United States Senate elections, 1790 and 1791

Dates vary by state legislatures

9 of the 26 seats in the United States Senate, plus special elections 14 seats needed for a majority

	Majority party	Minority party

Party	Pro-Administration	Anti-Administration
Last election	19 seats (73.1%)	7 (26.9%)
Seats before	18 (75.0%)	6 (25.0%)
Seats won	17 (68.0%)	8 (32.0%)
Seat change	2	1
Seats up	7	2

Majority faction before election

Pro-Administration

Elected Majority faction

Pro-Administration

The United States Senate elections of 1790 and 1791 were the second series of elections of Senators in the United States. In these elections, terms were up for the nine Senators in Class 1. As of these elections, formal organized political parties had yet to form in the United States, but two political factions were present: The coalition of Senators who supported President George Washington's administration were known as the Pro-Administration Party, and the Senators against him as the Anti-Administration Party.

As these elections were prior to the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, Senators were chosen by State legislatures.

Change in Senate composition

Note: There were no political parties in this Congress. Members are informally grouped into factions of similar interest, based on an analysis of their voting record.^[1]

Before the elections

A₅	A₆
A₄	A₃	A₂	A₁	P₁₈	P₁₇	P₁₆	P₁₅	P₁₄	P₁₃
Majority →									P₁₃
P₃	P₄	P₅	P₆	P₇	P₈	P₉	P₁₀	P₁₁	P₁₂
P₂	P₁

Results of the elections

A₇	A₈	A₉
A₆	A₅	A₄	A₃	A₂	A₁	V₁	P₁₆	P₁₅	P₁₄
Majority →									P₁₄
P₄	P₅	P₆	P₇	P₈	P₉	P₁₀	P₁₁	P₁₂	P₁₃
P₃	P₂	P₁

Beginning of the next Congress

A₆	A₇	A₈
A₅	A₄	A₃	A₂	A₁	V₁	P₁₇	P₁₆	P₁₅	P₁₄
Majority →									P₁₄
P₄	P₅	P₆	P₇	P₈	P₉	P₁₀	P₁₁	P₁₂	P₁₃
P₃	P₂	P₁

Key:

A_#	Anti-Administration
P_#	Pro-Administration
V_#	Vacant

Race summaries

General and special elections during the 1st Congress

In these elections, the winner was seated before March 4, 1791; ordered by election date.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Rhode Island (Class 1)	New seat			Rhode Island ratified the Constitution May 29, 1790. Winner elected June 7, 1790 Pro-Administration gain	√ Theodore Foster (Pro-Administration)
Rhode Island (Class 2)	New seat			Rhode Island ratified the Constitution May 29, 1790. Winner elected June 7, 1790 Anti-Administration gain	√ Joseph Stanton, Jr. (Anti-Administration)
Virginia (Special: Class 1)	John Walker	Pro-Administration	1790 (Appointed)	Interim appointee retired when successor elected. Winner elected November 9, 1790 Anti-Administration gain	√ James Monroe (Anti-Administration)
New Jersey (Special: Class 2)	William Paterson	Pro-Administration	1788	Incumbent resigned November 13, 1790 to become Governor of New Jersey. Winner elected November 13, 1790 Pro-Administration hold	√ Philemon Dickinson (Pro-Administration)

Races leading to the 2nd Congress

In these general elections, the winner was seated March 4, 1791; ordered by state.

All of these elections involved the Class 1 seats.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Connecticut	Oliver Ellsworth	Pro-Administration	1788	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Oliver Ellsworth (Pro-Administration)
Delaware	George Read	Pro-Administration	1788	Incumbent re-elected in 1791.	√ George Read (Pro-Administration)
Maryland	Charles Carroll	Pro-Administration	1789	Incumbent re-elected in 1791.	√ Charles Carroll (Pro-Administration)
Massachusetts	Tristram Dalton	Pro-Administration	1789	Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected in 1790. Pro-Administration hold	√ George Cabot (Pro-Administration) Tristram Dalton (Pro-Administration)
New Jersey	Jonathan Elmer	Pro-Administration	1788	[Data unknown/missing. You can help!] Pro-Administration hold	√ John Rutherfurd (Pro-Administration)
New York	Philip Schuyler	Pro-Administration	1789	Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected January 19, 1791. Anti-Administration gain	√ Aaron Burr (Anti-Administration) Philip Schuyler (Pro-Administration)
Pennsylvania	William Maclay	Anti-Administration	1788	Incumbent lost re-election. Legislature failed to elect a successor, leaving the seat vacant. Anti-Administration loss	None.
Rhode Island	Theodore Foster	Pro-Administration	1790	Incumbent re-elected in 1791.	√ Theodore Foster (Pro-Administration)
Virginia	James Monroe	Anti-Administration	1790 (Special)	Incumbent re-elected in 1791.	√ James Monroe (Anti-Administration)

Special and general elections in 1791 during the 2nd Congress

In these elections, the winner was seated after March 4, 1791, the beginning of the next Congress.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Connecticut (Class 3)	William S. Johnson	Pro-Administration	1788	Resigned March 4, 1791. Winner elected June 13, 1791. Pro-Administration hold.	√ Roger Sherman (Pro-Administration)
Vermont (Class 1)	New seat			Vermont was admitted to the Union March 4, 1791. Winner elected November 4, 1791. Anti-Administration gain	√ Stephen R. Bradley (Anti-Administration)
Vermont (Class 3)	New seat			Vermont was admitted to the Union March 4, 1791. Winner elected November 4, 1791. Anti-Administration gain	√ Moses Robinson (Anti-Administration)

References

↑ Martis, Kenneth C. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress.

External links

Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present, via Senate.gov

United States Senate elections

1788/89 1790/91 1792/93 1794/95 1796/97 1798/99 1800/01 1802/03 1804/05 1806/07 1808/09 1810/11 1812/13 1814/15 1816/17 1818/19 1820/21 1822/23 1824/25 1826/27 1828/29 1830/31 1832/33 1834/35 1836/37 1838/39 1840/41 1842/43 1844/45 1846/47 1848/49 1850/51 1852/53 1854/55 1856/57 1858/59 1860/61 1862/63 1864/65 1866 1868 1870 1872 1874 1876 1878/79 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888/89 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912/13 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

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