PSEN1

Presenilin 1
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB List of PDB id codes 2KR6​
Identifiers
Symbols	PSEN1 ; AD3; FAD; PS-1; PS1; S182
External IDs	OMIM: 104311 MGI: 1202717 HomoloGene: 7186 ChEMBL: 2473 GeneCards: PSEN1 Gene
EC number	3.4.23.-
Gene ontology Molecular function • endopeptidase activity • aspartic-type endopeptidase activity • calcium channel activity • protein binding • beta-catenin binding • PDZ domain binding • cadherin binding Cellular component • Golgi membrane • kinetochore • nucleus • nuclear outer membrane • mitochondrion • mitochondrial inner membrane • lysosomal membrane • endoplasmic reticulum • endoplasmic reticulum membrane • smooth endoplasmic reticulum • rough endoplasmic reticulum • Golgi apparatus • centrosome • plasma membrane • integral component of plasma membrane • cell cortex • cell surface • membrane • integral component of membrane • aggresome • apical plasma membrane • Z disc • axon • growth cone • cytoplasmic vesicle • neuromuscular junction • nuclear membrane • ciliary rootlet • neuronal cell body • dendritic shaft • membrane raft • perinuclear region of cytoplasm • gamma-secretase complex Biological process • autophagosome assembly • negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter • activation of MAPKK activity • blood vessel development • cell fate specification • somitogenesis • neuron migration • positive regulation of receptor recycling • heart looping • hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation • T cell activation involved in immune response • neural retina development • protein glycosylation • membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis • mitochondrial transport • cellular response to DNA damage stimulus • response to oxidative stress • negative regulation of epidermal growth factor-activated receptor activity • Notch signaling pathway • Notch receptor processing • memory • post-embryonic development • protein transport • L-glutamate transport • choline transport • synaptic vesicle targeting • single organismal cell-cell adhesion • protein processing • cerebral cortex cell migration • Cajal-Retzius cell differentiation • dorsal/ventral neural tube patterning • extracellular matrix disassembly • extracellular matrix organization • embryonic limb morphogenesis • positive regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process • endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion homeostasis • beta-amyloid formation • intracellular signal transduction • regulation of phosphorylation • amyloid precursor protein catabolic process • myeloid dendritic cell differentiation • positive regulation of apoptotic process • negative regulation of apoptotic process • positive regulation of catalytic activity • regulation of protein binding • positive regulation of MAP kinase activity • negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process • skin morphogenesis • positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated • regulation of synaptic plasticity • thymus development • neuron development • skeletal system morphogenesis • brain morphogenesis • beta-amyloid metabolic process • epithelial cell proliferation • negative regulation of axonogenesis • positive regulation of coagulation • T cell receptor signaling pathway • neuron apoptotic process • negative regulation of ubiquitin-protein transferase activity • smooth endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion homeostasis • regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic • canonical Wnt signaling pathway • regulation of resting membrane potential • positive regulation of dendritic spine development • calcium ion transmembrane transport • negative regulation of protein ubiquitination involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process • negative regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	5663	19164
Ensembl	ENSG00000080815	ENSMUSG00000019969
UniProt	P49768	P49769
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_000021	NM_008943
RefSeq (protein)	NP_000012	NP_032969
Location (UCSC)	Chr 14: 73.14 – 73.22 Mb	Chr 12: 83.69 – 83.74 Mb
PubMed search

Presenilin-1 (PS-1) is a presenilin protein that in humans is encoded by the PSEN1 gene.^[1] Presenilin-1 is one of the four core proteins in the gamma secretase complex, which is considered to play an important role in generation of amyloid beta (Aβ) from amyloid precursor protein (APP). Accumulation of amyloid beta is associated with the onset of Alzheimer's disease.^[2]

Structure

Presenilin possesses a 9 transmembrane domain topology, with an extracellular C-terminus and a cytosolic N-terminus.^[3][4] Presenilin undergoes endo-proteolytic processing to produce ~27-28 kDa N-terminal and ~16-17 kDa C-terminal fragments in humans.^[5] Furthermore, presenilin exists in the cell mainly as a heterodimer of the C-terminal and N-terminus fragments.^[5] When presenilin 1 is overexpressed, the full length protein accumulates in an inactive form.^[6] Based on evidence that a gamma-secretase inhibitor binds to the fragments,^[7] the cleaved presenilin complex is considered to be the active form.^[8]

Function

Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients with an inherited form of the disease may carry mutations in the presenilin proteins (PSEN1; PSEN2) or the amyloid precursor protein (APP). These disease-linked mutations result in increased production of the longer form of amyloid beta (main component of amyloid deposits found in AD brains). Presenilins are postulated to regulate APP processing through their effects on gamma secretase, an enzyme that cleaves APP. Also, it is thought that the presenilins are involved in the cleavage of the Notch receptor, such that they either directly regulate gamma secretase activity or themselves are protease enzymes. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been identified for this gene, the full-length natures of only some have been determined.^[9]

Role in beta-amyloid production

Transgenic mice that over-expressed mutant presenilin-1 show an increase of beta-amyloid-42(43) in the brain, which suggest presenilin-1 plays an important role in beta-amyloid regulation and can be highly related to Alzheimer's disease.^[10] Further study conducted in neuronal cultures derived from presenilin-1 deficient mouse embryos. They showed that cleavage by alpha- and beta- secretase was still normal without the presence of presenilin-1. Meanwhile, the cleavage by gamma-cleavage of the transmembrane domain of APP was abolished. A 5-fold drop of amyloid peptide was observed, suggesting that deficiency of presenilin-1 can down regulate amyloid and inhibition of presenilin-1 can be a potential method for anti-amyloidogenic therapy in Alzheimer's disease.^[11] Extensive study on the role of presenilin-1 in amyloid production has been conducted to improve our understanding of Alzheimer's disease.^[12][13]

Role in Notch signaling pathway

In Notch signaling, critical proteolytic reactions takes place during maturation and activation of Notch membrane receptor.^[14] Notch1 is cleaved extracellularlly at site1 (S1) and two polypeptides are produced to form a heterodimer receptor on the cell surface.^[15] After the formation of receptor, Notch1 is further cleaved in site 3(S3)^[16] and release Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD) from the membrane.^[17]

Presenilin 1 has been shown to play an important role in proteolytic process. In the prenilin 1 null mutant drosophila, Notch signaling is abolished and it displays a notch-like lethal phenotype.^[18] Moreover, in mammalian cells, deficiency of PSEN1 also causes the defect in the proteolytic release of NICD from a truncated Notch construct. The same step can be also blocked by several gamma-secretase inhibitors, shown in the same study.^[19] These evidences collectively suggest a critical role of presenilin 1 in the Notch signaling pathway.

Role in Wnt signaling pathway

Wnt signaling pathway has been shown to be involved in several critical steps in embryogenesis and development. Presenilin 1 has been shown to form a complex with beta-catenin, an important component in Wnt signaling, and stabilize beta-catenin.^[20] Mutant of presenilin-1 that reduces the ability to stabilize beta-catenin complex leads to hyperactive degradation of beta-catenin in the brains of transgenic mice.^[20]

Considered as a negative regulator in wnt signaling pathway, presenilin-1 was also found to play a role in beta-catenin phosphorylation.^[21] Beta-catenin is coupled by presenilin-1 and undergoes a sequential phosphorylation by two kinase activities.^[21] The study also further illustrates that the deficiency of presenilin 1 disconnects the sequential phosphorylation and thus disrupts the normal wnt signaling pathway.^[21]

Role in cancer

In addition to its role in Alzheimer's disease, presenilin-1 also found to be important in cancer. A study of broad range gene expression was conducted on human malignant melanoma. Researchers classified the malignant melanoma cell lines into two types. The study showed that presenilin-1 is down regulated in cell type while it is overexpressed in the other cell type.^[22] Another study on multidrug resistance (MDR) cell line also reveals a role of presenilin-1 in cancer development. Because of the development to the resistance to chemical, MDR cells become a critical factor on the success of cancer chemotherapy.^[23] In the study, researchers tried to explore the molecular mechanism by looking into the expression of Notch1 intracellular (N1IC) domain and presenilin 1. They found that there is higher level expression of both proteins and a multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (ABCC1) was also found to be regulated by N1IC, which suggest a mechanism of ABCC1 regulated by presenilin 1 and notch signaling.^[24]

Interactions

PSEN1 has been shown to interact with:

• BCL2,^[25]
• CTNNB1,^[26][27][28]
• CTNND1,^[29]
• FLNB,^[30]
• GFAP,^[31]
• Delta catenin, ,^[32]
• ICAM5,^[33]
• KCNIP3,^[34][35]
• NCSTN,^{[36][37][38][39][40]}
• PKP4,^[41] and
• UBQLN1.^[42]

References

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19. De Strooper B, Annaert W, Cupers P, Saftig P, Craessaerts K, Mumm JS, Schroeter EH, Schrijvers V, Wolfe MS, Ray WJ, Goate A, Kopan R (April 1999). "A presenilin-1-dependent gamma-secretase-like protease mediates release of Notch intracellular domain". Nature 398 (6727): 518–22. Bibcode:1999Natur.398..518D. doi:10.1038/19083. PMID 10206645.
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21. Kang DE, Soriano S, Xia X, Eberhart CG, De Strooper B, Zheng H, Koo EH (September 2002). "Presenilin couples the paired phosphorylation of beta-catenin independent of axin: implications for beta-catenin activation in tumorigenesis". Cell 110 (6): 751–62. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00970-4. PMID 12297048.
22. Su DM, Zhang Q, Wang X, He P, Zhu YJ, Zhao J, Rennert OM, Su YA (May 2009). "Two types of human malignant melanoma cell lines revealed by expression patterns of mitochondrial and survival-apoptosis genes: implications for malignant melanoma therapy". Mol. Cancer Ther. 8 (5): 1292–304. doi:10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-08-1030. PMC 3128982. PMID 19383853.
23. Gottesman MM, Fojo T, Bates SE (January 2002). "Multidrug resistance in cancer: role of ATP-dependent transporters". Nat. Rev. Cancer 2 (1): 48–58. doi:10.1038/nrc706. PMID 11902585.
24. Cho S, Lu M, He X, Ee PL, Bhat U, Schneider E, Miele L, Beck WT (December 2011). "Notch1 regulates the expression of the multidrug resistance gene ABCC1/MRP1 in cultured cancer cells". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108 (51): 20778–83. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10820778C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1019452108. PMC 3251103. PMID 22143792.
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Further reading

• Cruts M, Hendriks L, Van Broeckhoven C (1997). "The presenilin genes: a new gene family involved in Alzheimer disease pathology". Hum. Mol. Genet. 5 Spec No: 1449–55. doi:10.1093/hmg/5.Supplement_1.1449. PMID 8875251.
• Cruts M, Van Broeckhoven C (1998). "Presenilin mutations in Alzheimer's disease". Hum. Mutat. 11 (3): 183–90. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1998)11:3<183::AID-HUMU1>3.0.CO;2-J. PMID 9521418.
• Larner AJ, Doran M (2006). "Clinical phenotypic heterogeneity of Alzheimer's disease associated with mutations of the presenilin-1 gene". J. Neurol. 253 (2): 139–58. doi:10.1007/s00415-005-0019-5. PMID 16267640.
• Wolfe MS (2007). "When loss is gain: reduced presenilin proteolytic function leads to increased Aβ42/Aβ40. Talking Point on the role of presenilin mutations in Alzheimer disease". EMBO Rep. 8 (2): 136–40. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400896. PMC 1796780. PMID 17268504.
• De Strooper B (2007). "Loss-of-function presenilin mutations in Alzheimer disease. Talking Point on the role of presenilin mutations in Alzheimer disease". EMBO Rep. 8 (2): 141–6. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400897. PMC 1796779. PMID 17268505.

External links

• GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Early-Onset Familial Alzheimer Disease