]

According to the 2011 census, Hinduism was the principal religion in the state at 79.8% of the total population, while Muslims constituted 11.5% of the total population. Buddhism accounted for 5.8% in Maharashtra's total population, with 6,531,200 followers, which is 77% of all Buddhists in India. Sikhs, Christians and Jains constituted 0.2%, 1.0%, 1.2% of the population respectively.[77] The state contributed 9.28% to India's population.[85] The sex ratio in Maharashtra was 925 females per 1000 males, which was below the national average of 940.[3] The density of Maharashtra was 365 inhabitants per km2 which was lower than national average 382 per km2. Since 1921, the populations of Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg shrank by −4.96% and −2.30% respectively, while the population of Thane grew by 35.9%, followed by Pune at 30.3%.[86] The literacy rate rose to 83.2%.[87] Of this, male literacy stood at 89.82% and female literacy 75.48%.[78][88]

The official language is Marathi[89] although different regions have their own dialects.[90] English is applicable in urban areas. Spoken Marathi language varies by district, area or locality in its tone and a few words. Konkani is also spoken in some areas. Other major dialects include Varhadii spoken in the Vidarbha region and Dangii spoken near the Maharashtra-Gujarat border. Alphabet L is abundantly used in many verbs and nouns in Marathi. It is replaced by the letter y in the Varhadii dialect, which makes it quite distinct.[91] According to the economic survey of Maharashtra (2008–09), the percentage of the state's population that names Marathi as its mother tongue has declined to 72% from 76.5% over the past three decades, while there has been a sharp rise in the Hindi-speaking population (11% from 5%) in the same period.[92]

Government and administration

Maharashtra High Court
The Bombay High Court, one of the most distinguished high courts in India

Maharashtra has a parliamentary system of government with two democratically elected houses, the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council. The Maharashtra Legislative Assembly consists of 288 members who are elected for five-year terms.[93] The Maharashtra Legislative Council is a permanent body of 78 members. The government of Maharashtra is headed by the Chief Minister, who is chosen by the ruling party members of the Legislative Assembly. The Chief Minister, along with the council of ministers, drives the legislative agenda and exercises most of the executive powers.[94] However, the constitutional and formal head of the state is the Governor, who is appointed for a five-year term by the President of India on the advice of the Union government.[95]

The politics of the state since its formation in 1960 has been dominated by the Indian National Congress party. Maharashtra became a bastion of the Congress party producing stalwarts such as Yashwantrao Chavan, Vasantdada Patil, Vasantrao Naik and Shankarrao Chavan. Sharad Pawar has been a towering personality in the state and National politics for over thirty years. During his career, he has split the Congress twice with significant consequences for the state politics.[96][97] The Congress party enjoyed a near unchallenged dominance of the political landscape until 1995 when the Shiv Sena and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) secured an overwhelming majority in the state to form a coalition government.[98] After his second parting from the Congress party in 1999, Sharad Pawar formed the NCP but formed a coalition with the Congress to keep out the BJP-Shivsena combine out of the government for the last fifteen years. Prithviraj Chavan of the Congress party was the last Chief Minister of Maharashtra under the Congress / NCP alliance until September 2014.[99][100][101] For the 2014 assembly polls, the two alliances between NCP and Congress and that between BJP and Shivsena respectively broke down over seat allocations. In the election, the largest number of seats went to the Bharatiya Janata Party, with 122 seats. The BJP initially formed a minority government under Devendra Fadnavis but the Shivsena has, as of December 2014, entered the Government and therefore the Government now enjoys a comfortable majority in the Maharashtra Vidhansabha.[102]

The people of Maharashtra also elect 48 members to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Indian Parliament. In the 2014 general elections, the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), consisting of the Bharatiya Janata Party, the Shiv Sena, and Swabhimani Paksha, won 23, 18, and 1 seats, respectively.[103] The members of the state Legislative Assembly elect 19 members to the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Indian Parliament.[104]

Men in traditional Indian dresses posing for a photograph
First session of the Indian National Congress in Bombay (28–31 December 1885).

The state has a long tradition of highly powerful planning bodies at district and local levels. Local self governance institutions in rural areas include 34 zilla parishads, 355 Taluka Panchayat samitis and 27,993 Gram panchayats. Urban areas in the state are governed by 26 Municipal Corporations, 222 Municipal Councils, four Nagar Panchayats and seven Cantonment Boards.[80][105] The administration in each district is headed by a Deputy Commissioner, who belongs to the Indian Administrative Service and is assisted by a number of officers belonging to Maharashtra state services.[106] The Deputy Commissioner of Police, an officer belonging to the Indian Police Service and assisted by the officers of the Maharashtra Police Service, maintains law and order in addition to other related issues in each district. The Deputy Conservator of Forests, an officer belonging to the Indian Forest Service, manages the forests, environment and wildlife of the district, assisted by the officers of Maharashtra Forest Service and Maharashtra Forest Subordinate Service.[107] Sectoral development in the districts is looked after by the district head of each development department, such as Public Works, Health, Education, Agriculture and Animal Husbandry.[108][109]

The judiciary in the state consists of the Maharashtra High Court (The High Court of Bombay), district and session courts in each district and lower courts and judges at the taluka level.[110] The High Court has regional branches at Nagpur and Aurangabad in Maharashtra and Panaji which is the capital of Goa.[111] The state cabinet on 13 May 2015 passed a resolution favouring the setting up of one more bench of the Bombay high court in Kolhapur, covering the region.[112] The President of India appoints the chief justice of the High Court of the Maharashtra judiciary on the advice of the chief justice of the Supreme Court of India as well as the Governor of Maharashtra.[113] Other judges are appointed by the chief justice of the high court of the judiciary on the advice of the Chief Justice.[114] Subordinate Judicial Service is another vital part of the judiciary of Maharashtra.[115] The subordinate judiciary or the district courts are categorised into two divisions: the Maharashtra civil judicial services and higher judicial service.[116] While the Maharashtra civil judicial services comprises the Civil Judges (Junior Division)/Judicial Magistrates and civil judges (Senior Division)/Chief Judicial Magistrate, the higher judicial service comprises civil and sessions judges.[117] The Subordinate judicial service of the judiciary is controlled by the District Judge.[114][118]

Economy

Net State Domestic Product at Factor Cost at Current Prices (2004–05 Base)[119]

figures in crores of Indian rupees

Year Net State Domestic Product
2004–2005 368,369
2005–2006 433,559
2006–2007 524,137
2007–2008 614,071
2008–2009 699,603
2009–2010 817,891

The economy of Maharashtra is driven by international trade, Mass Media (television, motion pictures, video games, recorded music), aerospace, technology, petroleum, fashion, apparel, and tourism.[120] Maharashtra is the most industrialised state and has maintained the leading position in the industrial sector in India.[121] The State is pioneer in small scale industries.[122] Mumbai, the capital of state and the financial capital of India, houses the headquarters of most of the major corporate and financial institutions. India's main stock exchanges and capital market and commodity exchanges are located in Mumbai. The State continues to attract industrial investments from domestic as well as foreign institutions. Maharashtra has the largest proportion of taxpayers in India and its share markets transact almost 70 per cent of the country's stocks.[123]

The Service sector dominates the economy of Maharashtra, accounting for 61.4% of the value addition and 69.3% of the value of output in the country.[124] The state's per-capita income is 40% higher than the all-India average.[125] The gross state domestic product (GSDP) at current prices for 2011–12 is estimated at 11,995.48 billion and contributes about 14.4% of the GDP.[126] The agriculture and allied activities sector contributes 12.9% to the state's income.[127][128] Net State Domestic Product (State Income), as per the first revised estimates was 10,827.51 billion and Per Capita State Income was 95,339 during 2011–12. The percentage of fiscal deficit to GSDP was 1.7 per cent and debt stock to GSDP was 18.4 per cent during 2012–13, well within Consolidated Fiscal Reform Path stipulated by the Thirteenth Finance Commission. In 2012, Maharashtra reported a revenue surplus of ₹1524.9 million (US$24 million), with a total revenue of ₹1,367,117 million (US$22 billion) and a spending of ₹1,365,592.1 million (US$22 billion).[124] Maharashtra ranks first in FDI equity and percentage share of total FDI inflows is 32.28%.[127] Total FDI inflows into Maharashtra are US$53.48 billion.[124] Top countries that invested FDI equity in Maharashtra (from January 2000 to December 2011) were Mauritius (39%), Singapore (10%), United Kingdom (10%), United States (7%) and Netherlands (5%).[124]

refer caption
Freshly grown sugarcane, agriculture is the second leading occupation in Maharashtra

Maharashtra contributes 25% of the country's industrial output[7] and is the most indebted state in the country.[129][130] Industrial activity in state is concentrated in four districts: Mumbai city, Mumbai suburban district, Thane and Pune districts.[131] Mumbai has the largest share in GSDP (21.5 per cent), both Thane and Pune districts contribute about same in the Industry sector, Pune district contributes more in the agriculture and allied activities sector, whereas Thane district contributes more in the Services sector.[131] Nashik district shares highest in the agricultural and allied activities sector, but is far behind in the Industry and Services sectors as compared to Thane and Pune districts.[131] Industries in Maharashtra include chemical and chemical products (17.6%), food and food products (16.1%), refined petroleum products (12.9%), machinery and equipment (8%), textiles (6.9%), basic metals (5.8%), motor vehicles (4.7%) and furniture (4.3%).[132] Maharashtra is the manufacturing hub for some of the largest public sector industries in India, including Hindustan Petroleum Corporation, Tata Petrodyne and Oil India Ltd.[133]

Maharashtra has an above average knowledge industry in India with the Pune Metropolitan area being the leading IT hub in the state.. Approximately 25% of the top 500 companies in the IT sector are situated in Maharashtra.[134] The state accounts for 28% of the software exports of India.[134] The state houses important financial institutions such as the Reserve Bank of India, the Bombay Stock Exchange, the National Stock Exchange of India, the SEBI and the corporate headquarters of numerous Indian companies and multinational corporations. It is also home to some of India's premier scientific and nuclear institutes like BARC, NPCL, IREL, TIFR, AERB, AECI, and the Department of Atomic Energy.[131]

The banking sector comprises scheduled and non-scheduled banks.[134] Scheduled banks are of two types, commercial and co-operative. Scheduled Commercial Banks (SCBs) in India are classified into five types: State Bank of India and its associates, nationalised banks, private sector banks, Regional Rural Banks and others (foreign banks). In 2012, there were 9,053 banking offices in the state, of which about 26 per cent were in rural and 54 per cent were in urban areas. Maharashtra has a microfinance system, which refers to small scale financial services extended to the poor in both rural and urban areas. It covers a variety of financial instruments, such as lending, savings, life insurance, and crop insurance.[135]

With more than half the population being rural, agriculture and allied industries play an important role in the states's economy. The agriculture and allied activities sector contributes 12.9% to the state's income. Staples such as rice and millet are the main monsoon crops. Important cash crops include sugarcane, cotton, oilseeds, tobacco, fruit, vegetables and spices such as turmeric.[45] Animal husbandry is an important agriculture related activity. The State's share in the livestock and poultry population in India is about 7% and 10% respectively. Maharashtra was a pioneer in the development of Agricultural Cooperative Societies after independence. In fact, it was an integral part of the then Governing Congress party's vision of ‘rural development with local initiative’. A ‘special’ status was accorded to the sugar cooperatives and the government assumed the role of a mentor by acting as a stakeholder, guarantor and regulator,[136][137][138] Apart from sugar, Cooperatives play a crucial role in dairy,[139] cotton, and fertiliser industries.

Transport

NH 3, connects Maharashtra to Uttar Pradesh
A container ship at Jawaharlal Nehru Port (or Nhava Seva)

The state has a large, multi-modal transportation system with the largest road network in India.[140] In 2011, the total length of surface road in Maharashtra was 267,452 km;[141] national highways comprised 4,176 km[142] and state highways 3,700 km.[141] The Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation (MSRTC) provides economical and reliable passenger road transport service in the public sector.[143] These buses, popularly called ST (State Transport), are the preferred mode of transport for much of the populace. Hired forms of transport include metered taxis and auto rickshaws, which often ply specific routes in cities. Other district roads and village roads provide villages accessibility to meet their social needs as well as the means to transport agricultural produce from villages to nearby markets. Major district roads provide a secondary function of linking between main roads and rural roads. Almost 98% of villages are connected via the highways and modern roads in Maharashtra. Average speed on state highways varies between 50–60 km/h (31–37 mi/h) due to heavy presence of vehicles; in villages and towns, speeds are as low as 25–30 km/h (15–18 mi/h).[144]

The first passenger train in India ran from Mumbai to Thane on 16 April 1853.[145] Rail transportation consists of the Central Railway and the Western Railway zones of the Indian Railways that are headquartered in Mumbai, at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (CST) and Churchgate respectively.[146][147] The Mumbai Rajdhani Express, the fastest rajdhani train, connects the Indian capital of New Delhi to Mumbai.[148] CST is the busiest railway station in India, serving as a terminal for both long-distance trains and commuter trains of the Mumbai Suburban Railway. Nanded division of South central railway comprises Marathwada region.

The two principal sea ports, Mumbai Port and Jawaharlal Nehru Port, which is also in the Mumbai region, are under the control and supervision of the government of India.[149] There are around 48 minor ports in Maharashtra.[150] Most of these handle passenger traffic and have a limited capacity. None of the major rivers in Maharashtra are navigable and so river transport does not exist in the state.

The view of Mumbai Airport's T2
Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport is among the busiest airports in India

Almost all the major cities of Maharashtra have airports. CSIA (formerly Bombay International Airport) and Juhu Airport are the two airports in Mumbai. The two other international airports are Pune International Airport and Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport (Nagpur). Flights are operated by both private and government airline companies. Most of the State's airfields are operated by the Airports Authority of India (AAI) while Reliance Airport Developers (RADPL), currently operate five non-metro airports at Latur, Nanded, Baramati, Osmanabad and Yavatmal on a 95-year lease.[151] The Maharashtra Airport Development Company (MADC) was set up in 2002 to take up development of airports in the state that are not under the AAI or the Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC). MADC is playing the lead role in the planning and implementation of the Multi-modal International Cargo Hub and Airport at Nagpur (MIHAN) project.[152] Additional smaller airports include Aurangabad, Akola, Amravati, Chandrapur, Dhule, Gondia, Jalgaon, Karad, Kolhapur, Nashik, Ratnagiri, and Solapur.[153]

Education and social development

AFMC Pune
Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, was one of the institutions established after the Indian independence movement

Maharashtra schools are run by the state government or by private organisations, including religious institutions. Instruction is mainly in Marathi, English or Hindi, though Urdu is also used. The secondary schools are affiliated with the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE), the National Institute of Open School (NIOS) or the Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education. Under the 10+2+3 plan, after completing secondary school, students typically enroll for two years in a junior college, also known as pre-university, or in schools with a higher secondary facility affiliated with the Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education or any central board. Students choose from one of three streams, namely liberal arts, commerce or science. Upon completing the required coursework, students may enroll in general or professional degree programs.

Maharashtra has 24 universities with a turnout of 160,000 Graduates every year.[154][155] Maharashtra has played a pioneering role in the development of the modern education system in India. The University of Mumbai, is the largest university in the world in terms of the number of graduates and has 141 affiliated colleges.[156] Scottish missionary John Wilson, Indian Nationalists such as Vasudev Balwant Phadke and Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Social reformers such as Jyotirao Phule, Dhondo Keshav Karve and Bhaurao Patil all played a leading role in the setting up of modern schools and colleges in the state.[157][158][159][160] The Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute was established in 1821. The Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey Women's University, the oldest women's liberal arts college in South Asia, started its journey in 1916. College of Engineering Pune, established in 1854, is the third oldest college in Asia.[161]

Nagpur University campus
Entrance gate of Nagpur University, which is nationally renowned

According to prominent national rankings, 5 to 7 Maharashtra colleges and universities are ranked among the top 20 in India.[162][163][164] Maharashtra is also home to such notable autonomous institutes as Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Institute of Chemical Technology, Homi Bhabha National Institute , Walchand College of Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology Nagpur (VNIT) and Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute (VJTI).[165] These autonomous institutes are ranked as the most difficult colleges in Maharashtra to gain admission to. At the undergraduate level admission to autonomous institutes is extremely competitive. The University of Pune, the National Defence Academy, Film and Television Institute of India, National Film Archives, Armed Forces Medical College and National Chemical Laboratory were established in Pune after the Indian independence movement. Maharashtra has hundreds of other private colleges and universities, including many religious and special-purpose institutions. Most of these were set up in the last thirty years after the State Government of Vasantdada Patil liberalised the Education Sector in 1982.[166] There are also local community colleges with generally more open admission policies, shorter academic programs, and lower tuition.

The state also has four agricultural universities namely Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Agricultural University, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth and Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth,[167] besides these, there are other regional universities like Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, North Maharashtra University, Shivaji University, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University and Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, all well established and nationally renowned, to cover the educational needs at the district levels of the state. Apart from this, there are a number of deemed universities in Maharashtra: the Symbiosis International University, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Tilak Maharashtra University and Tata Institute of Social Sciences.[168] Notable scholars who were born, worked or studied in the geographic area of the state include prominent Varkari saint and spiritual poet Tukaram, Dalit Leader and Father of Indian Constitution Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, Indian Nationalist leader Bal Gangadhar Tilak, the father of Indian cinema Dadasaheb Phalke and Social reformer Jyotirao Phule.

Infrastructure

Healthcare

In 2011, the health care system in Maharashtra consisted of 363 rural government hospitals,[169] 23 district hospitals (with 7,561 beds), 4 general hospitals (with 714 beds) mostly under the Maharashtra Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, and 380 private medical establishments; these establishments provide the state with more than 30,000 hospital beds.[170][171][172] It is the first state in India to have nine women's hospitals serving 1,365 beds.[172] The state also has significant number of medical practitioners who hold the Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery qualifications. These practitioners primarily use the traditional Indian therapy of Ayurveda but can use modern western medicine as well.[173]

Maharashtra has a life expectancy at birth of 67.2 years in 2011, ranking it third among 29 Indian states.[174] The total fertility rate of the state is 1.9.[175] The Infant mortality rate is 28 and the maternal mortality ratio is 104 (2012–2013), which are lower than the national averages.[176][177] Public health services are governed by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), through various departments. The Ministry is divided into two departments: the Public Health Department, which includes family welfare and medical relief, and the Department of Medical Education and Drugs.[178][179]

In Maharashtra, health insurance includes any program that helps pay for medical expenses, whether through privately purchased insurance, social insurance or a social welfare program funded by the government.[180] In a more technical sense, the term is used to describe any form of insurance that provides protection against the costs of medical services.[181] This usage includes private insurance and social insurance programs such as National Health Mission, which pools resources and spreads the financial risk associated with major medical expenses across the entire population to protect everyone, as well as social welfare programs such as National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) and the Health Insurance Program, which provide assistance to people who cannot afford health coverage.[180][181][182]

Energy

Current functioning units of Chandrapur Super Thermal Power Station
Chandrapur Super Thermal Power Station, the state's power production source

Although its population makes Maharashtra one of the country's largest energy users,[183][184] conservation mandates, mild weather in the largest population centres and strong environmental movements have kept its per capita energy use to one of the smallest of any Indian state.[185] The high electricity demand of the state constitutes 13% of the total installed electricity generation capacity in India, which is mainly from fossil fuels such as coal and natural gas.[186] Mahavitaran is responsible for distribution of electricity throughout the state by buying power from Mahanirmiti, captive power plants, other state electricity boards and private sector power generation companies.[185]

As of 2012, Maharashtra was the largest power generating state in India, with installed electricity generation capacity of 26,838 MW.[184] The state forms a major constituent of the western grid of India, which now comes under the North, East, West and North Eastern (NEWNE) grids of India.[183] Maharashtra Power Generation Company (MAHAGENCO) operates thermal power plants.[187] In addition to the state government-owned power generation plants, there are privately owned power generation plants that transmit power through the Maharashtra State Electricity Transmission Company, which is responsible for transmission of electricity in the state.[188]

Culture

Cuisine

Main article: Maharashtrian cuisine

Maharashtra cuisine covers a range from mild to very spicy dishes. Wheat, rice, jowar, bajri, vegetables, lentils and fruit form staple food of the Maharashtrian diet. Some of the popular traditional dishes include puran poli, ukdiche modak, and batata wada. Pav Bhaji and Vada pav are dishes that became very popular in the last fifty years.[189] Meals (mainly lunch and dinner) are served on a plate called thali. Each food item served on the thali has a specific place. In some households, meals begin with a thanksgiving offering of food (Naivedya) to the household Gods. Maharashtrian cuisine has many regional varieties including Malvani (Konkani) and Varadhi.[190] Though quite different, both use a lot of seafood and coconut.[191] The staple foods of the Konkani people are rice and fish

The bhaajis are vegetable dishes made with a particular vegetable or a combination. They require the use of goda (sweet) masala, essentially consisting of some combination of onion, garlic, ginger, red chilli powder, green chillies and mustard.[189] Depending on the caste or specific religious tradition of a family, onion and garlic may not be used in cooking.[190] A particular variant of bhaaji is the rassa or curry.[192] Vegetarians prepare rassa or curry of potatoes and or cauliflower with tomatoes or fresh coconut kernel and plenty of water to produce a soup-like preparation rather than bhaaji. Varan is nothing but plain dal, a common Indian lentil stew. Aamti is variant of the curry, typically consisting of a lentil (tur) stock, flavoured with goda masala, tamarind or amshul, and jaggery (gul).[189]

Among seafood, the most popular fish is bombil or the Bombay duck.[191] All non-vegetarian and vegetarian dishes are eaten with boiled rice, chapatis or with bhakris, made of jowar, bajra or rice flours. Special rice puris called vada and amboli, which is a pancake made of fermented rice, urad dal, and semolina, are also eaten as a part of the main meal.[190]

Attire

Traditional Maharashtrian dresses
Women wearing lugade (nauwar), a traditional nine yard sari

Traditionally, Marathi women commonly wore the sari, often distinctly designed according to local cultural customs.[193] Most middle aged and young women in urban Maharashtra dress in western outfits such as skirts and trousers or shalwar kameez with the traditionally nauvari or nine-yard lugade,[194] disappearing from the markets due to a lack of demand.[195] Older women wear the five-yard sari. In urban areas, the five-yard sari, especially the Paithani, is worn by younger women for special occasions such as marriages and religious ceremonies.[196] Among men, western dressing has greater acceptance. Men also wear traditional costumes such as the dhoti and pheta[197] on cultural occasions. The Gandhi cap is the popular headgear among older men in rural Maharashtra.[193][198][199] Women wear traditional jewelleries derived from Marathas and Peshwas dynasties. Kolhapuri saaj, a special type of necklace, is also worn by Marathi women.[193] In urban areas, many women and men wear western attire.[199]

Music and dance

Maharashtrian artists have made major contributions to Indian Classical music. Its vibrant folk form includes Powada, Bharuds and Gondhals. Cities like Kolhapur and Pune have been playing a major role in preservation of music like Bhavageet and Natya Sangeet, which are inherited from Indian classical music. The songs from Hindi films and Marathi films are popular in urban areas.

Marathi dance forms draw from folk traditions. Lavani is popular form of dance in the state. The Bhajan, Kirtan and Abhangas of the Varkari sect (Vaishanav Devotees) have a long history and are part of their daily rituals.[200] Koli dance is among the most popular dances of Maharashtra. As the name suggests, it is related to the fisher folk of Maharashtra, who are called Kolis. Popular for their unique identity and liveliness, their dances represent their occupation. This type of dance is represented by both men and women. While dancing, they are divided into groups of two. These fishermen display the movements of waves and casting of the nets during their koli dance performances.[201]

Literature

Maharashtra’s regional literature is about lives and circumstances of Marathi people in specific parts of the state. The Marathi language, which boasts a rich literary heritage, is a Sanskrit-derived language and is written in the Devanagari script.[202] The earliest instances of Marathi literature is by Sant Dnyaneshwar with his Bhawarthadeepika (popularly known as Dnyaneshwari). The compositions, written in the 13th-century, are spiritually inclined. Other compositions are by Bhakti saints such as Tukaram, Eknath, Namdev, Ramdas, and Gora Kumbhar.[203] Their compositions are mostly in poetic form, which are called Abhang. Maharashtra has a long tradition in spiritual literature, evidenced by the Amrutanubhav, Bhavarth Deepika, Bhagavata Purana, Eknathi Bhagwat and Bhavarth Ramayan.[204]

19th century Marathi literature includes the works of authors such as Balshastri Jambhekar, Gopal Ganesh Agarkar, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Gopal Hari Deshmukh, Mahadev Govind Ranade, Jyotirao Phule, B.R. Ambedkar, Vinayak Damodar Sawarkar, Ram Ganesh Gadkari, Tryambak Bapuji Thombre Hari Narayan Apte, Vishnushastri Chiplunkar and Keshavsuta. 20th century notable writers include Mahadevshastri Joshi, Kusumagraj, Pu La Deshpande, Va Pu Kale, Vyankatesh Digambar Madgulkar, Vishnu Sakharam Khandekar, Prahlad Keshav Atre, B. S. Mardhekar, Sane Guruji, Vinoba Bhave, Chintamani Tryambak Khanolkar, Bahinabai Chaudhari and Laxmanshastri Joshi. Vishwas Patil, Ranjit Desai, Shivaji Sawant, Narayan Surve, Vinda Karandikar, Shanta Shelke, Durga Bhagwat, Suresh Bhat, Ratnakar Matkari, Varjesh Solanki, Manya Joshi, Hemant Divate, Mangesh Narayanrao Kale, Avinash Dharmadhikari and Saleel Wagh are some of the more recent authors.

Films

Main articles: Bollywood and Marathi cinema

Maharashtra is a prominent location for the Indian entertainment industry, with many films, television series, books, and other media being set there.[205] Mainstream Hindi films are popular in Maharashtra, especially in urban areas. Mumbai is the largest center for film and television production and a third of all Indian films are produced in the state. Multimillion-dollar Bollywood productions, with the most expensive costing up to ₹1.5 billion (US$22 million), are filmed there.[206] The Marathi film industry, previously located in Kolhapur, has spread throughout Mumbai. Well known for its art films, the early Marathi film industry included acclaimed directors such as Dadasaheb Phalke, and V. Shantaram. Dada Kondke is the most prominent name in Marathi film. The Dadasaheb Phalke Award is India's highest award in cinema, given annually by the Government of India for lifetime contribution to Indian cinema.[207]

Theatre

Theatre in Maharashtra can trace its origins to the British colonial era in the middle of the 19th century. It is modelled mainly after the western tradition but also includes forms like Sangeet Natak (Musical drama). In recent decades, Marathi Tamasha has been also been incorporated in some experimental plays.[208] Today, theatre continues to have a marked presence in Mumbai and Pune with an educated loyal audience base, when most theatre in other parts of India have had tough time facing the onslaught of cinema and television. Its repertoire ranges from humorous social plays, farces, historical plays, musical, to experimental plays and serious drama. Marathi Playwrights such as Vijay Tendulkar, P. L. Deshpande, Mahesh Elkunchwar and Satish Alekar have influenced theatre throughout India.[209] Besides Marathi theatre, Maharashtra and particularly, Mumbai, has had a long tradition of theatre in other languages such as Gujarati, Hindi and English.[210]

Media

More than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in this state and the book-publishing industry employs about 250,000 people.[211] Lokmat, published from Mumbai with 1,588,801 daily copies, has the largest circulation for a single-edition, regional language newspaper in India.[212] Other major Marathi newspapers are Maharashtra Times, Loksatta Nava Kaal, Pudhari, and Sakal.[213] Tarun Bharat and Kesari, two newspapers that once were quite influential during the colonial and the post-independence era have stopped the print edition and are now published only digitally. Popular Marathi language magazines are Saptahik Sakaal, Grihashobhika, Lokrajya, Lokprabha and Chitralekha.[214] Major English language newspapers which are published and sold in large numbers are Daily News & Analysis, The Times of India, Hindustan Times, The Indian Express, Mumbai Mirror, Asian Age, MiD-DAY and The Free Press Journal. Some prominent financial dailies like The Economic Times, Mint, Business Standard and The Financial Express are widely circulated.[215] Vernacular newspapers such as those in Hindi, Kannada, Gujarati and Urdu are also read by a select readership.

The television industry developed in Maharashtra and is a significant employer in the state's economy.[216] Numerous Indian and international television channels can be watched in Maharashtra through one of the Pay TV companies or the local cable television provider. The four major India broadcast networks are all headquartered in Maharashtra: The Times, STAR India, CNN-IBN and ZEEL. Doordarshan is the state-owned television broadcaster and provides two free terrestrial channels. Multi system operators provide a mix of Marathi, Bengali, Nepali, Hindi, English and international channels via cable. The wide range of cable channels available includes sports channels like ESPN, Star Sports, National entertainment channels like Colors, Sony, Zee TV and Star Plus, business news channels like CNBC Awaaz, Zee Business, ET Now and Bloomberg UTV. Marathi 24-hour television news channels include ABP Majha, IBN-Lokmat, Zee 24 Taas, TV9 Maharashtra, ETV Marathi, TV9 Maharashtra and Jai Maharashtra.

All India Radio is a public radio station. Private FM stations are available in all major cities. Vodafone, Airtel, BSNL, Reliance Communications, Aircel, MTS India, Tata Indicom, Idea Cellular and Tata DoCoMo are available cellular phone operators. Maharashtra has the highest share of the internet market at 18.8% of total households internet users in India.[217] Broadband internet is available in all towns, villages and cities, provided by the state-run MTNL and BSNL and by other private companies.[218] Dial-up access is provided throughout the state by BSNL and other providers.

Sports

Main article: Sports in Maharashtra
Sachin Tendulkar

The most popular sports in Maharashtra are Kabaddi and cricket. As in the rest of India, cricket is popular in Maharashtra and is played on grounds and in streets throughout the state. Maharashtra has various domestic level franchise-based leagues for hockey, chess, tennis and badminton. The state is home to top national football clubs such as Mumbai Tigers F.C., Kenkre F.C., Bengal Mumbai FC and Air India FC.[219] Adventure sports such as paragliding, water sports, rock climbing, backpacking, mountaineering and scuba diving are also popular in the state.[220] Other notable sports played in the state include Kho kho, fencing, archery and shooting.

Maharashtra has an Indian Premier League franchise known as the Mumbai Indians; the Maharashtra Cricket Association (MCA), regulates cricket in state. Maharashtra has three domestic cricket teams: the Mumbai cricket team, Maharashtra cricket team and Vidarbha cricket team. Wankhede Stadium, which has a capacity of 45,000, hosted the final match of the 2011 Cricket World Cup.[221][222] It is home to the Mumbai Indians and Mumbai cricket team.[222]

Maharashtra football team represents the state in competition for the Santosh Trophy. Mumbai District Football Association (MDFA) is the organisation responsible for Association football in and around Mumbai. The state has two club franchises playing in Elite Football League of India.[223] Mumbai Gladiators and Pune Marathas[224] are teams based in Mumbai and Pune respectively.[225]

Mumbai and Pune hold derby races at the Mahalaxmi Racecourse and Pune Race Course respectively.[226][227] The wrestling championship Hind Kesari is widely popular in the rural regions and is affiliated with the All India Amateur Wrestling Federation (AIAWF).[228] Maharashtra Chess Association is the apex body for the game of chess in Maharashtra.[229] Maharashtra Tennis League is India's first league format in tennis.[230][231]

Notable athletes from Maharashtra include Sachin Tendulkar and Sunil Gavaskar who were part of the Indian national cricket team;[232][233] Asian Games silver medalist Hiranna M. Nimal, wrestler Khashaba Jadhav, chess player Rohini Khadilkar, tennis player Gaurav Natekar, former hockey players Dhanraj Pillay, Viren Rasquinha and badminton player Aparna Popat.[234]

See also

India – Wikipedia book

References

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  40. ↑ Banerjee, S (1997). "The Saffron Wave: The Eleventh General Elections in Maharashtra". Economic and Political Weekly 32 (40): 2551. doi:10.2307/4405925.
  41. ↑ Sirsikar, V.M. (1966). Politics in Maharashtra, Problems and Prospects (PDF). Poona: University of Poona. p. 8.
  42. ↑ "Belgaum border dispute". Deccan Chronicle. Deccan Chronicle Holdings Limited. 30 July 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
  43. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Maharashtra Geography". Government of Maharashtra. Archived from the original on 25 June 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  44. 1 2 "Western Ghats as world heritage site". The Times of India. 2 July 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  45. 1 2 "State Farmer Guide". Government of India. Ministry of Agriculture. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  46. ↑ "Outline of Maharashtra". Indian Maps. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  47. ↑ "The Western Ghats". Government of Maharashtra. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  48. 1 2 "Maharashtra Rivers". Maharashtra Tourism. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  49. ↑ Statewise dams in India
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  51. ↑ "Cities of Maharashtra". Maharashtra Tourism. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  52. ↑ "Regions in Maharashtra". Discover India Portal. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  53. ↑ "United Nations Development Programme". United Nation. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
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  57. ↑ "Geographical plateaus of India". Project Tiger reserve in India. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
  58. ↑ "Climate of Maharashtra" (PDF). Public Library. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  59. ↑ "State Animal, Bird, Tree and Flower". Panna Tiger Reserve. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
  60. 1 2 "The State's forest cover". Wildlife Conservation Trust, Mumbai. Government of Maharashtra. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
  61. ↑ "Forest department". Forest Management system. Government of Maharashtra. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
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  63. ↑ "Pench Tiger Reserve (Maharashtra)". Government of Maharashtra. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
  64. 1 2 "Flora And Fauna of Maharashtra". Discovered India. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
  65. ↑ "Maharashtra wildlife". Maharashtra Tourism. Government of Maharashtra. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
  66. ↑ "Nagzira Wildlife Sanctuary". Government of Maharashtra. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
  67. ↑ "The Melghat Forests". Dhakna –Kolkaz wildlife sanctuary. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
  68. ↑ "Districts", maha.gov.in
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  70. ↑ Maharashtra districts, By population. "District Census 2011". Census Statistics. Government of India. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
  71. ↑ "District level governance" (PDF). The Government of Maharashtra. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
  72. 1 2 "Department of Panchayati Raj". Ministry of Panchayati Raj. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
  73. ↑ "Panchayati raj in state" (PDF). Government of Maharashtra. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
  74. ↑ "Maharashtra regional and town planning" (PDF). Government of Maharashtra. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
  75. ↑ "Short title and extent" (PDF). Government of Maharashtra. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
  76. ↑ "Mahapopulation" (PDF). Census of India (in Marathi). maharashtra.gov.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 January 2005. Retrieved 4 June 2008.
  77. 1 2 "Population by religion community – 2011". Census of India, 2011. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 25 August 2015.
  78. 1 2 "Maharashtra Population Census data 2011". Government of India. Census 2011. Archived from the original on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  79. ↑ "Population of Maharashtra 2011 census". Press Population. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  80. 1 2 3 "Population proportion in Maharashtra" (PDF). UNICEF. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 December 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  81. ↑ "Census India Info" (PDF). Retrieved 28 September 2014.
  82. ↑ "Population statics of state". Zee News. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  83. ↑ "Census of India 2011, PCA Maharashtra" (PDF). Director of Census Operations Maharashtra. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
  84. ↑ "Tribals of Maharashtra". Central Cluster UUPGS. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  85. ↑ "Provisional population totals". Census of India. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
  86. ↑ "Census 2011 data". Census of India. Archived from the original on 13 September 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  87. ↑ "Maharashtra in elite group with 83% literacy". The Times of India. 19 July 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
  88. ↑ "Literacy ratio in state". Census of India. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
  89. ↑ "The Maharashtra Official Languages Act, 1964" (PDF). Bombay High Court. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
  90. ↑ "Most spoken language in Maharashtra". The Times of India. 14 July 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
  91. ↑ Ganpatráo R. Navalkar (1894). The Student's Marathi Grammar. Asian Educational Services. pp. 6–15. ISBN 978-81-206-1561-8.
  92. ↑ "Marathi population in state falls to 69%". Daily News and Analysis. 4 June 2009. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
  93. ↑ "Legislative assembly Maharashtra". Congress. Maharashtra Congress. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  94. ↑ "CM Selection". Election Commission. Election Commission of India. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  95. ↑ "The Council of Ministers". Government of J & K. J & K Raj Bhavan. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  96. ↑ Wilkinson, Steven (January 2005). "Elections in India: Behind the Congress Comeback". Journal of Democracy 16 (1): 153–167. doi:10.1353/jod.2005.0018.
  97. ↑ Kamat, AR (October 1980). "Politico-economic developments in Maharashtra: a review of the post-independence period , - JSTOR". Economic and Political Weekly 15 (40): 1669. doi:10.2307/4369147.
  98. ↑ Palshikar,, S; Birmal, N (18 December 2004). "Maharashtra: Towards a New Party System". Economic and Political Weekly 39 (51): 5467. doi:10.2307/4415934.
  99. ↑ "Clean yet invisible: Prithviraj Chavan quits as CM, did anyone notice?". Firstpost. 27 September 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
  100. ↑ "Maharashtra CM Prithviraj Chavan's rivals get key posts for Assembly polls". India Today. 16 August 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
  101. ↑ "Right man in the wrong polity". Tehelka. 28 April 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
  102. ↑ "BJP, Shiv Sena announce alliance in Maharashtra". IndiaToday.in Mumbai. 4 December 2014. Retrieved May 2015.
  103. ↑ "Fifteenth Lok Sabha members". Parliament of India. Lok Sabha. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  104. ↑ "Members of Rajya Sabha". Parliament of India. Rajya Sabha. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  105. ↑ "State body info". Government of Maharashtra. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  106. ↑ "District Deputy Commissioner". Ministry of Rural Development. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
  107. ↑ "Office of Chief Conservator of Forests & Deputy Director General, Social Forestry" (PDF). Government Of Maharashtra. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 December 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
  108. ↑ "Sectoral Skill Development Committees" (PDF). National Skill Development Corporation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
  109. ↑ "Regional Structure, Growth and Convergence of Income in Maharashtra" (PDF). Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 December 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
  110. ↑ "Introduction". The Bombay High Court. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  111. ↑ "History Of High Court of Bombay". bombayhighcourt.nic.in. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
  112. ↑ "State cabinet nod to HC circuit bench in Kolhapur – The Times of India". m.timesofindia.com. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
  113. ↑ "The High Court of Bombay". High Court of Bombay. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
  114. 1 2 "Governing Council". High Court of Bombay. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
  115. ↑ "State supports all-India judicial service proposal". The Indian Express. Indian Express Group. 14 April 2013. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
  116. ↑ "Introduction to Maharashtra Judiciary". Maharashtra Judicial Academy. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
  117. ↑ "District Courts, Maharashtra". Maharashtra Judiciary. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
  118. ↑ "Maharashtra Judicial Academy" (PDF). csi-sigegov.org/. Computer Society of India. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
  119. ↑ "Net state domestic product at factor cost—state-wise (at current prices)". Handbook of statistics on Indian economy. Reserve Bank of India. 15 September 2011. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
  120. ↑ Planning Commission of the Government of India (1 January 2007). Maharashtra, Development Report. Academic Foundation. pp. 55–56. ISBN 978-81-7188-540-4.
  121. ↑ "Assessing climate change vulnerability and adaptation strategies for Maharashtra State". Department of Environment. Government of Maharashtra. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
  122. ↑ "Overview of MSSIDC". The Maharashtra Small Scale Industries Development Corporation Ltd. Retrieved 7 September 2014.
  123. ↑ Pachouly, Manish (9 August 2011). "Taxpayers in Maharashtra". Hindustan Times. HT Media Ltd. Retrieved 7 September 2014.
  124. 1 2 3 4 "Service sector synopsis on Maharashtra" (PDF). RBI's Regional Office – Mumbai. Reserve Bank of India. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
  125. ↑ "Economic Survey" (PDF). Government of Maharashtra. Retrieved 7 September 2014.
  126. ↑ "Economic Profile of Maharashtra" (PDF). Planning commission. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
  127. 1 2 "Agricultural Growth" (PDF). Directorate of Economics and Statics. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
  128. ↑ "Agriculture growth" (PDF). Planning Commission. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
  129. ↑ "Statement 19: Total Outstanding Liabilities of State Governments (As at end-March)". Reserve Bank of India. 12 May 2015.
  130. ↑ "Maharashtra most indebted, Tamil Nadu gathering debt fastest". Hindustan Times. 25 November 2015.
  131. 1 2 3 4 "Industrial investments in Maharashtra". Delhi Mumbai industrial corridor portal. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
  132. ↑ "Maharashtra service sector". Maharashtra Business and Service Directory. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
  133. ↑ "Public Sector Undertakings". Planning Commission. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
  134. 1 2 3 "Report on IT Sector in Maharashtra" (PDF). Industry Department. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
  135. ↑ "Microfinance, Self-Help Groups and Empowerment in Maharashtra" (PDF). National Commission for Women, New Delhi. Retrieved 7 September 2014.
  136. ↑ Lalvani, Mala (2008). "Sugar Co-operatives in Maharashtra: A Political Economy Perspective". The Journal of Development Studies 44 (10): 1474–1505. doi:10.1080/00220380802265108.
  137. ↑ Patil, Anil (9 July 2007). "Sugar cooperatives on death bed in Maharashtra". Rediff India. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
  138. ↑ Miss Banishree Das, Dr Nirod Kumar Palai, and Dr Kumar Das (18 July 2006). "PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE COOPERATIVE MOVEMENT IN INDIA UNDER THE GLOBALIZATION REGIME" (PDF). XIV International Economic History Congress, Helsinki 2006, Session 72. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
  139. ↑ "Mahanand Dairy". Retrieved 28 September 2014.
  140. ↑ "Multimodal transportation system in state". https://mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in. Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority. Retrieved 29 August 2014. External link in |website= (help)
  141. 1 2 "Public Private Partnerships In India". http://pppinindia.com/. Ministry of Finance. Retrieved 29 August 2014. External link in |website= (help)
  142. ↑ "List of State-wise National Highways in India". http://knowindia.gov.in/. Government of India. Retrieved 29 August 2014. External link in |website= (help)
  143. ↑ "The Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation". http://www.msrtc.gov.in/. Government of Maharashtra. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014. External link in |website= (help)
  144. ↑ "Village speed limit in maharashtra". http://www.rediff.com/. Rediff News. Retrieved 29 August 2014. External link in |website= (help)
  145. ↑ Raghunathan, V.; Prasad, V. "The Birth of the East India Railway". Beyond the Call of Duty. HarperCollins Publishers India.
  146. ↑ "Western Railway in its present form". Indian Railways. Western Railway. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
  147. ↑ "Central Railway's Head Quarter". Central Railway. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
  148. ↑ "Mumbai-New Delhi Rajdhani Express". The Times of India. 20 May 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
  149. ↑ "List of ports in Maharashtra". Regional Port Offices. Maharashtra Maritime Board. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
  150. ↑ "Sea ports of Maharashtra". Geo cities organisation. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
  151. ↑ "Reliance Airport gets five projects on lease". The Times of India. 6 August 2009. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
  152. ↑ "MIDC projects". Maharashtra Airport Development Company. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
  153. ↑ "Statewise airfield list". http://cad.gujarat.gov.in/. Director Civil Aviation, Government of Gujarat. Retrieved 5 August 2014. External link in |website= (help)
  154. ↑ "State University". University Grants Commission. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
  155. ↑ "Universities of Maharashtra". Education information of India. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
  156. ↑ "Mumbai University Affiliated Colleges". University of Mumbai. Archived from the original on 9 May 2014. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
  157. ↑ "The Personality and Philosophy of Lokmanya B.G. Tilak". http://www.ncte-india.org/. NCTE: National Council For Teacher Education. Archived from the original on 5 July 2010. Retrieved 29 August 2014. External link in |website= (help)
  158. ↑ "Mahatma Jotiba Phule: An Educational Philosopher". http://sikhinstitute.org/. Institute of Sikh Studies. Retrieved 29 August 2014. External link in |website= (help)
  159. ↑ "Dr. B.R.Ambedkar's Contribution To Buddhist Education". http://www.countercurrents.org/. Counter Currents news portal. Retrieved 29 August 2014. External link in |website= (help)
  160. ↑ George Smith (7 June 2012). Life of John Wilson, D.D. F.R.S.: For Fifty Years Philanthropist and Scholar in the East. Cambridge University Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-108-05045-6.
  161. ↑ "The Poona Engineering Class and Mechanical School". College of Engineering, Pune. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
  162. ↑ "10 Indian universities in developing nations top 100 list". The Times of India. 5 December 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
  163. ↑ "India's Best Universities for 2013". India Today. 12 May 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
  164. ↑ "Top colleges in state". India Today. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
  165. ↑ "List of autonomous institutes in Maharashtra" (PDF). University Grants Commission. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
  166. ↑ Bhosale, Jayashree (10 November 2007). "Economic Times: Despite private participation Education lacks quality in Maharashtra". Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  167. ↑ "Welcome to MCAER official website". mcaer.org. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
  168. ↑ "List of Deemed Universities" (PDF). http://www.aicte-india.org/. All India Council for Technical Education. Retrieved 29 August 2014. External link in |website= (help)
  169. ↑ "List of hospitals in state". Government of Maharashtra. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  170. ↑ "Medical colleges in Mahrashtra". MBBS organisation, Maharashtra. Archived from the original on 17 July 2013. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  171. ↑ "Private Medical Colleges in Maharashtra". Medical India Network. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  172. 1 2 "List of Women Hospital". Government of Maharashtra. Archived from the original on 27 February 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  173. ↑ Dabhade, Sangeeta; et al. (2013). "Comparative evaluation of prescriptions of MBBS and BAMS doctors using WHO prescribing indicators". Medical Journal of Dr. D. Y. Patil University Year 6 (4): 411. doi:10.4103/0975-2870.118294. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
  174. ↑ "Inequality- adjusted Human Development Index for India's states" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
  175. ↑ "Health Indicators of Maharashtra". Government of Maharashtra. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
  176. ↑ "Impressive drop in maternal, infant mortality rates". The Hindu. 8 July 2011. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
  177. ↑ "Infant Mortality Rate". Government of Maharashtra. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
  178. ↑ "1 1 Medical Education & Drugs Department" (PDF). Government of Maharashtra. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
  179. ↑ "Public health department". Government of Maharashtra. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
  180. 1 2 "Health Intelligence & Vital Statistics" (PDF). Government of Maharashtra. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
  181. 1 2 "Maharashtra tie up for diagnostic facilities". The Hindu. 17 May 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
  182. ↑ "Maharashtra State Health Status". Government of Maharashtra. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
  183. 1 2 "Electricity consupmtion of state". The Times of India. The Times Group. 22 February 2012. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
  184. 1 2 "Indian Power Sector". http://indianpowersector.com/. Ministry of Power. Retrieved 29 August 2014. External link in |website= (help)
  185. 1 2 "Electricity Governance Initiative" (PDF). http://electricitygovernance.wri.org/. Government of Maharashtra. Retrieved 29 August 2014. External link in |website= (help)
  186. ↑ "Electricity tariff in Maharashtra" (PDF). http://www.mercindia.org.in/. Maharashtra State Electricity Board. Retrieved 13 September 2014. External link in |website= (help)
  187. ↑ "Maharashtra State Power Generation Company -A Power Generating Utility". http://www.mahagenco.in/. Maharashtra State Power Generation Company. Retrieved 13 September 2014. External link in |website= (help)
  188. ↑ "Power demand-supply position of the state of Maharashtra". Green guide. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
  189. 1 2 3 "Cuisine of Maharashtra". http://www.marathiheritage.com. Maharashtra Heritage news portal. Retrieved 1 September 2014. External link in |website= (help)
  190. 1 2 3 "Maharashtrian food". http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/. Government of Maharashtra. Archived from the original on 13 September 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2014. External link in |website= (help)
  191. 1 2 "Maharashtrian Cuisine". http://www.maharashtratourism.net/. Government of Maharashtra. Retrieved 13 September 2014. External link in |website= (help)
  192. ↑ "Maharashtra Recipes". http://food.ndtv.com. NDTV. Retrieved 13 September 2014. External link in |website= (help)
  193. 1 2 3 "Costumes of Maharashtra". Maharashtra Tourism. Archived from the original on July 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
  194. ↑ Ghurye, Govind Sadashiv (1995) [1966]. Indian Costume (Second ed.). Bombay: Popular Prakashan. p. 186. ISBN 81-7154-403-7. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  195. ↑ Kher 2003.
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  197. ↑ Ghurye, Govind Sadashiv (1995) [1966]. Indian Costume (Second ed.). Bombay: Popular Prakashan. p. 177. ISBN 81-7154-403-7. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  198. ↑ Bhanu, B.V (2004). People of India: Maharashtra, Part 2. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan. pp. 1033, 1037, 1039. ISBN 81-7991-101-2.
  199. 1 2 "Traditional costumes of Maharashtra". Marathi Heritage Organisation. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
  200. ↑ Mandpe, Dr Asha (10 March 2011). "Vibrant colours of Maharashtra". Times of India. The Times Group. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
  201. ↑ "Dances of Maharashtra". http://www.marathiheritage.com/. Maharashtra Heritage news portal. Retrieved 1 September 2014. External link in |website= (help)
  202. ↑ "Maharashtra’s Regional Literature". http://www.discoveredindia.com/. Discovery Channel. Retrieved 1 September 2014. External link in |website= (help)
  203. ↑ Singh. The Pearson Indian History Manual for the UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination. Pearson Education India. p. 120. ISBN 978-81-317-1753-0.
  204. ↑ Indian History. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. pp. B–244. ISBN 978-0-07-132923-1.
  205. ↑ "Media and Entertainment Industry -Brief Introduction". http://www.ibef.org/. India Brand Equity Foundation (IBEF). Retrieved 13 September 2014. External link in |website= (help)
  206. ↑ Richard Corliss (16 September 1996). "Hooray for Bollywood!". Time.
  207. ↑ "Dadasaheb Phalke Awards". Directorate of Film Festivals. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
  208. ↑ Dharwadker, Aparna Bhargava (2009). Theatres of Independence: Drama, Theory, and Urban Performance in India Since 1947. University of Iowa Press. pp. 314 and 368. ISBN 978-1-58729-642-0. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
  209. ↑ "Modern Marathi theatre had milestones, limitations..". The Times of India. 7 June 2011.
  210. ↑ Sengupta, Ashis (2014). Mapping South Asia Through Contemporary Theatre. Basingstoke, Uk and New York, USA: Palgrave MacMillan. p. 88. ISBN 978-1-137-37513-1. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
  211. ↑ "Book publishing houses in Maharashtra". Retrieved 7 September 2014.
  212. ↑ "Largest read & circulated Marathi language newspaper". News Watch Journal. Archived from the original on 24 May 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
  213. ↑ "Marathi Newspapers". India Grid. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
  214. ↑ "IRS Q2 2010: Publications in Maharashtra see some light". Exchange4media.com. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
  215. ↑ "Prominent financial dailies". India Press. Retrieved 17 September 2014.
  216. ↑ "Profile display". http://www.karmayog.org/. National Film & Television Industry Committee-Maharashtra. Retrieved 7 September 2014. External link in |website= (help)
  217. ↑ "State wise Internet users in India Census 2011". Census of India. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
  218. ↑ "Citizen Charter of BSNL – Maharashtra Telecom Circle" (PDF). Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited. Retrieved 7 September 2014.
  219. ↑ "Maharashtra Football Clubs List with Names & Foundation". FIFA World Cup 2014, Brazil. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
  220. ↑ "Adventure activities in Maharashtra". http://www.discoveredindia.com/. Discovery India. Retrieved 20 August 2014. External link in |website= (help)
  221. ↑ "Wankhede stadium capacity". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
  222. 1 2 "Wankhede Stadium- MCA". Mumbai cricket association. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
  223. ↑ "Gridiron league launched in India". The Times of India. Press Trust of India. 5 August 2011. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
  224. ↑ "Mumbai Gladiators". Elite Football League of India. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
  225. ↑ "Pune Marathas Video Profile – The Elite Football League of India". Elite Football League of India. 18 September 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
  226. ↑ "The Mahalaxmi Race Course". Royal Western India Turf Club. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
  227. ↑ "The Pune Race Course". Royal Western India Turf Club. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
  228. ↑ "Hind Kesari Kushti". The Indian Express. 30 October 2010. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
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  231. ↑ "Tennis League in Maharashtra". Maharashtra Tennis League. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
  232. ↑ "Sachin Tendulkar". http://www.espncricinfo.com/. ESPN. Retrieved 15 August 2014. External link in |website= (help)
  233. ↑ "Sunil Manohar Gavaskar". http://www.espncricinfo.com/. ESPN. Retrieved 15 August 2014. External link in |website= (help)
  234. ↑ "Greatest Indian athletes since Independence". Deccan Chronicle (DC Online/ Agencies). Deccan Chronicle Holdings Limited. 14 August 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2014.

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