Alfa Romeo

Alfa Romeo Automobiles S.p.A.
Società per azioni
Industry Automotive
Predecessor Società Anonima Italiana Darracq (SAID)
Founded 24 June 1910 (24 June 1910) in Milan, Italy
Founder Alexandre Darracq/Ugo Stella
Nicola Romeo
Headquarters Turin, Italy[1]
Area served
 Worldwide
Key people
 John Elkann (President)
Harald Wester (CEO)
Reid A. Bigland (NAFTA region brand president and CEO)
Products Automobiles
Production output
 56,688 units (2015)[2]
Owner Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, NV
Parent FCA Italy S.p.A.
Slogan La meccanica delle emozioni
Website alfaromeo.com

Alfa Romeo Automobiles S.p.A. (Italian pronunciation: [ˈalfa roˈmɛːo]) is an Italian car manufacturer. Founded as A.L.F.A. ("Anonima Lombarda Fabbrica Automobili", translating to Anonymous Lombard Automobile Factory in English) on June 24, 1910, in Milan,[3] the company has been involved in car racing since 1911. It was owned by Italian state holding company Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale between 1932 and 1986, when it became a part of the Fiat group.[4] In February 2007, the Alfa Romeo brand was transformed into the current Alfa Romeo Automobiles S.p.A., a subsidiary of Fiat Group Automobiles, now Fiat Chrysler Automobiles Italy.

The company that became Alfa Romeo was founded as Società Anonima Italiana Darracq (SAID) in 1906 by the French automobile firm of Alexandre Darracq, with some Italian investors. In late 1909, the Italian Darracq cars were selling slowly and the Italian partners of the company hired Giuseppe Merosi to design new cars. On June 24, 1910, a new company was founded named A.L.F.A., initially still in partnership with Darracq. The first non-Darracq car produced by the company was the 1910 24 HP, designed by Merosi. A.L.F.A. ventured into motor racing, with drivers Franchini and Ronzoni competing in the 1911 Targa Florio with two 24-hp models. In August 1915, the company came under the direction of Neapolitan entrepreneur Nicola Romeo, who converted the factory to produce military hardware for the Italian and Allied war efforts. In 1920, the name of the company was changed to Alfa Romeo with the Torpedo 20-30 HP the first car to be so badged.

In 1921, the Banca Italiana di Sconto, which backed the Ing. Nicola Romeo & Co, went broke and the government needed to support the industrial companies involved, among which was Alfa Romeo, through the "Consorzio per Sovvenzioni sui Valori Industriali". In 1925, the railway activities were separated from the Romeo company, and in 1928, Nicola Romeo left. In 1933, the state ownership was reorganized under the banner of the Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale (IRI) by Benito Mussolini's government, which then had effective control. The company struggled to return to profitability after the Second World War, and turned to mass-producing small vehicles rather than hand-building luxury models. In 1954, it developed the Alfa Romeo Twin Cam engine, which would remain in production until 1994. During the 1960s and 1970s, Alfa Romeo produced a number of sporty cars, though the Italian government parent company, Finmeccanica, struggled to make a profit, so it sold the marque to the Fiat Group in 1986.

Alfa Romeo has competed successfully in many different categories of motorsport, including Grand Prix motor racing, Formula One, sportscar racing, touring car racing, and rallies. It has competed both as a constructor and an engine supplier, via works entries (usually under the name Alfa Corse or Autodelta), and private entries. The first racing car was made in 1913, three years after the foundation of the company, and Alfa Romeo won the inaugural world championship for Grand Prix cars in 1925. The company gained a good name in motorsport, which gave a sporty image to the whole marque. Enzo Ferrari founded the Scuderia Ferrari racing team in 1929 as an Alfa Romeo racing team, before becoming independent in 1939. It holds the world's title of the most wins of any marque in the world.[5]

History

Name

The company's name is a combination of the original name, A.L.F.A. (Anonima Lombarda Fabbrica Automobili) and the last name of entrepreneur Nicola Romeo, who took control of the company in 1915.

Foundation and early years

A 1908 Darracq 8/10 HP assembled by Alfa Romeo's predecessor, Darracq Italiana
The A.L.F.A 24 hp (this is with Castagna torpedo body) was the first car made by Anonima Lombarda Fabbrica Automobili (A.L.F.A) in 1910.

The company that became Alfa Romeo was founded as Società Anonima Italiana Darracq (SAID) in 1906 by the French automobile firm of Alexandre Darracq, with some Italian investors. One of them, Cavaliere Ugo Stella, an aristocrat from Milan, became chairman of the SAID in 1909.[6] The firm's initial location was in Naples, but even before the construction of the planned factory had started, Darracq decided late in 1906 that Milan would be more suitable and accordingly a tract of land was acquired in the Milan suburb of Portello, where a new factory of 6,700 square metres (8,000 sq yd) was erected. Late 1909, the Italian Darracq cars were selling slowly and Stella, with the other Italian co-investors, founded a new company named A.L.F.A. (Anonima Lombarda Fabbrica Automobili), initially still in partnership with Darracq. The first non-Darracq car produced by the company was the 1910 24 HP, designed by Giuseppe Merosi, hired in 1909 for designing new cars more suited to the Italian market. Merosi would go on to design a series of new A.L.F.A. cars, with more powerful engines (40-60 HP). A.L.F.A. ventured into motor racing, with drivers Franchini and Ronzoni competing in the 1911 Targa Florio with two 24-hp models. In 1914, an advanced Grand Prix car was designed and built, the GP1914, with a four-cylinder engine, double overhead camshafts, four valves per cylinder, and twin ignition.[7] However, the onset of the First World War halted automobile production at A.L.F.A. for three years.

In August 1915, the company came under the direction of Neapolitan entrepreneur Nicola Romeo, who converted the factory to produce military hardware for the Italian and Allied war efforts. Munitions, aircraft engines and other components, compressors, and generators based on the company's existing car engines were produced in a vastly enlarged factory during the war. After the war, Romeo invested his war profits in acquiring locomotive and railway carriage plants in Saronno (Costruzioni Meccaniche di Saronno), Rome (Officine Meccaniche di Roma), and Naples (Officine Ferroviarie Meridionali), which were added to his A.L.F.A. ownership.

Alfa Romeo production between 1934 and 1939[8]
Year Cars Industrial
vehicles
1934699 0
193591 211
1936 20 671
1937 270 851
1938 542 729
1939372 562
8C 2900B Touring Spider (1937)

Car production had not been considered at first, but resumed in 1919 since parts for the completion of 105 cars had remained at the A.L.F.A. factory since 1915.[6] In 1920, the name of the company was changed to Alfa Romeo with the Torpedo 20-30 HP the first car to be so badged.[9] Their first success came in 1920 when Giuseppe Campari won at Mugello and continued with second place in the Targa Florio driven by Enzo Ferrari. Giuseppe Merosi continued as head designer, and the company continued to produce solid road cars as well as successful race cars (including the 40-60 HP and the RL Targa Florio).

In 1923 Vittorio Jano was lured from Fiat, partly thanks to the persuasion of a young Alfa racing driver named Enzo Ferrari, to replace Merosi as chief designer at Alfa Romeo. The first Alfa Romeo under Jano was the P2 Grand Prix car, which won Alfa Romeo the inaugural world championship for Grand Prix cars in 1925. For road cars Jano developed a series of small-to-medium-displacement 4-, 6-, and 8-cylinder inline engines based on the P2 unit that established the architecture of the company's engines, with light alloy construction, hemispherical combustion chambers, centrally located plugs, two rows of overhead valves per cylinder bank and dual overhead cams. Jano's designs proved both reliable and powerful.

Enzo Ferrari proved a better team manager than driver, and when the factory team was privatised, it became Scuderia Ferrari. When Ferrari left Alfa Romeo, he went on to build his own cars. Tazio Nuvolari often drove for Alfa, winning many races before the Second World War.

In 1928 Nicola Romeo left, and in 1933 Alfa Romeo was rescued by the government, which then had effective control. Alfa Romeo became an instrument of Mussolini's Italy, a national emblem. During this period it built bespoke vehicles for the wealthy, with bodies normally by Touring of Milan or Pinin Farina. This era peaked with the Alfa Romeo 2900B Type 35 racers.

The Alfa factory (converted during wartime to the production of Macchi C.202 Folgore engines: the Daimler-Benz 600 series built under license) was bombed during the Second World War, and struggled to return to profitability after the war. The luxury vehicles were out. Smaller, mass-produced vehicles began to be produced beginning with the 1954 model year, with the introduction of the Giulietta series of berline (saloons/sedans), coupes and open two-seaters. All three varieties shared what would become the Alfa Romeo overhead Twin Cam four-cylinder engine, initially 1300 cc. This engine would eventually be enlarged to 2000 cc and would remain in production until 1995.

When I see an Alfa Romeo go by, I tip my hat.
— Henry Ford talking with Ugo Gobbato in 1939[10]

Post war

Once motor sports resumed after the Second World War, Alfa Romeo proved to be the car to beat in Grand Prix events. The introduction of the new formula (Formula One) for single-seat racing cars provided an ideal setting for Alfa Romeo's Tipo 158 Alfetta, adapted from a pre-war voiturette, and Giuseppe Farina won the first Formula One World Championship in 1950 in the 158. Juan Manuel Fangio secured Alfa's second consecutive championship in 1951.

Alfa Romeo production between 1998 and 2015[11]
Year Cars
1998 197,680
1999 208,336
2000 206,836
2001 213,638
2002 187,437
2003 182,469
2004 162,179
2005 130,815
2006 157,794
2007 151,898
2008 103,097
2009 103,687
2010 119,451
2011 130,535
2012 101,000[12]
2013 74,000
2014 58,948[2]
2015 56,688[2]

In 1952, Alfa Romeo experimented with its first front-wheel drive compact car, "Project 13-61".[13] It had the same transverse-mounted, forward-motor layout as the modern front-wheel drive automobile. Alfa Romeo made a second attempt toward the late 1950s based on Project 13-61. It was to be called Tipo 103 and resembled the smaller version of its popular Alfa Romeo Giulia. However, due to the financial difficulties in post-war Italy, the Tipo 103 never saw production. Had Alfa Romeo produced it, it would have preceded the Mini as the first "modern" front-wheel drive compact car. In the mid-fifties, Alfa Romeo entered into an agreement with Brazil's Matarazzo Group to create a company called Fabral (Fábrica Brasileira de Automóveis Alfa, "the Brazilian Alfa automobile factory") to build the Alfa Romeo 2000 there. After having received government approval, Matarazzo pulled out and under pressure from Brazil's President Juscelino Kubitschek the state-owned FNM company instead commenced building the car as the "FNM 2000" there in 1960.[14]

During the 1960s, Alfa Romeo concentrated on competition using production-based cars, including the GTA (standing for Gran Turismo Allegerita), an aluminium-bodied version of the Bertone-designed coupe with a powerful twin-plug engine. Among other victories, the GTA won the inaugural Sports Car Club of America's Trans-Am championship in 1966. In the 1970s, Alfa Romeo concentrated on prototype sports car racing with the Tipo 33, with early victories in 1971. Eventually the Tipo 33TT12 gained the World Championship for Makes for Alfa Romeo in 1975 and the Tipo 33SC12 won the World Championship for Sports Cars in 1977.[15][16]

By the 1970s, Alfa Romeo was again in financial trouble and creative measures were attempted to shore it up, including an ultimately unsuccessful joint venture with Nissan endorsed by Ettore Massacesi of Alfa Romeo's parent company, the Italian-government owned Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale (IRI) and Prime Minister Francesco Cossiga. By 1986, IRI was suffering heavy losses, and IRI president Romano Prodi put Alfa Romeo up for sale. Finmeccanica, the mechanical holdings arm of IRI and its predecessors owned Alfa Romeo since 1932. Prodi first approached fellow Italian manufacturer Fiat, which offered to start a joint venture with Alfa. Prodi was initially unsupportive, citing the strained industrial relations between Northern and Southern Italy, with Fiat being based in Turin and Alfa being based in Milan.

Fiat withdrew its plan for a joint venture when Ford put in an offer to acquire part of Alfa Romeo and restructure the company, while increasing its stake over time. However, Fiat put in a bid to acquire the entirety of Alfa Romeo and offer job guarantees to Italian workers, an offer that Ford was unwilling to match.

It also did not hurt any of the parties involved that an acquisition by Fiat would keep Alfa Romeo in Italian hands. In 1986, the deal was concluded with Alfa Romeo merged with traditional rival Lancia into Fiat's Alfa Lancia Industriale S.p.A.

Models produced from the 1990s combined Alfa's traditional virtues of avant-garde styling and sporting panache with the economic benefits of product rationalisation, and include a "GTA" version of the 147 hatchback, the Giugiaro-designed Brera, and a high-performance exotic called the 8C Competizione (named after one of Alfa's most successful prewar sports and racing cars, the 8C of the 1930s).

In 2005 Maserati was bought back from Ferrari and under Fiat's full control. The Fiat Group plans to create a sports and luxury division from Maserati and Alfa Romeo.[17] There is a planned strategic relationship between these two; engines, platforms and possibly dealers will be shared in some markets.[18]

In the beginning of 2007, Fiat Auto S.p.A. was reorganized and four new automobile companies were created; Fiat Automobiles S.p.A., Alfa Romeo Automobiles S.p.A., Lancia Automobiles S.p.A. and Fiat Light Commercial Vehicles S.p.A. These companies are fully owned by Fiat Group Automobiles S.p.A.[19]

Carabinieri and Italian government

In the 1960s Alfa Romeo became famous for its small cars and models specifically designed for the Italian police and Carabinieri; among them the "Giulia Super" and the 2600 Sprint GT. The colours of the Alfa Romeos used by the Polizia were/are green/blue with white stripes and writing, known as "Pantera" (Panther), enhancing the aggressive look of the Alfa (particularly the Giulia series), while the Carabinieri Alfas are dark blue with white roofs and red stripes, known as the "Gazzella" (Gazelle) denoting the speed and agility of these "Pattuglie" (patrol cars). However, the term "Pantera" became used interchangeably and the image helped create a no-nonsense, determined and respected perception by the general public of the men that drove these cars, true to their history.

Italian State Police Flying Squad "Panther" 1971 Alfa Giulia Super

Since then, Alfas remain the chosen mount of the Carabinieri (arm of the Italian armed forces seconded only partly for civilian policing purposes), Polizia Autostradale (highway police), Guardia di Finanza (fiscal law enforcement) and the conventional police service (Polizia). Successively, the following Alfa Romeo Berlinas have found favour for Italian police and government employment[20]

• Alfa Romeo Alfetta
• Alfa Romeo Giulietta
• Alfa Romeo 33 (Polizia di Stato only)
• Alfa Romeo 75
• Alfa Romeo 164 (official vehicles)
• Alfa Romeo 155
• Alfa Romeo 156
• Alfa Romeo 166 (official vehicles)
• Alfa Romeo 159

Since the 1960s, the Italian Prime Minister has used Alfa Romeos (and lately the new Maserati Quattroporte) as preferred government limousines. The 164 and 166 have found particular employment in the last two decades.

Recent developments

Alfa Romeo has been suffering from falling sales. Some analysts concluded that the automaker suffered large operating losses in the mid-2000s - estimated to be about 15 percent to 20 percent of annual revenues, or about 300 million to 500 million euros a year. For the year of 2010, it sold a total of about 112,000 units which was significantly lower than Fiat CEO Marchionne's global sales target of 300,000. Alfa then wanted to achieve 170,000 sales in 2011, including 100,000 Giulietta and 60,000 MiTo, but it actually sold 130,000 units that year.[21] Its medium-term target remains 500,000 units by 2014 including 85,000 from N. American market.[22]

Return to the United States

Giulietta Spider

Alfa Romeo was imported to the United States by Max Hoffman from the mid-1950s.[23] The Giulietta Spider was born by request of Max Hoffman, who proposed an open version of the Giulietta.[24] In 1961 Alfa Romeo started importing cars to the United States.[25]

In 1995, Alfa Romeo ceased exporting cars to the United States,[26] the last model sold in that market being the 164 sedans.

Since that time, rumours of a return culminated with a website announcement stating "The long-awaited return of Alfa Romeo to the United States market should take place by 2007, with a range of new models." In fact, Alfa Romeo's return to United States was officially confirmed on 5 May 2006 by Fiat CEO Sergio Marchionne. North American sales resumed in October 2008, with the launch of the low production 8C Competizione coupe.[27] Also in 2008, Alfa Romeo and Chrysler were reported to be in discussions over the possibility of producing Alfa Romeo cars in some Chrysler manufacturing plants that had shutdown due to the company group's restructure and cost cutting. Instead, as reported by The Wall Street Journal reported in November 2009, Chrysler discontinued several Dodge and Jeep models while phasing in Alfa Romeo ones and the new Fiat 500.[28]

The next significant milestones in Alfa Romeo's North American return occurred in 2014, with the launch of the more affordable two-seater 4C coupe. That year, Fiat Group Automobiles S.p.A. confirmed that its original agreement with Mazda Motor Corporation, for the speculated manufacturing of a new Alfa Romeo Spider based on the Mazda Miata, had been terminated mutually in December 2014 (with this joint-venture's Miata-based car, becoming the new 2015 Fiat 124 convertible). In 2015, Alfa Romeo's return to this market was further bolstered by the automaker's display of the new Giulia at the Los Angeles Auto Show.

Design and technology

Badge on Alfa Romeo 4C

Technological development

Alfa Romeo has introduced many technological innovations over the years, and the company has often been among the first users of new technologies. Its trademark double overhead cam engine was used for the first time in the 1914 Grand Prix car,[29] the first road car with such an engine, the 6C 1500 Sport, appeared in 1928.

Alfa Romeo tested one of the very first electric injection systems (Caproni-Fuscaldo) in the Alfa Romeo 6C 2500 with "Ala spessa" body in 1940 Mille Miglia. The engine had six electrically operated injectors, fed by a semi-high pressure circulating fuel pump system.[30]

Mechanical Variable Valve Timing was introduced in the Alfa Romeo Spider, sold in the U.S. in 1980.[31] Electronic Variable Valve Timing was introduced in the (Alfetta).

The 105 series Giulia was quite an advanced car using such technologies as: All-wheel disc brakes,[32] plastic radiator header tank it had also the lowest Drag Coefficient (Cd) in its class[33] The same trend continued with the Alfetta 2000 and GTV, which had such things as 50:50 weight distribution,[34] standard fit alloy wheels and transaxle.[35]

Newer innovations include complete CAD design process used in Alfa Romeo 164,[36] robotised/paddle control transmission Selespeed used in the 156;[37] the 156 was also the world's first passenger car to use Common rail diesel engine.[38] The Multiair -an electro-hydraulic variable valve actuation technology used in MiTo was introduced in 2009.[39]

Body design

Many famous automotive design houses in Italy have accepted commissions to produce concepts and production vehicle shapes for Alfa Romeo. These include:

The last mentioned, the Centro Stile, has rapidly gained international credibility with its work. The 8C Competizione super-coupé, and the MiTo hatchback are the results.

Construction techniques used by Alfa Romeo have become imitated by other car makers, and in this way Alfa Romeo body design has often been very influential. The following is a list of innovations, and where appropriate, examples of imitation by other car manufacturers:

Alfa 6C 2500 S

Alfa Romeo models have also inspired some very interesting and often beautiful concept cars. Here follows a short list of concept cars, and their impact on car design:

1950s - The B.A.T. cars

The Berlina Aerodinamica Tecnica prototype cars were designed by Bertone as an exercise in determining whether streamlining and wind-tunnel driven designs would result in high performance on a standard chassis, and whether the resulting vehicles would be palatable to public. Alfa 1900 Sprint were the basis of the B.A.T. 5, 7 and 9.[40] The later B.A.T. 11 was based on the 8C Competizione.

1960s and 1970s - Descendants of the Tipo 33

The Tipo 33 racing car, with its high-revving 2000 cc V8 engine became the basis for a number of different concept cars during the 1960s and 1970s, two of which ultimately resulted in production vehicles. Most made their appearances at the Auto Salon Genève. Here is a brief list:

1980s-today - Modern ideas

In general, concept cars for Alfa Romeo have generally become production vehicles, after some modification to make them suitable for manufacture, and to provide driver and passenger safety. The Zagato SZ, GTV and Spider, Brera and 159 are all good examples of Alfa Romeo's stylistic commitment in this direction.

The future

Alfa Romeo concept cars have mostly emphasized performance in combination with historical tradition. The Nuvola Concept, and the independently designed Diva Concept cars have demonstrated that this ethos is the centre of Alfa conceptualisation. The Centro Stile website also gives designers very good direction in terms of the combination of line and form Alfa prefers to see in the design process of its cars' bodywork.

Symbols

The badge

Laurel-wreathed 1925–1945 badges on a 1925 Alfa Romeo RL SS

Alfa Romeo's badge incorporates two heraldic devices traditionally associated with its birthplace, the city of Milan. These are a red cross, from the emblem of Milan, and the biscione, a crowned viper swallowing a Moor—emblem of the House of Visconti, rulers of the city in the 14th century.[41][42] The badge was originally designed in 1910 by a young Italian draughtsman from the A.L.F.A technical office, Romano Cattaneo.[43]

Origin

In June 1910 the Società Anonima Darracq became Anonima Lombarda Fabbrica Automobili, and was readying its first model, the 24 HP. The board asked chief engineer Giuseppe Merosi to devise a badge for the radiator shell of the new car; Merosi turned to his collaborators.[43] One of them, Cattaneo, was inspired by the coat of arms he had seen on the gates of Castello Sforzesco to include the biscione in the logo.[43] Merosi liked the idea, and together with Cattaneo came up with a sketch, then approved by managing director Ugo Stella; Cattaneo was entrusted with doing the final design.[43]

The original badge was round, of enamelled brass, measuring 65 mm (2.6 in) in diameter, and carried already all the present day accoutrements: the red cross on a white field of Milan on the left, a green biscione on a light blue field on the left, all surrounded by a blue ring inscribed with the words "ALFA" at the top and "MILANO" at the bottom.[44] In honour of the King of Italy, the two words were separated by two figure-eight knots—named Savoy knots in Italian, and symbols of the then-reigning House of Savoy. Originally solid brass, the lettering was changed to white enamel in 1913.[45] In 1918, after the company had been bought by Nicola Romeo, the wording "ALFA" was replaced with "ALFA-ROMEO". In 1925, to commemorate the victory of the Alfa Romeo P2 in the inaugural World Manufacturers' Championship of 1925, a silver metal laurel wreath was added around the badge.[41][46] The addition of the wreath had enlarged to badge 75 mm (3.0 in) diameter; in 1930 it was reduced back to 60 mm (2.4 in).[44]

Post war evolution

In 1946, after the abolition of the monarchy and proclamation of the Italian Republic, the figure-eight knots of the Savoy were replaced with two curvy lines.[47] Concurrently the badge was completely redesigned, and further reduced in size to 54 mm (2.1 in), a diameter unchanged ever since.[44] Made of stamped steel, the new badge bore the traditional elements—the scripts, the cross, a newly stylized biscione and a thin laurel wreath—embossed in antique silver, over a uniform Alfa Red background, which had replaced the blue, white and light blue fields. This red-and-metal badge was used until 1950, when the company switched back to a traditionally enamelled and coloured one; in 1960 the badge was changed from brass to plastic, without substantial differences in design.[47]

At the beginning of the 1970s the all-new Alfa Romeo Pomigliano d'Arco plant (near Naples) was completed. When in 1972 the Alfasud produced there became the first Alfa Romeo passenger car manufactured outside Milan, the word "Milano", the curved lines and the hyphen between "Alfa" and "Romeo" were eliminated from the badge on all Alfa Romeos.[47] At the same time it was redesigned, most notably acquiring a modernised biscione and type face. After a mild restyling in 1982, which deleted the wreath and changed lettering and all chrome details to gold, this iteration of the badge remained in use until 2015.[48]

2015 redesign

On 24 June 2015, 105th anniversary of the company, a completely new logo was unveiled at a press event at the Alfa Romeo Museum; together with the Alfa Romeo Giulia that was introduced alongside it, is part of the brand's relaunch plan.[49] The redesign was carried out by Robilant Associati, who had previously reworked several other Fiat Group logos—including Fiat Automobiles' and Lancia's.[50] The colours have been reduced to three: the green of the biscione, the red of the cross, and the dark blue of the surrounding ring. Other notable changes are new type face, and the disappearance of the split white and light blue fields, replaced by a single silver textured background.

The Quadrifoglio

The quadrifoglio emblem (also called the 'cloverleaf') has been the symbol of Alfa Romeo racing cars since 1923. Following WWII, it has also been used to designate the higher trim models of the range. The quadrifoglio is usually placed on the side panels of the car, above or behind the front wheels—on the front wings in the case of modern vehicles. The symbol consists of a green cloverleaf with four leaves, contained with a white triangle.

History of the emblem

Ugo Sivocci at the wheel of 1923 Alfa Romeo P1

The quadrifoglio has been used on Alfa Romeo cars since the death of Ugo Sivocci in 1923. As a friend of Enzo Ferrari, Sivocci was hired by Alfa Romeo in 1920 to drive in the three-man works team—Alfa Corse—with Antonio Ascari and Enzo Ferrari. Sivocci was thought to have enormous experience, but often hampered by bad luck and considered the eternal second-placer. To banish his bad luck, when the Targa Florio came around, the driver painted a white square with a green four-leaf clover (the quadrifoglio) in the centre of the grille of his car. Sivocci had immediate success, crossing the finish line first. The quadrifoglio subsequently became the symbol of the racing Alfa Romeos with the victory at the Targa Florio. Almost as if to prove the magic effects of this symbol, Sivocci was killed while testing Merosi's new P1 at Monza, a few months after winning the Targa Florio. The Salerno driver's P1, which went off the track on a bend, did not have the quadrifoglio. Since this period in 1923, the bodies of Alfa Romeo racing cars have been adorned with the quadrifoglio as a lucky charm. The white square was replaced with a triangle in memory of Uvo Sivocci.[51]

Quadrifoglio badge on the Alfetta 159

Modern usage

The first road car to bear the quadrifoglio was the 1963 Alfa Romeo Giulia TI Super, a variant of the Giulia saloon car devised for competition but put regularly on sale; it had green four-leaf clovers on its front wings, without the triangle. In the 1970s "Quadrifoglio Verde" or "Green Cloverleaf" became the trim level for each model's sportiest variant, equipped with the most powerful engine. The Alfasud, Sprint, 33, 75, 164 and 145 all had Quadrifoglio Verde versions. Also in the 1970s and through the 1980s golden four-leaf clover badges were used to denote the most luxurious and well-equipped variants of Alfa Romeo cars, named "Quadrifoglio Oro" or "Gold Cloverleaf". The Alfasud, Alfetta, Alfa 6, 90 and 33 had Quadrifoglio Oro versions. In recent times the quadrifoglio was revived on the 2007 Alfa Romeo 8C Competizione and Spider eight-cylinder sports cars. With the current Alfa Romeo MiTo and Giulietta the Quadrifoglio Verde was reinstated as the sportiest trim level in the range, and green four-leaf clovers on the front wings are once again the hallmark of high-performance Alfa Romeos. Alfa Romeo's 2016 sport sedan, the all-new Giulia, will be launched first in Quadrifoglio trim before the release of the base models. Starting with the high-end model wearing that historic signature emblem, Alfa Romeo strives to reconquer the North American market after decades of absence.

Motorsport

Brian Redman driving with Alfa Romeo 33 TT 12

Alfa Romeo has been involved with motor racing since 1911, when it entered two 24 HP models on Targa Florio competition. In the 1920s and 30s it scored wins at many races and motoring events such as Targa Florio, Mille Miglia and Le Mans. Great success continued with Formula One, Prototypes, Touring and Fast Touring. Private drivers also entered some rally competitions, with fine results. Alfa Romeo has competed both as a constructor and an engine supplier, via works entries Alfa Corse, Autodelta and private entries. Alfa Romeo's factory racing team was outsourced to Enzo Ferrari's Scuderia Ferrari between 1933 and 1938. Drivers included Tazio Nuvolari, who won the 1935 German Grand Prix at the Nürburgring.

Production

According to the current Fiat CEO Sergio Marchionne, in order to reap economies of scale, all new Alfa Romeo models will be made from the same basic platform. Even Maserati will share components with some Alfas.[52]

During the 1990s, Alfa Romeo moved car production to other districts in Italy. The Pomigliano d’Arco plant produced the 155, followed by the 145 and the 146, while the Arese plant manufactured the 164 and new Spider and GTV. The 156 was launched in 1997, and became quite successful for Alfa Romeo; in 1998 it was voted “Car of the Year”. The same year a new flagship, the 166 (assembled in Rivalta, near Turin) was launched. At the beginning of the third millennium, the 147 was released, which won the prestigious title of “Car of the Year 2001”. In 2003 the Arese factory was closed.

The Arese factory today hosts almost nothing and is nearly abandoned. What remains are some offices and the great Alfa Romeo Historical Museum, a must-see for Alfa Romeo fans.

In the 60s, the main Alfa Romeo seat was moved from inside Milan to a very large and nearby area extending over the municipalities of Arese, Lainate and Garbagnate Milanese. However, since then the Alfa seat is known to be in Arese, since the offices and the main entrance of the area are there.

In the late 1960s, a number of European automobile manufacturers established facilities in South Africa to assemble right hand drive vehicles. Fiat and other Italian manufacturers established factories along with these other manufacturers, Alfa-Romeos were assembled in Brits, outside Pretoria in the Transvaal Province of South Africa. With the imposition of sanctions by western powers in the 1970s and 1980s, South Africa became self-sufficient, and in car production came to rely more and more on the products from local factories. This led to a remarkable set of circumstances where between 1972 and 1989, South Africa had the greatest number of Alfa Romeos on the road outside of Italy. Even stranger, Alfa Romeos Brits plant was used from March 1983[53] until 1985 to build Daihatsu Charades for local consumption, but also for export to Italy in order to skirt Italian limits on Japanese imports.[54]

In late 1985, with the impending Fiat takeover and an international boycott of the South African Apartheid government, Alfa Romeo withdrew from the market and closed the plant. Tons of valuable parts were then bulldozed into the ground to escape paying import duties.

Assembly plants by model[55]
PlantOwnerLocationModel(s)
Cassino - Piedimonte S. GermanoFiat Group Automobiles S.p.A.Piedimonte San GermanoGiulietta, Giulia
Stabilimento MirafioriFiat Group Automobiles S.p.A.TurinMiTo
ModenaMaserati S.p.A.Modena4C

Automobiles

Current models

MiTo Giulietta 4C Giulia
Alfa Romeo MiTo

The MiTo is a three-door sporty supermini officially introduced on 19 June 2008 in Castello Sforzesco in Milan;[56] the international introduction was at British Motor Show in 2008.

Alfa Romeo Giulietta

The Giulietta is a five-door, small family car officially revealed at the Geneva Motor Show 2010.[57] It replaced the 147.

Alfa Romeo 4C

The 4C is a small, lightweight rear wheel drive two seater coupé sports car. The car was revealed as concept car[58] at the 81st Geneva Motorshow in 2011. The production version was launched to the European market at the 83rd Geneva Motorshow in 2013 and was launched to the American market at the Los Angeles Motorshow at the end of November 2013.

Alfa Romeo Giulia

The new generation Giulia was unveiled to the press at the Museo Storico Alfa Romeo in Arese, on 24 June 2015. This coincided with the company's 105th anniversary and saw the introduction of a revised logo.

Future models

Historic models

6C Gran Sport (1931)
8C 2300 (1931)
2600 Touring Spider (1961)
GT Junior (1965)
Montreal (1970)
GTV6 (1980)
Spider (1992)
156 (1997)
8C Competizione (2008)
Autotutto F12 ambulance
Road cars Racing cars
1910

1910-1920 24 HP
1910-1911 12 HP
1911-1920 15 HP
1913-1922 40-60 HP

1911 15 HP Corsa
1913 40-60 HP Corsa
1914 Grand Prix

1920

1921-1922 20-30 HP
1920-1921 G1
1921-1921 G2
1922-1927 RL
1923-1925 RM
1927-1929 6C 1500
1929-1933 6C 1750

1922 RL Super Sport
1923 RL Targa Florio
1923 P1
1924 P2
1928 6C 1500 MMS
1929 6C 1750 Super Sport

1930

1931-1934 8C 2300
1933-1933 6C 1900
1934-1937 6C 2300
1935-1939 8C 2900
1939-1950 6C 2500

1931 Tipo A
1931 8C 2300 Monza
1932 Tipo B (P3)
1935 Bimotore
1935 8C 35
1935 8C 2900A
1936 12C 36
1937 12C 37
1937 6C 2300B Mille Miglia
1937 8C 2900B Mille Miglia
1938 308
1938 312
1938 316
1938 158
1939 6C 2500 Super Sport Corsa

1940


1948 6C 2500 Competizione

1950

1950-1958 1900
1951-1953 Matta
1954-1962 Giulietta
1958-1962 2000
1959-1964 Dauphine

1951 159
1952 6C 3000 CM

1960

1962-1968 2600
1962-1976 Giulia Saloon
1963-1967 Giulia TZ
1963-1977 Giulia Sprint
1963-1966 Giulia Sprint Speciale
1965-1967 Gran Sport Quattroruote
1965-1971 GTA
1966-1993 Spider
1967-1969 33 Stradale
1967-1977 1750/2000 Berlina

1960 Giulietta SZ
1963 Giulia TZ
1965 GTA
1965 Tipo 33
1968 33/2
1969 33/3

1970

1970-1977 Montreal
1972-1983 Alfasud
1972-1984 Alfetta saloon
1974-1987 Alfetta GT/GTV
1976-1989 Alfasud Sprint
1977-1985 Nuova Giulietta
1979-1986 Alfa 6

1972 33/4
1973 33TT12
1976 33SC12
1979 177
1979 179

1980

1983-1994 33
1984-1987 Arna
1984-1987 90
1985-1992 75
1987-1998 164
1989-1993 SZ/RZ

1982 182
1983 183
1984 184
1985 185

1990

1992-1998 155
1994-2000 145
1994-2000 146
1995-2006 GTV/Spider
1997-2005 156
1998-2007 166

1992 155 GTA
1993 155 V6 TI
1998 156 D2
1999 GTV Cup
2002 156 GTA Super 2000
2003 156 Super 2000

2000

2000-2010 147
2007-2009 8C Competizione
2008-2010 8C Spider
2003-2010 GT
2005-2010 Brera
2005-2011 159
2006-2010 Spider

2003 147 GTA Cup

Trucks and light commercial vehicles

Romeo2 LCV

In 1930 Alfa Romeo presented a light truck in addition to heavy LCVs based to Büssing constructions.[60] In the Second World War Alfa Romeo also built trucks for the Italian army ("35 tons anywhere") and later also for the German Wehrmacht. After the war, commercial motor vehicle production was resumed.

In co-operation with FIAT and Saviem starting from the 60s different light truck models were developed.

The production of heavy LCVs was terminated in 1967. In Brazil the heavy trucks were built still few years by Alfa Romeo subsidiary Fábrica Nacional de Motores under the name FNM. The last Alfa Romeo vans were the Alfa Romeo AR6 and AR8, rebadged versions of Iveco Daily and Fiat Ducato. The company also produced trolleybuses for many systems in Italy, Latin America,[61] Sweden,[62] Greece,[63] Germany, Turkey and South Africa. Later, Alfa Romeo concentrated only on passenger car manufacturing.

LCVs
Alfa Romeo 430
Trucks
Alfa Romeo 1000 (Mille) Aerfer FI 711.2 OCREN trolleybus in Naples
Buses
Trolleybuses

Concepts

Design has always played a large role in the history of Alfa Romeo. There have been many Alfa Romeo concept cars, often made by famous design houses and designers. The BAT series of concepts from the 1950s was a collaboration with the Italian design house Bertone. Other famous Italian coachbuilders and design houses like Pininfarina, Bertone, Zagato and ItalDesign-Giugiaro have also played a great role in Alfa Romeo's history, and even today some of models are designed and constructed by them.

Other production

Although Alfa Romeo is best known as automobile manufacturer it has also produced commercial vehicles of various size, railway locomotives,[6] tractors, buses, trams, compressors, generators, an electric cooker,[66] marine and aircraft engines.

Aircraft engines

Main article: Alfa Romeo Avio
D2 aircraft engine

An Alfa engine was first used on an aircraft in 1910 on the Santoni-Franchini biplane.[67] In 1932 Alfa Romeo built its first real aircraft engine, the D2 (240 bhp), fitted to Caproni 101 D2. In the 1930s when Alfa Romeo engines were used for aircraft on a larger scale; the Savoia Marchetti SM.74, Savoia-Marchetti SM.75, Savoia-Marchetti SM.79, Savoia Marchetti SM.81 and Cant Z506B Airone all used Alfa Romeo manufactured engines.[68] In 1931, a competition was arranged where Tazio Nuvolari drove his Alfa Romeo 8C 3000 Monza against a Caproni Ca.100 airplane.[69] Alfa Romeo built various aircraft engines during the Second World War; the best known was the RA.1000 RC 41-I Monsone, a licensed version of the Daimler-Benz DB 601. This engine made it possible to build efficient fighter aircraft like the Macchi C.202 Folgore for the Italian army. After the Second World War Alfa Romeo produced engines for Fiat, Aerfer and Ambrosini. In the 1960s Alfa Romeo mainly focused upgrading and maintaining Curtiss-Wright, Pratt & Whitney, Rolls-Royce and General Electric aircraft engines. Alfa Romeo also built Italy's first turbine engine, installed to the Beechcraft King Air. Alfa Romeo's Avio division was sold to Aeritalia in 1988,[70] from 1996 it was part of Fiat Avio.[71] Alfa Avio was also part of developing team to the new T700-T6E1 engine to the NHI NH90 helicopter.[72]

Locomotive FS E.333 built by Ing. Nicola Romeo e Co. in Saronno

Aero-engines produced by Alfa Romeo

Marketing and sponsorship

Alfa Romeo II on its first sail

During the years Alfa Romeo has been marketed with different slogans like: "The family car that wins races" used in the 1950s in Alfa Romeo 1900 marketing campaign, "racing since 1911" used on most 1960s Alfa advertisements,[73] In the 1970s the Alfa Romeo 1750 GTV was marketed as "if this kind of handling is good enough for our racing cars, it’s good enough for you."[74] The Giulia Sprint GTA was marketed as "The car you drive to work is a champion".[75] More recent slogans used are "Mediocrity is a sin", "Driven by Passion", "Cuore Sportivo", "Beauty is not enough" and present day "Without heart we would be mere machines". Also other more recent ones are: "It's not a car, it's an Alfa Romeo.", one of them after a couple argue in Italian. Another instance where a female colleague tells her male colleague that she didn't get a car she got an Alfa Romeo.

As part of its marketing policy, Alfa Romeo sponsors a number of sporting events, such as the Mille Miglia rally.[76] It has sponsored the SBK Superbike World Championship and Ducati Corse since 2007, and the Goodwood Festival of Speed for many years, and was one of the featured brands in 2010 when Alfa Romeo celebrated its 100th anniversary.[77][78] The Alfa Romeo Giulietta has been used since Monza 2010 race as the safety car in Superbike World Championship events.[79] Alfa Romeo has been also sponsor of Eintracht Frankfurt football club since 2013.

In 2002, Alfa Romeo I, the first Alfa Romeo super maxi yacht was launched. It finished first in at least 74 races including the 2002 Sydney—Hobart Race.[80] Alfa Romeo II, commissioned in 2005, measures 30 metres (98 ft) LOA. It set a new elapsed-time record for monohulls in the 2009 Transpac race, of 5 days, 14 hours, 36 minutes, 20 seconds[81] It finished first in at least 140 races. In mid-2008 Alfa Romeo III was launched for competitive fleet racing under the IRC rule. Alfa Romeo III measures 21.4 metres (70 ft) LOA and features interior design styled after the Alfa Romeo 8C Competizione.[82]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "2008 Half-yearly Financial Report/Alfa Romeo Automobiles S.p.A. Torino, Page 76" (PDF). 2008. Retrieved 2009-06-18.
  2. 1 2 3 Alfa Romeo European sales figures: Alfa Romeo European sales figures, accessdate: 23. February 2016
  3. ↑ "Alfa Romeo Celebrates 90 Years of Success". autoweb.com. 2000. Retrieved 2009-01-09.
  4. ↑ "Alfa Romeo". fundinguniverse.com. Retrieved 2009-01-09.
  5. ↑ Henry, Alan (1989). Ferrari – The Grand Prix Cars (2nd ed.). Hazleton. p. 12.
  6. 1 2 3 "P. Italiano: 'Story of the Alfa Romeo factory and plants: Part 1, The early Portello'" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-11-11. Retrieved 2009-10-19.
  7. ↑ Fusi, Luigi, Le Alfa di Romeo e Merosi, Edizione Dimensione S, Milan, 1985
  8. ↑ Patrick Italiano. "Story of the Alfa Romeo factory and plants: Part 2, Alfa Romeo under a khaki uniform" (PDF). enzociliberto.it/aisastoryauto. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2009-10-19.
  9. ↑ "Alfa Romeo History/The Company". alfaromeo.com. Retrieved 2012-06-07.
  10. ↑ Griffith, Borgeson (1990). Alfa Romeo. I creatori della Leggenda. Nada Edizioni. ISBN 88-7911-045-4.
  11. ↑ "Alfa Romeo production between 1998-2012". oica.net. Archived from the original on 4 November 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-14.
  12. ↑ How Alfa Romeo plans to triple sales in 3 years
  13. ↑ Tim Rauen. "Tim's Alfa Romeo Page - Alfasud". Alfasud.alfisti.net. Archived from the original on 23 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-11-29.
  14. ↑ Shapiro, Helen (Winter 1991). "Determinants of Firm Entry into the Brazilian Automobile Manufacturing Industry, 1956-1968". The Business History Review 65 (4, The Automobile Industry): 897, 907.
  15. ↑ "1975 World Championship for Makes". wspr-racing.com. Retrieved 2010-08-17.
  16. ↑ "1977 - SP World Sports Car Championship". www.wspr-racing.com. Retrieved 2010-08-17.
  17. ↑ "News 12.07.2005". italiaspeed.com. Retrieved 2012-06-11.
  18. ↑ "Press release 1 April 2005" (PDF). fiatgroup.com. Retrieved 2012-06-11.
  19. ↑ "Press release 23 January 2007" (PDF). fiatautopress.com. Retrieved 2012-06-11.
  20. ↑ "Le Alfa Romeo con il Centauro". poliziadistato.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2010-09-12.
  21. ↑ "FIAT S.p.A. Annual Report 2011" (PDF). 2012-03-27.
  22. ↑ Luca Ciferri (2011-04-10). "Alfa's N. America return pushed to 2013". Automotive News.
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  24. ↑ "Giulietta Spider". autoviva.com. Retrieved 2011-01-01.
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  26. ↑ "U.S. Sales Halt By Alfa Romeo". nytimes.com. 1995-01-25. Retrieved 2011-01-09.
  27. ↑ "Welcome Back! Alfa Romeo 8C Competizione Launches in America". wot.motortrend.com. Archived from the original on 11 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-24.
  28. ↑ Linebaugh, Kate (2009-10-27). "Fiat Models to Drive Chrysler New Lineup Will See Return of Alfa Romeo, End of Many Chryslers, Dodges and Jeeps". online.wsj.com. Archived from the original on 30 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
  29. ↑ "Tech Analysis: An Echo of the Past: The history and evolution of twin-cam engines". europeancarweb.com. Retrieved 2010-08-17.
  30. ↑ "1940 6C 2500 Touring "Ala Spessa"". digilander.libero.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2009-04-11.
  31. ↑ "Alfa Romeo Spider FAQ" (PDF). alfaspiderfaq.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 September 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-17.
  32. ↑ "Alfa Romeo Giulia". conceptcarz.com. Retrieved 2010-08-17.
  33. ↑ "Alfa Romeo Giulia Ti". sportscarmarket.com. Retrieved 2010-08-17.
  34. ↑ "Alfa Romeo GTV6 (1979)". autozine.org. Retrieved 2010-08-17.
  35. ↑ "Alfa Romeo Alfetta Sedan". www.sportscarmarket.com. Retrieved 2010-08-17.
  36. ↑ "The new Alfa Romeo 164". digest.net. Retrieved 2010-08-17.
  37. ↑ "Alfa Romeo 156". alfaworkshop.co.uk. Archived from the original on 4 July 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-17.
  38. ↑ "New powertrain technologies conference". autonews.com. Retrieved 2010-08-17.
  39. ↑ "08.09.2009 NEW MODEL: ALFA MITO MULTIAIR (105 BHP, 135 BHP & 170 BHP)". www.italiaspeed.com/2009/cars. Retrieved 2010-08-17.
  40. ↑ "1954 Alfa Romeo B.A.T. 7". conceptcarz.com/vehicle. Retrieved 2009-06-11.
  41. 1 2 Autocar & Motor 185. Haymarket. 1990. p. 67. Retrieved 2010-09-13.
  42. ↑ "The Visconti Family". ultimateitaly.com. Archived from the original on 31 July 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-17.
  43. 1 2 3 4 Fusi (1978), p. 807–808.
  44. 1 2 3 Fusi (1978), p. 809–810.
  45. ↑ Fusi (1978), p. 811–812.
  46. ↑ Fusi (1978), p. 112.
  47. 1 2 3 Fusi (1978), p. 419.
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  49. ↑ Berruti, Valerio (24 June 2015). "Alfa Romeo, ecco la nuova Giulia". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 7 July 2015.
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  70. ↑ "Retrospective: Automobiles and aeroplanes: Alfa Romeo". channel4. Archived from the original on 2009-01-04. Retrieved 2012-06-07.
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  72. ↑ "Alfa Romeo Avio (Italy), Buyer's Guide Engine Manufacturers". janes.com. Retrieved 2008-12-23.
  73. ↑ "Alfa Romeo advertising: the 1960s.". ranwhenparked. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
  74. ↑ "Alfa Romeo advertising: the 1970s.". ranwhenparked. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
  75. ↑ "Alfa Romeo : Alfa 147 GTA". autointell.com. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
  76. ↑ "sponsors". 1000miglia.eu. Retrieved 2009-07-09.
  77. ↑ "21.11.2009 Centenary celebrating Alfa Romeo to take centre stage at Festival Of Speed". www.italiaspeed.com/2009/cars/alfa_romeo. Archived from the original on 25 November 2009. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
  78. ↑ "Goodwood Festival of Speed - Sponsors". goodwood.co.uk. Archived from the original on 14 June 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-09.
  79. ↑ "Alfa Romeo present new Giulietta Safety Car". worldsbk.com. Archived from the original on 18 June 2010. Retrieved 2010-05-15.
  80. ↑ "Alfa Romeo Maxi Yacht". www.alfaromeo.com.au. Archived from the original on 2008-07-20. Retrieved 2008-05-29.
  81. ↑ Fitzpatrick, Lynn (2009-07-11). "Alfa Romeo Smashes Transpac Record by a Day". Finish reports. Transpacific Yacht Club. Retrieved 2009-07-16. She came within about five hours of breaking the multihull elapsed time record 5d, 9h, 18m set in 1997 by Bruno Peyron with his Commodore Explorer.
  82. ↑ "Alfa Romeo 3 Images". maxiyacht.alfaromeo.com.au. Retrieved 2010-09-26.
  • Fusi, Luigi (1978). Alfa Romeo—Tutte le vetture dal 1910—All cars from 1910 (3rd ed.). Milan: Emmeti Grafica editrice. 

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alfa Romeo.
« previous — Alfa Romeo Automobiles S.p.A., a subsidiary of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles since 2014, car timeline, 1980s–present
Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s
0123456789 0123456789 0123456789 0123456
Supermini MiTo
Compact car Arna 145
Alfasud 33 146 147 Giulietta (940)
Midsize car Giulietta (116) 75/Milano 155 156 159 Giulia (952)
Fullsize car Alfetta 90 164 166
Alfa 6
Coupé Sprint GT
GTV and GTV6 GTV (916) Brera
Spider Spider (105/115) Spider (916) Spider (939)
Sports car SZ 8C Competizione 4C
RZ 8C Spider 4C Spider
Sport Utility Vehicle Stelvio
Racing car 179/182/183T/184T/185T GT, GTV, GTV6 75 Turbo SZ Trophy 155 GTA
155 V6 TI		 GTV Cup 156 D2
GTA Super 2000		 147 Cup
147 GTA Cup
LCV F11/F12/A11/A12 AR6
AR8
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