Reading, Pennsylvania

This article is about the city in Berks County, Pennsylvania. For other uses, see Reading, Pennsylvania (disambiguation).
Reading, Pennsylvania
City
Clockwise from top left: Court Street, Pagoda, Art Museum, and the Reading Fire Department
Nickname(s): Baseballtown,[1] Pretzel Capital of the World.[2]

Reading's location in Berks County
Reading

Location in Pennsylvania

Coordinates: 40°20′30″N 75°55′35″W / 40.34167°N 75.92639°W / 40.34167; -75.92639Coordinates: 40°20′30″N 75°55′35″W / 40.34167°N 75.92639°W / 40.34167; -75.92639
Country United States
State Pennsylvania
County Berks
Founded 1748
Incorporated September 15, 1783 (as a borough), March 16, 1847 (as a city)[3]
Government
 • Mayor Wally Scott (D)
Area
 • City 10.1 sq mi (26.2 km2)
 • Land 9.8 sq mi (25.4 km2)
 • Water 0.2 sq mi (0.5 km2)
Elevation 305 ft (93 m)
Population (2013)[4]
 • City 89,893 (US: 353rd)
 • Density 9,172.76/sq mi (3,541.62/km2)
 • Urban 266,254 (US: 140th)
 • Metro 413,521 (US: 128th)
Time zone EST (UTC-5)
 • Summer (DST) EDT (UTC-4)
ZIP Codes 19601-19612, 19640
Area code(s) 610, 484
Website Official website
Designated 1948[5]

Reading (/ˈrɛdɪŋ/ RED-ing), is the county seat of Berks County and with a population of 87,812[6] is the fifth-largest city in Pennsylvania.[7][8] According to the 2010 census, Reading has the highest share of citizens living in poverty in the nation.[9] Located in southeastern Pennsylvania, it is the principal city of the Greater Reading Area.

The city, approximately halfway between Philadelphia and the state capital at Harrisburg, is strategically situated along a major transportation route from Central to Eastern Pennsylvania, and lent its name to the now-defunct Reading Railroad, which transported anthracite coal from the Pennsylvania Coal Region to the eastern United States via the Port of Philadelphia. Reading Railroad is one of the four railroad properties in the classic United States version of the Monopoly board game.

Reading was one of the first localities where outlet shopping became a tourist industry. It has been known as "The Pretzel City", because of numerous local pretzel bakeries. Currently, Bachman, Dieffenbach, Tom Sturgis, and Unique Pretzel bakeries call the Reading area home.

History

The 500-block of Court Street in Downtown Reading, with Berks County courthouse on the left.
Reading and its suburbs, 1955.

Lenni Lenape people, also known as "Delaware Indians", were the original inhabitants of the Reading area.

The Colony of Pennsylvania was a 1680 land grant from King Charles II of England to William Penn. Comprising more than 45,000 square miles (120,000 km2), it was named for his father, Sir William Penn.

In 1743, Richard and Thomas Penn (sons of William Penn) mapped out the town of Reading with Conrad Weiser. Taking its name from Reading, Berkshire, England, the town was established in 1748. Upon the creation of Berks County in 1752, Reading became the county seat. The region was settled by emigrants from southern and western Germany, who bought land from the Penns. The first Amish community in the New World was established in Greater Reading, Berks County.[10] The Pennsylvanian German dialect was spoken in the area well into the 1950s and later.

During the French and Indian War, Reading was a military base for a chain of forts along the Blue Mountain.

By the time of the American Revolution, the area's iron industry had a total production which exceeded England's. That output that would help supply George Washington's troops with cannons, rifles, and ammunition in the Revolutionary War. During the early period of the conflict, Reading was again a depot for military supply. Hessian prisoners from the Battle of Trenton were also detained here.

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania was the capital of the United States at the time of the Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793.[11] President Washington traveled to Reading, and considered making it the emergency national capital, but chose Germantown instead.

Susanna Cox was tried and convicted for infanticide in Reading in 1809. Her case attracted tremendous sympathy; 20,000 viewers came to view her hanging, swamping the 3,000 inhabitants.

Census data showed that, from 1810 to 1950, Reading was among the nation's top one hundred largest urban places.

The Schuylkill Canal, a north-south canal completed in 1825, paralleled the Schuylkill River and connected Reading with Philadelphia and the Delaware River. The Union Canal, an east-west canal completed in 1828, connected the Schuylkill and Susquehanna Rivers, and ran from Reading to Middletown, Pennsylvania, a few miles south of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Railroads forced the abandonment of the canals by the 1880s.

The Philadelphia and Reading Railroad (P&R) was incorporated in 1833. During the Long Depression following the Panic of 1873, a statewide railroad strike in 1877 over delayed wages led to a violent protest and clash with the National Guard in which six Reading men were killed.[12] Following more than a century of prosperity, the Reading Company was forced to file for bankruptcy protection in 1971. The bankruptcy was a result of dwindling coal shipping revenues and strict government regulations that denied railroads the ability to set competitive prices, required high taxes, and forced the railroads to continue to operate money-losing passenger service lines. On April 1, 1976, the Reading Company sold its current railroad interests to the newly formed Consolidated Railroad Corporation (Conrail).

Early in the 20th century, the city participated in the burgeoning automobile and motorcycle industry as home to the pioneer "Brass Era" companies, Daniels Motor Company, Duryea Motor Wagon Company and Reading-Standard Company.[13]

Reading experienced continuous growth until the 1930s, when its population reached nearly 120,000. From the 1940s to the 1970s, however, the city saw a sharp downturn in prosperity, largely owing to the decline of the heavy industry and railroads, on which Reading had been built, and a national trend of urban decline.

In 1972, Hurricane Agnes caused extensive flooding in the city, not the last time the lower precincts of Reading were inundated by the Schuylkill River. A similar, though not as devastating, flood occurred during June 2006.

The 2000 census showed that Reading's population decline had ceased. This was attributed to an influx of Hispanic residents from New York, as well as from the extension of suburban sprawl from Philadelphia's northwest suburbs.

Reading has its share of obstacles to overcome, namely crime.[14] However, new crime fighting strategies appear to have had an impact. In 2006, the city dropped in the rankings of dangerous cities, and again in 2007.

In December 2007, NBC's Today show featured Reading as one of the top four "Up and Coming Neighborhoods" in the United States as showing potential for a real estate boom.[15] The interviewee, Barbara Corcoran, chose the city by looking for areas of big change, renovations, cleanups of parks, waterfronts, and warehouses. Corcoran also noted Reading's proximity to Philadelphia, New York, and other cities. The financial crisis of 2008 and subsequent nationwide recession stifled optimism. In November 2011, the PBS Newshour reported that Reading was officially the poorest city in the nation with 49% of inhabitants living below the poverty line.

Climate

Reading, Pennsylvania
Climate chart (explanation)
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
3.7
 
 
37
21
 
 
2.8
 
 
41
23
 
 
3.6
 
 
50
31
 
 
3.7
 
 
62
40
 
 
4.5
 
 
72
51
 
 
4.4
 
 
80
60
 
 
4.1
 
 
85
65
 
 
3.6
 
 
83
62
 
 
4.4
 
 
76
55
 
 
3.3
 
 
65
42
 
 
3.5
 
 
54
35
 
 
3.3
 
 
42
26
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Source: Weather.com

The climate in and around Reading is variable, but relatively mild. The Reading area is considered a humid subtropical climate, with areas just to the north designated as a humid continental climate. Summers are warm and humid with average July highs around 85 °F. Extended periods of heat and high humidity occur. On average, there are 15–20 days per year where the temperature exceeds 90 °F. Reading becomes milder in the autumn, as the heat and humidity of summer relent to lower humidity and temperatures. The first killing frost generally occurs in mid to late October.

Winters bring freezing temperatures, but usually move above freezing during the day's warmest point. The average January high is 37; the average January low is 20 °F, but it is not unusual for winter temperatures to be much lower or higher than the averages. The all-time record low (not including wind chill) was −21 °F during a widespread cold wave in January 1994. Snow is common in some winters, but the harsher winter conditions experienced to the north and west are not typical of Greater Reading. Annual snowfall is variable, but averages around 32 inches. Spring temperatures vary widely between freezing temperatures and the 80s or even 90s later in Spring. The last killing frost usually is in later April, but freezing temperatures have occurred in May. Total precipitation for the entire year is around 45 inches (112 cm).

Climate data for Reading, Pennsylvania
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 71
(22)		 77
(25)		 88
(31)		 97
(36)		 96
(36)		 97
(36)		 102
(39)		 102
(39)		 100
(38)		 92
(33)		 82
(28)		 77
(25)		 102
(39)
Average high °F (°C) 38
(3)		 42
(6)		 51
(11)		 63
(17)		 73
(23)		 82
(28)		 86
(30)		 84
(29)		 77
(25)		 66
(19)		 54
(12)		 43
(6)		 63.3
(17.4)
Average low °F (°C) 22
(−6)		 24
(−4)		 32
(0)		 41
(5)		 51
(11)		 61
(16)		 65
(18)		 64
(18)		 56
(13)		 44
(7)		 36
(2)		 27
(−3)		 43.6
(6.4)
Record low °F (°C) −20
(−29)		 −8
(−22)		 −2
(−19)		 16
(−9)		 26
(−3)		 39
(4)		 46
(8)		 42
(6)		 30
(−1)		 20
(−7)		 8
(−13)		 −4
(−20)		 −20
(−29)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 2.92
(74.2)		 2.93
(74.4)		 3.56
(90.4)		 3.69
(93.7)		 4.03
(102.4)		 4.50
(114.3)		 4.67
(118.6)		 3.80
(96.5)		 4.42
(112.3)		 3.78
(96)		 3.44
(87.4)		 3.58
(90.9)		 45.32
(1,151.1)
Source: The Weather Channel[16]

Geography

Reading is located at 40°20′30″N 75°55′35″W / 40.34167°N 75.92639°W / 40.34167; -75.92639 (40.341692, −75.926301)[17] in southeastern Pennsylvania, roughly 65 miles (105 km) northwest of Philadelphia. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 10.1 square miles (26 km2). 9.8 square miles (25 km2) of it is land and 0.2 square miles (0.52 km2) of it (2.39%) is water. The total area is 2.39% water. The city is largely bounded on the west by the Schuylkill River, on the east by Mount Penn, and on the south by Neversink Mountain. The Reading Prong, the mountain formation stretching north into New Jersey, has come to be associated with naturally-occurring radon gas; however, homes in Reading are not particularly affected. The surrounding county is home to a number of family-owned farms.

Economy

Companies based in Reading and surrounding communities include Boscov's, Carpenter, Penske Truck Leasing, and Redner's Markets.

In 2012, The New York Times called Reading "the nation's poorest city."[18]

According to the Greater Reading Chamber of Commerce and Industry,[19] the largest employers in the Berks county area are

# Employer # of Employees
1 Reading Hospital 6,878
2 East Penn Manufacturing Co. 6,851
3 Carpenter 2,432
4 County of Berks 2,370
5 Reading School District 1,903
6 Pennsylvania Government 1,886
7 Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. 1,818
8 Boscov's 1,740
9 St. Joseph Medical Center 1,566
10 Penske Truck Leasing 1,535

Transportation

Bus

BARTA bus in downtown Reading.

Public transit in Reading and its surrounding communities has been provided since 1973 by BARTA, the Berks Area Regional Transportation Authority. BARTA operates a fleet of 53 buses serving 21 routes, mostly originating at the BARTA Transportation Center in Downtown Reading. BARTA also operates 54 paratransit vehicles. In addition, Greyhound and Bieber Trailways bus routes are available from the InterCity Bus Terminal. The former Reading Railroad Franklin Street Station was refurbished and reopened to bus service on September 9, 2013 with buses running the express route back and forth to Lebanon Transit. This Lebanon Route was discontinued after a short period. Now the refurbished Station sits vacant.

Roadways

A number of federal and state highways allow entry to and egress from Reading. U.S. Route 222 Business is designated as Lancaster Avenue, Bingaman Street, South 4th Street, and 5th Street. U.S. Route 422 Business is designated as Penn Street, Washington Street (westbound), Franklin Street (eastbound), and Perkiomen Avenue. U.S. Route 422, the major east-west artery, circles the western edge of the city and is known locally as The West Shore Bypass. PA Route 12 is known as the Warren Street Bypass, as it bypasses the city to the north. PA Route 10 is known as Morgantown Road. From the 1960s to the late 1990s, the section of current U.S. Route 222 from Spring Blvd to 5th Street Highway was known locally as the 'Road to Nowhere'.

Airlines

Reading and the surrounding area is serviced by the Reading Regional Airport, a general aviation airfield. The three-letter airport code for Reading is RDG. Scheduled commercial airline service to Reading ended in 2004, when the last airline, USAir stopped flying into Reading.

Rail

Passenger trains ran between Pottsville, Reading, Pottstown and Philadelphia until July 27, 1981, when transit operator SEPTA curtailed commuter service to electrified lines. Since then, there have been repeated calls for the resumption of the services.

In the late 1990s and up to 2003, SEPTA, in cooperation with Reading-based BARTA funded a study called the Schuylkill Valley Metro which included plans to extend both sides of SEPTA's R6 passenger line to Pottstown, Reading, and Wyomissing, Pennsylvania. The project suffered a major setback when it was rejected by the Federal Transit Administration New Starts program, which cited doubts about the ridership projections and financing assumptions used by the study. With the recent surge in gasoline prices and ever-increasing traffic, the planning commissions of Montgomery County and Berks County have teamed to study the feasibility of a simple diesel shuttle train between the Norristown/Manayunk Line and Pottstown/Reading.[20]

Demographics

Historical population
Census Pop. %±
17902,225—
18002,3867.2%
18103,46245.1%
18204,33225.1%
18305,85635.2%
18408,41043.6%
185015,74387.2%
186023,16247.1%
187033,93046.5%
188043,27827.6%
189058,66135.5%
190078,96134.6%
191096,07121.7%
1920107,78412.2%
1930111,1713.1%
1940110,568−0.5%
1950109,320−1.1%
196098,061−10.3%
197087,643−10.6%
198078,686−10.2%
199078,380−0.4%
200081,2073.6%
201088,0828.5%
Est. 201487,812[21]−0.3%
U.S. Decennial Census[22]
2013 Estimate[23]

As of the 2010 census, the city was 48.4% White, 13.2% Black or African American, 0.9% Native American, 1.2% Asian, 0.1% Native Hawaiian, and 6.1% were two or more races. 58.2% of the population were of Hispanic or Latino ancestry.[24]

As of the census of 2000, there were 30,113 households, out of which 33.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.4% were married couples living together, 20.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.8% were non-families. 31.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.33.[25]

In the city the population was spread out, with 29.9% under the age of 18, 11.7% from 18 to 24, 28.9% from 25 to 44, 17.0% from 45 to 64, and 12.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females there were 93.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.5 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $26,698, and the median income for a family was $31,067. Males had a median income of $28,114 versus $21,993 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,086. 26.1% of the population and 22.3% of families were below the poverty line. 36.5% of those under the age of 18 and 15.6% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

Estimates

As of the American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates, Reading had a population of 80,997. The racial makeup of the city was 48.8% White, 14.0% African American, 0.2% Native American, 1.4% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 31.1% from other races, and 4.5% from two or more races. 56.3% were Hispanic or Latino of any race, with 33.5% being of Puerto Rican descent. 33.0% of all people were living below the poverty line, including 42.0% of those under 18.

According to the US Census Bureau, 32.9% of all residents live below the poverty level, including 45.7% of those under 18. Reading's unemployment rate in May 2010 was 14.7%, while Berks County's unemployment rate was 9.9%.[26]

Neighborhoods

Fire Department

The Reading Fire Museum

The city of Reading is protected by the 135 firefighters and paramedics of the Reading Fire and EMS Department (RFD). The RFD operates out of seven fire stations, located throughout the city. The RFD operates a fire apparatus fleet of five Engine Companies, three Ladder Companies, one Rescue Company, two Brush Units, and three front-line Medic Ambulances. The Fire Department also operates a non-emergency transport BLS ambulance and three wheelchair units. In 2013, fire units responded to 8,626 incidents. EMS responses totaled 16,773 calls for service.[27]

As of April 1, 2011, Engine's 13 and 14 were disbanded due to budget cuts. Engine 13 was quartered with Engine 1 and Engine 14 was quartered with Engine 5. Also, Engine 7 was re-organized from Engine 11. Department staffing is 2 firefighters per apparatus.[28]

Education

Reading High School

The Reading School District provides elementary and middle schools for the city's children. Numerous Catholic parochial schools are also available.

Press reports have indicated that in 2012, about eight percent of Reading's residents have a college degree, compared to a national average of 28%.[18]

Four institutions of higher learning are located in Reading:

Four high schools serve the city:

Sports

FirstEnergy Stadium, 2006.

Reading is known for the Reading Fightin Phils, minor league affiliate of the Philadelphia Phillies, who play at FirstEnergy Stadium. Notable alumni are Larry Bowa, Ryne Sandberg, Mike Schmidt, Ryan Howard, and Jimmy Rollins.

The city has been the residence of numerous professional athletes. Among these native to Reading are Brooklyn Dodgers outfielder Carl Furillo, Baltimore Colts running back Lenny Moore, and Philadelphia 76ers forward Donyell Marshall. Pro golfer Betsy King, a member of the World Golf Hall of Fame, was born in Reading.

The open-wheel racing portion of Penske Racing had been based in Reading, Pennsylvania since 1973 with the cars, during the F1 and CART era, being constructed in Poole, Dorset, England as well as being the base for the F1 team. On October 31, 2005, Penske Racing announced after the 2006 IRL season, they would consolidate IRL and NASCAR operations at the team's Mooresville, North Carolina facility; with the flooding in Pennsylvania in 2006, the team's operations were moved to Mooresville earlier than expected. Penske Truck Leasing is still based in Reading.

Duryea Drive, which ascends Mount Penn in a series of switchbacks, was a testing place for early automobiles and was named for Charles Duryea. The Blue Mountain Region Sports Car Club of America hosts the Duryea Hill Climb, the longest in the Pennsylvania Hillclimb Association series, which follows the same route the automaker used to test his cars.[29]

Reading played host to a stop on the PGA Tour, the Reading Open, in the late 1940s and early 1950s.

Club League Venue Established Championships
Reading Fightin Phils EL, Baseball FirstEnergy Stadium 1967 4
Reading Royals ECHL, Ice hockey Santander Arena 2001 1
Reading Rockets PLL, Indoor lacrosse Santander Arena 2012 0
Reading United A.C. USL, Soccer Shirk Stadium 1996

Culture

Reading Public Museum in 2011.

The city's cultural institutions include the Reading Symphony Orchestra and its education project the Reading Symphony Youth Orchestra, the Reading Choral Society, Opus One: Berks Chamber Choir, the GoggleWorks Art Gallery, the Reading Public Museum and the Historical Society of Berks County.

Reading is the birthplace of graphic artist Jim Steranko, poet Wallace Stevens, guitar virtuoso Richie Kotzen, and George Baer Hiester. Marching band composer and writer John Philip Sousa, the March King, died in Reading's Abraham Lincoln Hotel in 1932. Keith Haring,[30] NFL quarterbacks Chad Henne, Kerry Collins, wide receiver Steve Kreider, poet John Updike, and singer Taylor Swift are not from the City of Reading, but surrounding towns in Berks County.

Reading is home to the 14-time world-champion drum and bugle corps, the Reading Buccaneers.

In 1914, one the anchors of the Battleship Maine was delivered from the Washington Navy Yard to City Park, off of Perkiomen Avenue. The anchor was dedicated during a ceremony presided over by Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was then assistant secretary of the navy.

Reading was home to several movie and theater palaces in the early 20th Century. The Astor, Embassy, Loew's Colonial, and Rajah Shrine Theater were grand monuments of architecture and entertainment. Today, after depression, recession, and urban renewal, the Rajah is the only one to remain. The Astor Theater was demolished in 1998 to make way for The Sovereign Center. Certain steps were taken to retain mementos of the Astor, including its ornate Art Deco chandelier and gates. These are on display and in use inside the arena corridors, allowing insight into the ambiance of the former movie house. In 2000, the Rajah was purchased from the Shriners. After a much needed restoration, it was renamed the Sovereign Performing Arts Center.

The Mid-Atlantic Air Museum is a membership-supported museum and restoration facility located at Carl A. Spaatz Field. The museum actively displays and restores historic and rare war aircraft and civilian airliners. Most notable to their collection is a Northrop P-61 Black Widow under active restoration since its recovery from Mount Cyclops, New Guinea in 1989. Beginning in 1990, the museum has hosted "World War II Weekend Air Show", scheduled to coincide with D-Day. On display are period wartime aircraft (many of which fly throughout the show) vehicles, and weapons.

The mechanical ice cream scoop was invented in Reading by William Clewell in 1878. The 5th Ave Bar and York Peppermint Patty were invented in Reading.[10]

Sister city

The City of Reading and Reutlingen, Germany are sister cities which participate in student exchanges. Students from Reading High School can apply to become a part of the exchange and travel to Reutlingen for 2 weeks (Mid October to Early September) and in return host their German exchange student in the spring. Kutztown University also has a program with Reutlingen.

Reading is twinned with:

Attractions

Reading's Pagoda seen from Skyline Drive.

In 1908, a Japanese-style pagoda was built on Mount Penn, where it overlooks the city and is visible from almost everywhere in town. Locally, it is referred to as the "The Pagoda". It is currently the home of a café and a gift shop. It remains a popular tourist attraction.

Another fixture in Reading's skyline is the William Penn Memorial Fire Tower, one mile from the Pagoda on Skyline Drive. Built in 1939 for fire department and forestry observation, the tower is 120 feet tall, and rises 950 feet above the intersection of fifth and Penn Streets. From the top of the tower is a 60-mile panoramic view.

The Reading Glove and Mitten Manufacturing Company founded in 1899, just outside Reading city limits, in West Reading and Wyomissing boroughs changed its name to Vanity Fair in 1911 and is now the major clothing manufacturer VF Corp. In the early 1970s, the original factories were developed to create the VF Outlet Village, the first outlet mall in the United States. The mall is so successful that it draws hundreds of thousands of tourists to Reading every year. The last few years has seen a major decline in visitors to the outlets and many stores have closed.

In media

The book and movie Rabbit, Run and the other three novels of the Rabbit series by John Updike were set in fictionalized versions of Reading and nearby Shillington, called Brewer and Olinger respectively. Updike was born in Reading and lived in nearby Shillington until he was thirteen. He also makes reference to the Brewer suburb of Mount Judge, equivalent to Mount Penn east of Reading.

Filmmakers Gary Adelstein, Costa Mantis, and Jerry Orr created Reading 1974: Portrait of a City; relying heavily on montage, the film is a cultural time capsule.

The play "Sweat" by Lynn Nottage is set in Reading.[31][32]

Notable people

David McMurtrie Gregg (1922) by Augustus Lukeman.

References

  1. ↑ http://baseballtown.org/
  2. ↑
  3. ↑ http://www.readingpa.gov/sites/default/files/council/ordinance/master/Introduction.pdf
  4. ↑ "Population Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
  5. ↑ "PHMC Historical Markers Search" (Searchable database). Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Retrieved January 25, 2014.
  6. ↑ "Reading (city) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau". census.gov.
  7. ↑ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  8. ↑ "Census Shows Reading, Berks growth spurt". Retrieved March 13, 2011.
  9. ↑ Tavernise, Sabrina (September 26, 2011). "Reading, Pa., Knew It Was Poor. Now It Knows Just How Poor.". The New York Times.
  10. 1 2 "content.aspGreater Reading's destination hub : Greater Reading Convention and Visitors Bureau". Readingberkspa.com. Retrieved May 7, 2013.
  11. ↑ Washington, D.C. became the national capital in 1800.
  12. ↑ Zinn, Howard. A People's History of the United States 1492–present (New York: HarperPerennial, 1995), p. 243.
  13. ↑ Clymer, Floyd. Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877–1925 (New York: Bonanza Books, 1950), p.158.
  14. ↑ "City Crime Rankings by Population Group". morganquitno.com.
  15. ↑ Interview with Barbara Corcoran on NBC's Today show. Online. December 2007. Retrieved September 27, 2009.
  16. ↑ "Climate Statistics for Reading, Pennsylvania". Retrieved March 10, 2012.
  17. ↑ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
  18. 1 2 "The Beleaguered Middle Class". The New York Times. June 13, 2012.
  19. ↑ "Major Employers". Greater Reading Economic Partnership.
  20. ↑ r6extension.com
  21. ↑ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014". Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  22. ↑ United States Census Bureau. "Census of Population and Housing". Retrieved August 28, 2013.
  23. ↑ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2013". Retrieved June 11, 2014.
  24. ↑ "Reading (city) Quick Facts from the US Census Bureau". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 27, 2015.
  25. ↑ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  26. ↑ "Berks County, Reading unemployment rates rise in May – bctv.org – Local news about Berks County and Reading, Pa.: Special Reports". bctv.org. June 29, 2010. Retrieved May 7, 2013.
  27. ↑ "PAGE NOT AVAILABLE". readingpafire.com.
  28. ↑ "ReadingPaFire.com - News". readingpafire.com.
  29. ↑ http://www.pahillclimb.org/Courses/Reading.htm
  30. ↑ "Keith Haring's pop art celebrated in today's Google Doodle". National Post. May 4, 2012. Retrieved May 4, 2012.
  31. ↑ Charles Isherwood (August 16, 2015). "Review: Lynn Nottage’s ‘Sweat’ Examines Lives Unraveling by Industry’s Demise". New York Times. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
  32. ↑ Sadie Dingfelder (January 21, 2016). "‘Sweat’ by Lynn Nottage gives voice to the ‘new poor’". Washington Post. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
  33. 1 2 3 Reichler, Joseph L., ed. (1979) [1969]. The Baseball Encyclopedia (4th ed.). New York: Macmillan Publishing. ISBN 0-02-578970-8.
  34. ↑ "BARRASSO, John A., (1952– )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
  35. ↑ Mr. Stephen D. Mull Nominated as New United States Ambassador to Lithuania: Biography
  36. ↑ "David Robidoux". APM Music. Retrieved January 18, 2013.

Further reading

External links

 Reading Regional Airport Hamburg Allentown
Lebanon Boyertown
   Reading  
Lancaster Morgantown Pottstown
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Monday, May 02, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.