Malayan languages
| Malay | |
|---|---|
| Malayan | |
| Region | Malay Archipelago |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-1 |
ms |
| ISO 639-2 |
may (B) msa (T) |
| ISO 639-3 |
msa – inclusive codeIndividual codes: mfb – Bangka bve – Berau Malay bvu – Bukit Malay kxd – Brunei Malay liw – Col hji – Haji jax – Jambi Malay vkk – Kaur meo – Kedah Malay kvr – Kerinci mqg – Kota Bangun Kutai Malay kvb – Kubu lce – Loncong lcf – Lubu mui – Musi mfa – Pattani Malay vkt – Tenggarong Kutai Malay zmi – Negeri Sembilan Malay |
| Glottolog |
nucl1733 (Malayan)[1]vehi1234 (Vehicular Malay)[2] |
The Malay or Malayan languages are a group of closely related languages spoken by Malays and related peoples across Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Southern Thailand and the far southern parts of the Philippines. They have traditionally been classified as Malay, Para-Malay, and Aboriginal Malay, but this reflects geography and ethnicity rather than a proper linguistic classification. The Malayan languages are mutually unintelligible to varying extents, though the distinction between language and dialect is unclear in many cases.
Para-Malay includes the Malayan languages of Sumatra. They are: Minangkabau, Central Malay (Bengkulu), Pekal, Musi (Palembang), Negeri Sembilan (Malaysia), and Duano’.[3]
Aboriginal Malay are the Malayan languages spoken by the Orang Asli (Proto-Malay) in Malaya. They are Jakun, Orang Kanaq, Orang Seletar, and Temuan.
The other Malayan languages, included in neither of these groups, are associated with the expansion of the Malays across the archipelago. They include Malaccan Malay (Malaysian and Indonesian), Kedah Malay, Kedayan/Brunei Malay, Berau Malay, Bangka Malay, Jambi Malay, Kutai Malay, Loncong, Pattani Malay, and Banjarese.
There are also several Malay-based creole languages, such as Betawi, Cocos Malay, Manado Malay and Sabah Malay , which may be more or less distinct from standard (Malaccan) Malay.
History
The extent to which Malay and related Malayan languages are used in the countries where it is spoken varies depending on historical and cultural circumstances. Malay is the national language in Malaysia by Article 152 of the Constitution of Malaysia, and became the sole official language in West Malaysia in 1968, and in East Malaysia gradually from 1974. English continues, however, to be widely used in professional and commercial fields and in the superior courts. Other minority languages are also commonly used by the country's large ethnic minorities. The situation in Brunei is similar to that of Malaysia.
In Singapore, Malay was historically the lingua franca among people of different nationalities. Although this has largely given way to English, Malay still retains the status of national language and the national anthem, Majulah Singapura, is entirely in Malay. In addition, parade commands in the military, police and civil defence are given only in Malay.
Most residents of the five southernmost provinces of Thailand — a region that, for the most part, used to be part of an ancient Malay kingdom called Pattani — speak a dialect of Malay called Yawi (not to be confused with Jawi), which is similar to Kelantanese Malay, but the language has no official status or recognition.
Owing to earlier contact with the Philippines, Malay words — such as dalam hati (sympathy), luwalhati (glory), tengah hari (midday), sedap (delicious) — have evolved and been integrated into Tagalog and other Philippine languages.
By contrast, Indonesian has successfully become the lingua franca for its disparate islands and ethnic groups, in part because the colonial language, Dutch, is no longer commonly spoken. (In East Timor, which was governed as a province of Indonesia from 1976 to 1999, Indonesian is widely spoken and recognized under its Constitution as a 'working language'.)
Besides Indonesian, which developed from the Malaccan dialect, there are many Malay dialects spoken in Indonesia, it is divided into western and eastern groups. Western Malay varieties is predominantly spoken in Sumatra and Borneo, which itself is divided into Bornean and Sumatran Malay, some of the most widely spoken Sumatran Malay varieties are Riau Malay, Langkat, Palembang Malay and Jambi Malay. Minangkabau, Kerinci and Bengkulu are believed to be Sumatran Malay descendants. Meanwhile, Jakarta dialect (known as Betawi) also belongs to the western Malay group.
The eastern dialects are spoken in the easternmost part of the Indonesian archipelago and include: Manado dialect Manado Malay (in north Sulawesi) and Maluku, North Maluku and Papua dialects.
The differences among both groups are quite observable. For example, the word 'kita' means "we, us" in western, but means "I, me" in Manado, whereas "we, us" in Manado is 'torang' and Ambon 'katong' (originally abbreviated from Malay 'kita orang' (means "we people"). Another difference is the lack of possessive pronouns (and suffixes) in eastern dialects. Manado uses the verb 'pe' and Ambon 'pu' (from Malay 'punya', meaning "to have") to mark possession. So "my name" and "our house" are translated in western Malay as 'namaku' and 'rumah kita' but 'kita pe nama' and 'torang pe rumah' in Manado and 'beta pu nama', 'katong pu rumah' in Ambon dialect.
The pronunciation may vary in western dialects, especially the pronunciation of words ending in the vowel 'a'. For example, Malaysian pronounce 'kita' (inclusive we, us, our) as /kitə/, Kelantan and Southern Thailand as /kitɔ/, Riau as /kita/, Palembang as /kito/, Betawi and Perak as /kitɛ/.
Betawi and eastern dialects are sometimes regarded as Malay creole, because the speakers are not ethnically Malay.
Comparison of Malay varieties
A comparison of various varieties of Malay, plus three Para-Malay languages and one Aboriginal Malay languages:
English = Where are you going on this bicycle? May I go with you?
| Language | Sentence | Spoken In |
| Varieties of Malay | ||
|---|---|---|
| Standard Court Malay (formal) | Ke mana engkau hendak pergi dengan kereta angin itu? Bolehkah saya ikut? | Ancient Malacca-Johor-Riau |
| Standard Malaysian Malay (formal) | Ke mana kamu mahu/hendak pergi dengan basikal itu? Bolehkah saya ikut? | Malaysia |
| Standard Indonesian (formal) | Kamu mau naik sepeda ke mana? Boleh saya ikut? | Indonesia |
| Betawi | Lo mau naék sepeda ke mané? Boleh ikut nggak? | Jakarta (Indonesia) |
| Johor/Selangor/Singapore Malay | Kau nak pergi ke mane dengan basikal tu? Boleh saye ikut? | Central and Southern States of Peninsular Malaysia including Pahang and Southern Perak and basis of the standard Malaysian language. |
| Bengkulu Malay | Kau ndak pergi mano kek sepedo tu? Aku bulih ikuik idak? | Bengkulu (Indonesia) |
| Jambi Malay | Kau nak pergi ke mano naek sepedo tu? Aku biso ikut dak? | Jambi (Indonesia) |
| Palembang Malay | Kau nak pergi ke mano naek sepedo tu? Aku pacak melok dak? | South Sumatra (Indonesia) |
| Bangka Malay | Ka nek pergi ke mane naek ketangin tu? Ku boleh ngikut dak? | Bangka Island (Indonesia) |
| Belitung Malay | Ikam nak pergi ke mane naek ketangin tu? Aku bisak ngikut ndak? | Belitung Island (Indonesia) |
| Banjar | Ikam/kawu handak tulak ka mana basapeda tu? Kawakah aku umpat? | South Kalimantan (Indonesia), Northern Perak (Malaysia) |
| Kedah Malay | Hang nak pi mana naik gerek tu? Aku ikut buleh dak? | Northern States of Peninsular Malaysia, Western part of Southern Thailand |
| Baling Malay | Mu nok gi mano naik gerek tu? Ku nak ikut buleh dak? | Eastern part of Kedah (Baling, Sik and Padang Terap), Yala, Pattani, Satun |
| Terengganu Malay | Mung nok gi mane naik basika tu? Buleh dok ambe ikok? | Terengganu (Malaysia), Easternmost part of Pahang, Northeast Johor |
| Kelantan-Pattani Malay | Demo nok gi mano naik gerek tuh? Buleh kawe ikuk? | Kelantan (Malaysia), Eastern part of Southern Thailand, Northern Terengganu |
| Pahang Malay | Awok nok kone naik sike tu? Boleh tok kome/koi/kas/kawan/kawas ikut? | Entire Pahang (Malaysia) |
| Perak Malay | Mike nak ke mane naik sika tu? Teman nak ngekor buleh? | Perak (Malaysia) except the northern part of Perak |
| Penang Malay | Hang nak pi mana naik basikal tu? Aku ikut boleh tak? | Penang and Northern Perak (Malaysia) |
| Brunei Malay | Kan kamana kau babiskal tu? Bulih ku ikut? | Brunei Darussalam and Labuan |
| Sarawak Malay | Ke sine kitak maok make basikal? Boleh sik kamik ngekot? | Sarawak (Malaysia) |
| Sabah Malay | Mana ko mo pigi sama itu beskal? Buli sia ikut ka? | Sabah (Malaysia) and also Labuan |
| Pontianak Malay | Mane kitak nak pergi naik sepeda tu? Kamek bulih ikut tadak? | West Kalimantan (Indonesia) |
| Makassar Malay | Mau ko/ki' ke/pergi mana bawa' itu sepeda (kah)? Bisa Jeka' Ikut? | South and West Sulawesi, especially Makassar language area southern South peninsula of Sulawesi (Indonesia) |
| Kutai Malay | Nda pegi kemana besepeda tu ? Kawa umpat ndi ? | East Kalimantan (Indonesia) |
| Para-Malay languages | ||
| Minangkabau | Pai kama jo kareta angin tu? Bulih indak den ikuik? | West Sumatra, the western part of Riau and Jambi, the western coast of Aceh and North Sumatra, the northern part of Bengkulu (Indonesia), Negeri Sembilan and Kuang, Selangor (Malaysia) |
| Negeri Sembilan Malay | Ekau nak poie mano naik basikal tu? Boleh den ikut? | Negeri Sembilan (Malaysia) |
| Rawa | Kao nak poie mano nek basika to? Buleh ikoiyt ko indo? | Gopeng (Malaysia) |
| Aboriginal Malay languages | ||
| Temuan | Ajih nak pegik manak terenjai dengan mesikal tuk? Bulih akuk ekot nyap? | Pahang, Negeri Sembilan, Selangor and Johor (Malaysia) |
Word by word comparison (based on sentences above)
| Language/dialect | Ke | Mana | Kamu | Mahu | Pergi | Dengan | Basikal | Itu | Boleh | -kah (atau tidak) | Saya | Ikut | Extra Words |
| English proximate literal translation | to | where | you | want | to go | with | bicycle | that | can/may | or not | I | follow | 1:to ride, 2:"question particle" |
| Standard Malaysian Malay (formal) | ke | mana | kamu | mahu | pergi | dengan | basikal | itu | boleh | kah | saya | ikut | -- |
| Malay language (informal) | ~omitted~ | mane | ko | nak | pegi | ngan | basikal | tu | boleh | ~omitted~ | aku | ikut | -- |
| Standard Indonesian (formal) | ke | mana | kamu | mau | pergi | dengan | sepeda | itu | bisa | kah | saya | ikut | -- |
| Indonesian (informal) | ke | mana | lu | mau | ~omitted~ | ~substituted with 'naik'~ | sepeda | tu | boleh | nggak | ~omitted~ | ikut | 1:naik |
| Singapore Malay (formal) | ke | mana | awak | hendak | pergi | dengan | basikal | itu | boleh | ~omitted~ | saya | ikut | -- |
| Singapore Malay (informal) | ~omitted~ | mane | ko | nak | gi | ngan | basikal | tu | boleh | ~omitted~ | aku | ikut | -- |
| Johor/Selangor Malay | ke | mane | kau | nak | pergi | dengan | basikal | itu | boleh | ~omitted~ | saye | ikut | -- |
| Bengkulu Malay | ~omitted~ | mano | kau | ndak | pergi | kek | sepedo | tu | bulih | idak | aku | ikuik | -- |
| Jambi Malay | ke | mano | kau | nak | pergi | ~substituted with 'naek'~ | sepedo | tu | biso | dak | aku | ikut | 1:naek |
| Palembang Malay | ke | mano | kau | nak | pergi | ~substituted with 'naek'~ | sepedo | tu | pacak | dak | aku | melok | 1:naek |
| Bangka Malay | ke | mane | ka | nek | pergi | ~substituted with 'naek'~ | ketangin | tu | boleh | dak | ku | ngikut | 1:naek |
| Belitung Malay | ke | mane | ikam | nak | pergi | ~substituted with 'naek'~ | ketangin | tu | bisak | ndak | aku | ngikut | 1:naek |
| Banjar | ka- | -mana | ikam/kawu | handak | tulak | ba- | sapeda | tu | kawa | kah | aku | umpat | - |
| Kedah Malay | ~omitted~ | mana | hang | nak | pi | ~substituted with 'naik'~ | gerek | tu | buleh | dak | aku | ikut | 1:naik |
| Baling Malay | ~omitted~ | mano | mu / dema | nok | gi | ~substituted with 'naik'~ | gerek | tuh | buleh | dok | ku / ambe | ikut | 1:naik |
| Terengganu Malay | ~omitted~ | mane | mung | nok | gi | ~substituted with 'naik/nge'~ | basika | tu | buleh | dok | ambe | ikok | 1:naik/ghetek |
| Kelantan-Pattani Malay | ~omitted~ | mano | demo | nok | gi | ~substituted with 'naik/ngey'~ | basika | tuh | buleh | dok | kawe | turuk | 1:naik |
| Pahang Malay | ~omitted~ | kone | awok | nok | gi | ~substituted with 'naik/ngan'~ | sike | tu | boleh | tok | kome/koi/kas/kawan/kawas | ikut | 1:naik |
| Perak Malay | ke | mane | mike | nak | ~omitted~ | ~substituted with 'naik'~ | sika | tu | buleh | ~omitted~ | teman | ngekor | 1:naik |
| Penang Malay | ~omitted~ | mana | hang | nak | pi | ~substituted with 'naik'~ | basikal | tu | boleh | tak | aku | ikut | 1:naik |
| Brunei Malay | ka- | -mana | kau | ~omitted~ | ~omitted~ | ba- | -biskal | ~omitted~ | bulih | ~omitted~ | ku | ikut | 2:ah |
| Sarawak Malay | ke | sine | kitak | maok | ~omitted~ | make | basikal | ~omitted~ | boleh | sik | kamik | ngekot | -- |
| Sabah Malay | ~omitted~ | mana | ko | mo | pigi | sama | beskal | itu | buli | ka | sia | ikut | -- |
| Pontianak Malay | ~omitted~ | mane | kitak | nak | pergi | ~substituted with 'naik'~ | sepeda | tu | bulih | tadak | kamek | ikut | 1:naik |
| Makassar Malay | ke | mana | Kau | ko / ki' (You Want) | pergi / pigi | sama | sepeda | itu | bisa | kah | saya / Jeka' (If I) | ikut | 1:naik, 2:Jeka', 3:Bawa' |
| Minangkabau | ka- | -ma | kau | nio | pai | jo | kareta angin | tu | buliah | ndak | den | ikuik | -- |
| Negeri Sembilan Malay | ~omitted~ | mano | ekau | nak | poie | ~substituted with 'naik'~ | basikal | tu | boleh | ~omitted~ | den | ikut | 1:naik |
| Rawa | ~omitted~ | mano | kao | nak | poie | ~substituted with 'nek'~ | basika | to | buleh | ko indo | ~omitted~ | ikoiyt | 1:nek |
| Temuan | ~omitted~ | manak | ajih | nak | pegik | ~substituted with 'terenjai'~ | basikal | tuk | bulih | nyap | akuk | ekot | -- |
ISO 639
In ISO 639-1 there is 'ms', ISO 639-2 there are two codes: 'may'/'msa'. In ISO 639-3, 'msa' is defined as a "macrolanguage".
| Code | Name | Usage |
|---|---|---|
| btj | Bacanese Malay | Indonesia - Bacan |
| mfb | Bangka | Indonesia - Bangka-Belitung |
| bjn | Banjar | Indonesia and Malaysia |
| bve | Berau Malay | Indonesia - East Kalimantan (Berau regency) |
| kxd | Brunei | Main variety and co-official standard language spoken in Brunei; also spoken in the northern parts of Sarawak (city of Miri, Malaysia and the towns of Limbang and Lawas of the Limbang Division), Labuan and the western parts of Sabah (districts of Papar, Malaysia, Kuala Penyu, Beaufort, Malaysia and Sipitang) (Malaysia) |
| bvu | Dayak Bukit Malay | Indonesia |
| pse | Central Malay | Indonesia - Bengkulu |
| coa | Cocos Islands Malay | Australia - Cocos (Keeling) Islands, as well as in Sabah, Malaysia |
| liw | Col | Indonesia - Bengkulu |
| dup | Duano | Indonesia - Riau |
| hji | Haji | Indonesia - Lampung |
| ind | Indonesian | Official language of Indonesia and also a major lingua franca, also used as a working/secondary official language in East Timor |
| jak | Jakun | Malaysia - Johor and Pahang |
| jax | Jambi Malay | Indonesia - Jambi |
| vkk | Kaur | Indonesia |
| - | Kelantan Malay | Malaysia - Kelantan, also spoken in neighbouring Besut and Setiu (Terengganu). |
| meo | Kedah Malay | Malaysia - Western part of Kedah (Langkawi, Kubang Pasu, Alor Setar, Pokok Sena, Pendang, Yan, Sungai Petani, Kulim, Bandar Bharu, parts of Padang Terap), Perlis, Penang, Northern part of the state of Perak Thailand - Satun, Trang, Songkhla, Krabi, Phang Nga, Phuket, Ranong, Phattalung, Yala Myanmar - Taninthayi |
| - | Baling Malay | Malaysia - Eastern part of Kedah (Baling, Sik, Padang Terap, parts of Kulim, Kubang Pasu and Pendang), Northeastern part of the state of Perak (Hulu Perak and Larut, Matang and Selama), Yala, Pattani, Songkhla |
| kvr | Kerinci | Indonesia - Jambi (in Sungai Penuh and Kerinci Regency) |
| mqg | Kota Bangun Kutai Malay | Indonesia |
| kvb | Kubu | Indonesia |
| lce | Loncong | Indonesia |
| lcf | Lubu | Indonesia |
| mly | Malay (individual language) | Code was retired 2008-02-18, Split into: Standard Malay [zsm], Haji [hji], Papuan Malay [pmy] and Malay (individual language) [zlm]. Note: pmy is not part of the macrolanguage. |
| - | Perak Malay | Malaysia - Perak, the main dialect spoken in the state with high concentration of native speakers in the state capital, Ipoh |
| zlm | Malay (individual language) | |
| - | Pahang Malay | Malaysia - Pahang |
| xmm | Manado Malay | Indonesia - Manado |
| min | Minangkabau | Indonesia - West Sumatra, lingua franca in the western coast of Aceh and North Sumatra, Indonesia as well as the main dialect in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia |
| zmi | Negeri Sembilan Malay | Malaysia - Negeri Sembilan, a sub-dialect of the Minangkabau language |
| max | North Moluccan Malay (Ternate) | Indonesia |
| mui | Musi | Indonesia |
| orn | Orang Kanaq | Malaysia - Johor |
| ors | Orang Seletar | Malaysia - Johor and Singapore |
| mfa | Pattani Malay | Thailand - Pattani Province, Narathiwat Province, Yala Province |
| pel | Pekal | Indonesia |
| msi | Sabah Malay (pidgin) | Malaysia - Sabah and Labuan |
| zsm | Malaysian/Standard Malay | Standard language in Malaysia and Singapore. Co-official and national language of Brunei other than Brunei Malay |
| tmw | Temuan | Malaysia - Pahang, Selangor, Malacca, Johor and Negeri Sembilan |
| vkt | Tenggarong Kutai Malay | Indonesia |
| - | Terengganu Malay | Malaysia - Terengganu, also spoken in neighbouring Kuantan (Pahang) as well as Mersing (Johor) |
| urk | Urak Lawoi' | Thailand - Phuket and Krabi |
References
- ↑ Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Malayan". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
- ↑ Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Vehicular Malay". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
- ↑ Ethnologue 16 also lists Col, Haji, Kaur, Kerinci, Kubu, Lubu'.
