Ni'lin

Ni'lin
Other transcription(s)
 • Arabic نعلين
 • Also spelled Nilin, Na'alin (official)
Ni'lin

Location of Ni'lin within the Palestinian Territories

Coordinates: 31°56′48″N 35°01′18″E / 31.94667°N 35.02167°E / 31.94667; 35.02167Coordinates: 31°56′48″N 35°01′18″E / 31.94667°N 35.02167°E / 31.94667; 35.02167
Palestine grid 152/150
Governorate Ramallah & al-Bireh
Government
 • Type Municipality
 • Head of Municipality Ayman Nafie[1]
Area
 • Jurisdiction 14,756 dunams (14.8 km2 or 5.7 sq mi)
Population (2006)[2]
 • Jurisdiction 4,573
Name meaning N'alin, from na'l, a sandal[3]

Ni'lin (Arabic: نعلين‎) is a Palestinian town in the Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate in the central West Bank, located 17 kilometers (11 mi) west of Ramallah. Ni'lin is about 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) east of the 1949 Armistice Line (Green Line) bordered by Deir Qaddis, the Israeli settlements of Nili and Na'ale to the northeast, the village of al-Midya and Modi'in Illit (Kiryat Sefer) settlement bloc are to the south, Budrus (4 km) and Qibya (5 km) villages are located to the northwest. The town's total land area consists of approximately 15,000 dunams of which 660 is urban. Under the Oslo II 93.3% of town lands has been classed as 'Area C'.[4]

Most of the town's inhabitants rely on agriculture for income and prior to the outbreak of the Second Intifada, many had jobs in construction in Israel.[5] According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the town had a population of approximately 4,750 inhabitants in mid-year 2006.[6]

Situated 262 meters (860 feet) above sea level, Ni'lin has mild winters and hot, dry summers with temperatures averaging 32 °C (88 °F) during the day.

History

Potsherds from the late Iron Age (8-7th century B.C.E.), Hellenistic, Byzantine, Crusader/Ayyubid, Mamluk and early Ottoman period have been found.[7]

A person named Isaac de Naelein is mentioned in a Crusader text of the year 1167 in relation to nearby Casale St. Maria (Aboud).[8]

In 1517, Ni'lin was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire with the rest of Palestine, and in 1596 it appeared in the tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Ramla of the Liwa of Gaza. It had a population of 72 households, all Muslim, and paid taxes on wheat, barley, summer crops, olive trees, fruit trees, goats and/or beehives, and a press olives or grapes.[9]

In 1882 the Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine described Ni'lin (called N'alin) as a "large village on high ground, surrounded by olives, and supplied by cisterns."[10]

In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, the village, (named Na'lin), had a population of 1,160, all Muslims,[11] while in the 1931 census the population of Ni'lin was 1249, 1 Christian and the rest Muslim, in 299 inhabited houses.[12]

In 1945 the population of Ni'lin was 1,420, all Arabs, who owned 15,875 dunams of land according to an official land and population survey.[13] Of this, 5,921 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 3,053 dunams were used for cereals,[14] while 29 dunams were built-up (urban) land.[15]

Barrier protests

A quote of Martin Luther King "freedom is never given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed" written on the separation wall in Ni'lin by International Solidarity Movement activist, February 2012

The residents of Ni'lin and international activists, have been staging weekly demonstrations against a nearby expansion of the Israeli West Bank barrier.[16][17] It has been estimated that the completion of the barrier will remove ⅓ of Ni'lin's land.[18]

In the first of escalating incidents at the anti-barrier protest demonstrations led to the fatal shooting of 10-year-old Ahmed Moussa on 29 July 2008.[19][20] The incident occurred when a group of mostly teenage boys had gone to the barrier construction site outside Ni'ilin, where there were no security personnel, the boys began removing razor wire.[21] A preliminary Israeli police probe has found that Israeli border policemen used live ammunition to disperse the group and that one of the bullets likely killed 10 year old Ahmed Moussa.[22] During the demonstration 15 others were injured by rubber coated steel bullets.[23] The funeral of Ahmed Moussa was marred by a distinct up-swing in violence. The permanent stationing of a Border Police force, ordered by OC Central Command Maj.-Gen. Gadi Shamni, on the outskirts of the village where the daily demonstrations are held, infuriated marchers in the funeral procession.[24] Yousef Ahmed Younis Amera, (18), was declared brain dead in a Ramallah hospital on Wednesday 30 July 2008 after being shot in the head with a rubber coated steel bullet and finally died on Monday 4 August 2008.[25][26] On the 5 August 2008 Israeli police said that they had detained a border policeman and placed him under house arrest in connection with the death of 10 year old Ahmed Moussa.[27]

In the second week of August 2008 Twenty-two unarmed civilians (including eight children) were shot with metal-coated rubber bullets at protests in Ni'lin and Bil'in villages (Ramallah).[28] Israeli forces in the occupied territories have begun using a new method of crowd control in Ni'lin. A mix of weak sewage water with animal manure and chemicals has been nicknamed "skunk", due to its powerful smell, the mix induces vomiting when sprayed on demonstrators.[29]

An Israeli soldier in Ni'lin on 6 February 2009

On 28 December, during a demonstration against the Israeli assault on Gaza that had started the previous day, Mohamed Khawaja (19) was shot in the head by the Israeli military, and Arafat Khawaja (22) was shot in the back.[30] Mohamed Srour was shot in the leg. Arafat died on the scene while Mohamed Khawaja was declared braindead in hospital and died on 31 December.[31] These incidents were brought to the attention of the United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict by witnesses Mohamed Srour and Jonathan Pollak at the Mission's Public Hearings in Geneva on 5 July 2009.[32]

The regular clashes here came more sharply into the international spotlight when an U.S. Citizen named Tristan Anderson, of Oakland, California was struck in the head by a tear gas canister fired by Israeli forces on 13 March 2009, during demonstrations against the barrier. The impact caused massive damage to Andersons frontal lobe, and to his eye. Even after several brain surgeries, the 38-year-old Anderson is being kept in a medically induced coma in a Tel Aviv hospital.[33][34]

On 5 June 2009, Yousef Aqel Srour (36) was shot with 0.22 caliber live ammunition during a demonstration. He was pronounced dead upon arrival at a hospital in Ramallah.[35]

On 6 November 2009, activists marking the twentieth anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall managed to topple a small part of the wall that cuts through the village's land; the first time Palestinian demonstrators succeeded in toppling a part of Israel's concrete barrier.[36]

In March 2010, the Israeli army designated Ni'lin, (together with nearby village Bil'in), as closed military area each Friday. This was to last until August, 2010.[37]

Demonstration against the Israeli Separation Wall in Ni'lin, August 2014

Omri Borberg

Ashraf Abu Rahma of Bil'in

On 7 July 2008 A 17-year-old Salam Kanaan filmed an incident where an Israeli battalion commander (Lt. Col. Omri Borberg of Armored Battalion 71) is filmed holding a handcuffed and blindfolded Palestinian (Ashraf Abu Rahma of Bil'in) detainee's arm while the subordinate shoots the detainee in the foot.[38][39] A second polygraph test on Tuesday 29 July 2008 has cast doubts on the testimony of Lt. Col Borberg. After meeting with OC Northern Command Maj.-Gen. Gadi Eizenkot, Borberg agreed to take a 10-day leave of absence while IDF Judge Advocate-General (JAG) Brig.-Gen. Avichai Mandelblitt made the decision of whether or not to press charges against the battalion commander.[40] The Battalion commander was accused by the army of "severe moral failure", is to be reassigned to another post and will face the relatively minor charge of "unworthy conduct". Israeli human rights groups B'Tselem, Yesh Din, the Association for Civil Rights, and the Public Committee Against Torture have criticized the Israeli army's disciplining of Borberg as lenient and have asked the Israeli military Judge Advocate General suspend legal proceedings against both the lieutenant colonel involved and Staff Sergeant "L" who fired the shot to enable a challenge to be mounted against the decision to charge the two with the relatively light offense of “inappropriate conduct”.[41][42] The Ha'aretz editorial comments that:

The opportunity to send a message of total intolerance of shooting a person in shackles has been missed.[43]

On 19 August 2008 the Military hearing against Borberg and Staff Sergeant "L" was suspended following the B'Tselem petition.[44] On 28 September the Israeli high court asked the JAG to reconsider the charges against Borberg and Staff Sergeant "L".[45]

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Reuters 7 July 2008 Israel ends curfew on Palestinian town By Mohammed Assadi
  2. ↑ 2007 PCBS Census. Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. p.114.
  3. ↑ Palmer, 1881, p. 240
  4. ↑ ARIJ Areas Definition in Oslo II Interim Agreement of September 1995
  5. ↑ The Environmental status of Ni'lin Village Applied Research Institute - Jerusalem (ARIJ) 2008-01-29
  6. ↑ Projected Mid-Year Population for Ramallah & Al Bireh Governorate by Locality 2004- 2006
  7. ↑ Finkelstein, 1997, pp. 182-183
  8. ↑ Röhricht, 1887, p. 294; cited in Finkelstein, 1997, p. 183. See also Röhricht, 1893, RHH, p. 113, No. 433
  9. ↑ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 155.
  10. ↑ Conder and Kitchener, 1882, p. 298
  11. ↑ Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Ramleh, p. 22
  12. ↑ Mills, 1932, p. 22
  13. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 67
  14. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 116
  15. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 166
  16. ↑ Guardian We have no alternative than peaceful protest
  17. ↑ Guardian It takes a village
  18. ↑ The Economist 4 September 2008 The villagers hemmed in
  19. ↑ Ha'aretz Palestinian boy, 9, killed during protest at West Bank fence By Avi Issacharoff 29-07-2008
  20. ↑ Guardian Wednesday 30 July 2008 Middle East: Palestinian boy, 10, dies as Israeli troops fire on demonstration by Toni O'Loughlin in Jersusalem
  21. ↑ Ha'aretz 5 September 2008 About a boy By Amira Hass
  22. ↑ Jerusalem Post 30 July 2008 Police, IDF to probe Ni'ilin boy's death By Yaakov Lappin, Tovah Lazaroff & Yaakov Katz
  23. ↑ BBC 29 July 2008, Boy killed in West Bank protest
  24. ↑ Jerusalem Post 30 July 2008 Riots erupt during funeral in Nil'in By Yaakov Katz
  25. ↑ Jerusalem Post 31 July 2008 Border Police probes 2nd serious Ni'lin shooting by Tovah Lazaroff
  26. ↑ Jerusalem Post 4 August 2008 B'tselem to call for Ni'lin death probe by Tovah Lazaroff & Yaakov Lappin
  27. ↑ Ha'aretz 5 August 2008 Israeli policeman arrested over death of Palestinian boy at Na'alin protest By Yuval Azoulay,
  28. ↑ UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Protection of Civilians Weekly Report 6–12 August 2008
  29. ↑ Jpost 10 August 2008 Border police use 'Skunk' against crowds
  30. ↑ Israeli forces kill resident of Ni’lin and leave another in critical condition during demonstration of solidarity with Gaza
  31. ↑ Mohammed Khawaje, shot by Israeli forces in Ni’lin while demonstrating in solidarity with Gaza, has died
  32. ↑ U.N. Webcast 5 July 2009
  33. ↑ Haaretz U.S. citizens critically hurt at West Bank protest Associated press 13 march 2009
  34. ↑ "Israel's barrier, part 4". www.npr.org (transcript). NPR - National Public Radio (U.S.A.). 9 April 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2010.
  35. ↑
  36. ↑ 7 Nov. 2009: Twenty years after Berlin, Palestinians crack Israel's wall
  37. ↑ Bil'in, Na'alin declared closed military areas each Friday for months, by Amira Hass, 16.03.10, Haaretz
  38. ↑ BBC report Barak condemns detainee shooting
  39. ↑ Observer 27 July 2008 page 37 cols 4&5 Story behind the shot protester and the teen who caught it on film by Peter Beaumont
  40. ↑ Jerusalem Post Polygraph casts doubt on officer's story by Yaakov Katz
  41. ↑ Guardian 8 August 2008 Israeli officer to stay in army despite shooting by Toni O'Loughlin
  42. ↑ B'Tselem 7 August 2008 B'Tselem press release
  43. ↑ Ha'aretz August 2008 Ha'aretz Editorial Just fire a rubber bullet at him? Shooting a shackled and blindfolded person, who is clearly not endangering soldiers, and even shooting in order to frighten, or the threat to shoot in order to frighten, and not even directly at the person's body but only in immediate proximity to him, are all acts forbidden by law, whether military or civil, during times of both war and peace, in Israel or anywhere else where respect for human rights exists.
  44. ↑ B'Tselem 19 Aug. 2008: High Court suspends proceedings in Ni'lin shooting case
  45. ↑ Ha'aretz 28 September 2008 High Court to IDF: Reconsider bound Palestinian shooting charges

Bibliography

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External links

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